中国欠发达地区经济市场化研究
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摘要
在经济全球化和中国已经初步建立社会主义市场经济体制的背景下,中国欠发达地区经济市场化的市场化才刚刚开始,还只是表面的市场化,因此欠发达地区如何加速经济的市场化改革,充分利用市场化对经济发展的积极促进作用,建立适应市场机制要求的经济体系,加快欠发达地区的发展,逐步缩小地区差距,成为理论和实际工作者亟待解决的问题。本文就欠发达地区经济市场化谈了一些自己的看法。
全文共分三大部分。
第一部分,包括第一、第二、第三、第四章。首先对欠发达地区与经济市场化进行一般理论分析。欠发达地区主要是指我国的中西部地区。经济结构的二元性、低下的生产率、高人口增长率、市场发育程度低、经济的依附性等是其共同的经济特征。这种共同特征是就欠发达地区而言的,当然欠发达地区内部发展也具有非均衡性。经济市场化就是社会经济活动中生产、分配、交换、消费等再生产过程的各个领域转变成为以市场为主导的状态。具体而言就是社会经济活动主体的经济行为要以市场为导向,生存和发展完全取决于市场的评价;经济活动的客体要接受市场的检验以决定其价值能否得到实现;经济活动的范围不受行政条块的羁绊,完全由市场的需要来确定;经济活动的运行方式是多元的,竞争的,是通过一系列市场规律来发生作用的,而不是单一的,垄断的;经济活动的调控是市场与政府的优化组合。也就是说,经济市场化是经济整体的市场化,是经济活动的各个领域市场化程度的综合。经济市场化的基本特征表现为自主性、分散化、多元化、规范化、契约化、少干预等。目的就是要建立市场经济的“现代体制”。在我国就是要建立有中国特色的社会主义市场经济体制。其次对经济市场化的相关理论如市场自由化、市场功能、市场失灵理论,马克思,邓小平市场理论进行阐述。马克思、邓小平市场理论是我国进行经济市场化改革的指南,只有坚持马克思主义、邓小平理论,我们的改革才有方向。再次研究我国欠发达地区经济市场化离不开借鉴国际经验。首先对美国欠发达地区经济市场化进行研究,它代表的是一种有调节的市场经济模式。日本欠发达地区经济市场化则是代表政府主导型市场经济模式,在这种模式中政府如何主导,对我们有借鉴,值得研究。巴西欠发达地区经济市场化是发展中国家市场经济的一种模式。通过对几种模式进行比较分析,总结出其经验教训,为我国欠发达地区经济市场化提供宝贵经验。中国欠发达地区经济市场化不仅是促进欠发达地区经济发展,更重要的是为中国经济可持续发展提供支持,为东部发达地区经济市场化提供保障。从欠发达地区市场化的测度看,欠发达地区市场化程度不高,虽然中国改革开放二十多来,市场化程度不断加深,但由于经济发展的非均衡性,以及政策的倾斜差异,欠发达地区市场化程度不高是可以理解的。因此经济市场化对欠发达地区的影响就很明显。
第二部分,包括第五、第六章。首先是对中国欠发达地区经济市场化的背景进行考察。我国欠发达地区经济市场化是在经济全球化的大背景下展开的,同中国国内的经济体制改革紧密相连,同时欠发达地区经济的落后迫使自己不得不进行市场化改革。国际、国内的经济发展环境,与欠发达地区自身的发展要求相结合,使欠发达地区经济市场化处在复杂的环境中。我国欠发达地区经济市场化大体分为四个阶段,第一阶段是1949年至1978年,这一阶段基本上是计划经济体制时期,是反市场阶段,由于计划经济体制的弊端,促使计划经济向市场经济体制转变;第二阶段是1978年至1984年,市场化的初始阶段;第三阶段是1985年至1992年,市场化展开阶段;第四阶段是1993年到现在,市场化的深化阶段。在经济市场化过程中,还存在局限性,从而限制了改革的发展。这些局限性主要体现在缺乏市场主体、市场体系不完善,市场机制很难发挥作用,政府直接干预经济,政府管理与市场发展很不协调,从而导致了东西经济发展差距逐步扩大。欠发达地区经济市场化进程缓慢原因是多方面,主要表现在:思想观念陈旧,自然地理区位优势,基础设施落后,政府机构庞大,各种传统的制度(正式的和非正式的制度)根深蒂固,经济市场化改革同经济行为主体之间的短期矛盾冲突等,最根本的原因是用计划经济手段在进行市场经济建设。我国欠发达地区经济市场化就整体而言是滞后的,在其内部是非均衡的,如城市与农村、农村内部交通便利的小城镇与边远山区等市场化的进程均有差异。
第三部分,包括第七、第八章。这一部分主要依据前面几章的分析对我国欠发达地区经济市场化提出对策。在战略目标上,应该实施以市场化为中心的开发辐射式战略;在经济市场化的进程中要实行区域创新,要借鉴发达地区市场化的经验,避免传统模式,实现跳跃式发展;在市场主体上,在市场体系的建设上,在市场机制的调节上都要实行创新,不仅要实行理论创新,科技创新,更重要的是制度创新。在欠发达地区经济市场化进程中,要使市场经济体制适合区域内经济的发展,就要实行“可区域化”的经济市场化改革,对待不同的区域如平原、牧区、内陆、沿边等实行不同的市场化改革措施。尽管在市场化进程中各地实施的重点有先后的差异,但目标只有一个就是建立市场经济“现代体制”。市场经济的发展离不开政府的宏观调节,我们要建立的市场经济“现代体制”就是市场与政府双重优化组合的体制,因此在充分发挥市场机制作用的同时,还要注重政府宏观调控职能。由于我国是发展中国家,中央政府还明显带有计划经济的色彩,因此其职能明显有别于西方成熟的市场经济条件下的政府经济职能。对中央政府来说主要是制定宏观经济政策,推进市场化改革,培育市场,确立市场制度,为市场发挥基础性作用创造良好的法制环境,兼顾效率与公平,实现区域间的协调发展,实施可持续发展战略等。对于地方政府而言,由于地方政府所处的制度环境不同,它的角色定位同中央政府有明显差异,属于“准市场主体”性质,因此地方政府在欠发达地区经济市场化过程中,就必须充当主力。在贯彻落实中央政府政策,实行政企、政社、政事分开,打破区域性行政垄断,组织劳动力等生产要素的有序流动等方面要充分发挥作用。正如市场不是万能的一样,政府也不是万能的,它的行为要受到多种方面的制约。因此政府作用过度也会造成政府失败,对经济市场化产生消极的影响,因此要对政府行为进行纠正。措施是精简机构,提高政府机构效率,加强社会的监督和约束。
Under the background of economic globalization and initial establishment of Socialist market Economy System in China, the economic market-orientation in China’s less-developed region just has been starting, even at the superficial level, so, how to accelerate the reform of market-orientation in the less-developed region, to fully utilize the positive promotion function to economic development brought by market-orientation, to establish the economic system compatible with the requirements of market mechanism, to speed up the development of the less-developed region and to gradually bridge the regional gap, has been becoming the problem demanding prompt solution of theorists and professionals. This article mainly gives some views on the issue of market-orientation of less-developed region.
This article includes three parts.
The first part includes four chapters. Firstly, this part analyzed the less-developed region and economy market-orientation in general theory. Less-developed region mainly means the mid-west region of China, where possess common features of duality of economic structure, of low productivity, of high population growth rate, of low extent of market development and of dependence of economy, and so on. Those common features particularly possessed by less-developed region, where exists no-equilibrium in market-orientation in different area. Economic market-orientation means that the market will play a key role in all the different fields of reproduction process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption in the socio-economic activities. Specifically, the economic behavior of socio-economic activities subject should be led by the market and its existence and development completely depend on the evaluation of market; the object of economic activities should be tested by the market to decide whether its value has been fulfilled or not; the range of economic activities will utterly determined by the demand of market, not controlled by administrative rules and regulations; the operating way of economic activities is pluralistic, competitive, fulfilling a function by a series of market law, not single and monopolistic. The adjustment and control of economic activities is the optimized grouping of market and government. That is, the market-orientation is the market-orientation of social economic as a whole and the integration of degree of market-orientation in the all fields of economic activities. The basic features of market-orientation are independent, diversified, pluralistic, normative, contract-orientation and deregulation, etc. Its purpose is to establish the modern system of market-oriented economy. In china, it means to establish socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics.
Secondly, this part expounded the theories relative to economic-orientation, such as market liberation, market function, theory of market failure, the theories of market of Marx and Deng Xiaoping, etc. the theories of market of Marx and Deng Xiaoping are the guide to carry on market-oriented reform in China. Only stick to the theories of market of Marx and Deng Xiaoping, can the reform in China be on the right way.
Thirdly, this part studied the international experiences on the market-orientation in less-developed region. First, this part analyzed the market-orientation in less-developed region in United States, which represents a kind of adjustable market-oriented economy mode. And then it pointed out that the market-orientation in less-developed region in Japan stands for a government-dominating market-oriented mode. With this mode we could learn from Japanese experience how the government dominates. Finally, it indicates that the market-orientation in less-developed region in Brazil is one kind of mode of market-oriented economy of developing countries. By comparing those different modes, summing up their experiences and lessons will provide valuable experience for the market-orientation in less-developed region in China. The market-orientation in less-developed region in China not only promotes the economic development of less-developed region, more important, will support the sustainable development of economy in China and secure for the market-orientation in east developed region. The extent of the market-orientation in less-developed region is relatively low according to the measure of market-orientation.
Although the extent of market-orientation has been deepening with China’s open and reform policy more than 2 decades, it still could be understandable for the low extent of market-orientation due to the non-equilibrium of economic development and different inclination of policies. So, the market-orientation will greatly influence the less-developed region.
The second part of this article includes chapter 5 and chapter 6. Firstly, this part investigated the background of the market-orientation in less-developed region in china. The market-orientation is pushed by the tendency of economic globalization, domestic reform of economic system and the backwardness of its own economy situation. International and domestic economic development environment combined with the development requirements of less-developed region make it be in a complicated environment. Generally, there have four stages of the market-orientation in less-developed region in china. The first stage lasted from 1949 to 1978, which is basically a planned economic system period and anti-market-oriented stage. Due to its drawbacks, the planned economy had been transformed into market-oriented system. The second one lasted from 1978 to 1984, which is the initial stage of market-orientation. The third one lasted from 1985 to 1992, which is the development stage of market-orientation. The fourth one lasted from 1993 to nowadays, which is the deepening stage of market-orientation. In the process of market-orientation there still have some limitations that restricts the development of reform. Those limitations embody in lack of market subject, imperfect market system, less functioning of market mechanism, direct interference in economy from government, inconsistence between the government management and market development, which finally results in the enlarging gap of economic development between east and west region. The reasons of slow course of market-orientation in less-developed region embody in old thoughts, natural geographic district advantage, backward infrastructure, unwieldy government organ, deep-rooted all kinds of traditional institution---formal and informal, short-term conflict between the market-orientation reform and economic behavior subject, etc. Among those reasons, the root one is that market-oriented construction has been directed by the means of planned economy. In general, the market-orientation in less-developed region in China falls behind, and internally is non-equilibrium. For example, the difference of the course of market-orientation still exists between city and countryside, middle and west, small town with convenient transport in countryside and outlaying district.
The third part of this article includes Chapter 7 and chapter 8, which mainly presented counter-measures of market-orientation in less-developed region in China based on the analysis above. In strategic goal, we should carry out a development radial strategy focusing on market-orientation. In the course of economic market-orientation, we should exercise regional innovation and learn from the experiences of market-orientation of developed region to avoid the traditional mode and to fulfill leaping development. In market subject, the construction of market system and the adjustment of market mechanism, we also should exercise innovation, not just theoretical and technologic innovation, but also the institution innovation. In the course of economic market-orientation in less-developed region, to enable the market-oriented system suitable for the development of economy in the region, we must implement regionizational reform of economic market-oriented, which means to put into effect the different measures of market-oriented reform in different region, for instance, plain, pastoral area, inner-land, border area. Although in the course of economic market-orientation the key measures performed in different regions differentiated in the order of priority, we set out only one goal that is to establish modern system of market-orientation. Because the development of market-oriented economy couldn’t do without governmental macro-control, the modern system of market-orientation that we are going to establish is a system of dual optimization grouping of market and government. Therefore, while bringing the functions of market mechanism into full play, we should attach importance to the function of governmental macro-control. Because China is still a developing country, its central government possesses vivid features of planned economy. So the functions of central government are quite different from the western government that is in the matured market economy. For central government, it should mainly set forth macroeconomic policies, give impetus to the market-oriented reform, cultivate market, establish market institution, create favorable legality environment for market to play a fundamental role, give consideration to both efficiency and equality, realize the regionally coordinated development, implement sustainable development strategy, etc. For local government, its role is quite different from central government and it is a sub-market subject. Therefore, the local government should act as main force in the course of market-orientation in less-developed region, that is, it should play a key role in implementing and carrying out policies of central government, separating the government and enterprise, government and society, government and institution, break up regionally administrative monopoly, organize the orderly fluid of productive factors, for example, labor force, etc. Just like market is not omnipotent, government is not too as its activities have been restricted by all kinds of factors. The over-functioning of government will cause government failure and impose negative influence on economic market-orientation, so it’s necessary to correct the governmental activities by employing the measures of streamlining the administrative structure, raising the efficiency of administrative organs, strengthening the supervision and restraint of society.
全文共分三大部分。
第一部分,包括第一、第二、第三、第四章。首先对欠发达地区与经济市场化进行一般理论分析。欠发达地区主要是指我国的中西部地区。经济结构的二元性、低下的生产率、高人口增长率、市场发育程度低、经济的依附性等是其共同的经济特征。这种共同特征是就欠发达地区而言的,当然欠发达地区内部发展也具有非均衡性。经济市场化就是社会经济活动中生产、分配、交换、消费等再生产过程的各个领域转变成为以市场为主导的状态。具体而言就是社会经济活动主体的经济行为要以市场为导向,生存和发展完全取决于市场的评价;经济活动的客体要接受市场的检验以决定其价值能否得到实现;经济活动的范围不受行政条块的羁绊,完全由市场的需要来确定;经济活动的运行方式是多元的,竞争的,是通过一系列市场规律来发生作用的,而不是单一的,垄断的;经济活动的调控是市场与政府的优化组合。也就是说,经济市场化是经济整体的市场化,是经济活动的各个领域市场化程度的综合。经济市场化的基本特征表现为自主性、分散化、多元化、规范化、契约化、少干预等。目的就是要建立市场经济的“现代体制”。在我国就是要建立有中国特色的社会主义市场经济体制。其次对经济市场化的相关理论如市场自由化、市场功能、市场失灵理论,马克思,邓小平市场理论进行阐述。马克思、邓小平市场理论是我国进行经济市场化改革的指南,只有坚持马克思主义、邓小平理论,我们的改革才有方向。再次研究我国欠发达地区经济市场化离不开借鉴国际经验。首先对美国欠发达地区经济市场化进行研究,它代表的是一种有调节的市场经济模式。日本欠发达地区经济市场化则是代表政府主导型市场经济模式,在这种模式中政府如何主导,对我们有借鉴,值得研究。巴西欠发达地区经济市场化是发展中国家市场经济的一种模式。通过对几种模式进行比较分析,总结出其经验教训,为我国欠发达地区经济市场化提供宝贵经验。中国欠发达地区经济市场化不仅是促进欠发达地区经济发展,更重要的是为中国经济可持续发展提供支持,为东部发达地区经济市场化提供保障。从欠发达地区市场化的测度看,欠发达地区市场化程度不高,虽然中国改革开放二十多来,市场化程度不断加深,但由于经济发展的非均衡性,以及政策的倾斜差异,欠发达地区市场化程度不高是可以理解的。因此经济市场化对欠发达地区的影响就很明显。
第二部分,包括第五、第六章。首先是对中国欠发达地区经济市场化的背景进行考察。我国欠发达地区经济市场化是在经济全球化的大背景下展开的,同中国国内的经济体制改革紧密相连,同时欠发达地区经济的落后迫使自己不得不进行市场化改革。国际、国内的经济发展环境,与欠发达地区自身的发展要求相结合,使欠发达地区经济市场化处在复杂的环境中。我国欠发达地区经济市场化大体分为四个阶段,第一阶段是1949年至1978年,这一阶段基本上是计划经济体制时期,是反市场阶段,由于计划经济体制的弊端,促使计划经济向市场经济体制转变;第二阶段是1978年至1984年,市场化的初始阶段;第三阶段是1985年至1992年,市场化展开阶段;第四阶段是1993年到现在,市场化的深化阶段。在经济市场化过程中,还存在局限性,从而限制了改革的发展。这些局限性主要体现在缺乏市场主体、市场体系不完善,市场机制很难发挥作用,政府直接干预经济,政府管理与市场发展很不协调,从而导致了东西经济发展差距逐步扩大。欠发达地区经济市场化进程缓慢原因是多方面,主要表现在:思想观念陈旧,自然地理区位优势,基础设施落后,政府机构庞大,各种传统的制度(正式的和非正式的制度)根深蒂固,经济市场化改革同经济行为主体之间的短期矛盾冲突等,最根本的原因是用计划经济手段在进行市场经济建设。我国欠发达地区经济市场化就整体而言是滞后的,在其内部是非均衡的,如城市与农村、农村内部交通便利的小城镇与边远山区等市场化的进程均有差异。
第三部分,包括第七、第八章。这一部分主要依据前面几章的分析对我国欠发达地区经济市场化提出对策。在战略目标上,应该实施以市场化为中心的开发辐射式战略;在经济市场化的进程中要实行区域创新,要借鉴发达地区市场化的经验,避免传统模式,实现跳跃式发展;在市场主体上,在市场体系的建设上,在市场机制的调节上都要实行创新,不仅要实行理论创新,科技创新,更重要的是制度创新。在欠发达地区经济市场化进程中,要使市场经济体制适合区域内经济的发展,就要实行“可区域化”的经济市场化改革,对待不同的区域如平原、牧区、内陆、沿边等实行不同的市场化改革措施。尽管在市场化进程中各地实施的重点有先后的差异,但目标只有一个就是建立市场经济“现代体制”。市场经济的发展离不开政府的宏观调节,我们要建立的市场经济“现代体制”就是市场与政府双重优化组合的体制,因此在充分发挥市场机制作用的同时,还要注重政府宏观调控职能。由于我国是发展中国家,中央政府还明显带有计划经济的色彩,因此其职能明显有别于西方成熟的市场经济条件下的政府经济职能。对中央政府来说主要是制定宏观经济政策,推进市场化改革,培育市场,确立市场制度,为市场发挥基础性作用创造良好的法制环境,兼顾效率与公平,实现区域间的协调发展,实施可持续发展战略等。对于地方政府而言,由于地方政府所处的制度环境不同,它的角色定位同中央政府有明显差异,属于“准市场主体”性质,因此地方政府在欠发达地区经济市场化过程中,就必须充当主力。在贯彻落实中央政府政策,实行政企、政社、政事分开,打破区域性行政垄断,组织劳动力等生产要素的有序流动等方面要充分发挥作用。正如市场不是万能的一样,政府也不是万能的,它的行为要受到多种方面的制约。因此政府作用过度也会造成政府失败,对经济市场化产生消极的影响,因此要对政府行为进行纠正。措施是精简机构,提高政府机构效率,加强社会的监督和约束。
Under the background of economic globalization and initial establishment of Socialist market Economy System in China, the economic market-orientation in China’s less-developed region just has been starting, even at the superficial level, so, how to accelerate the reform of market-orientation in the less-developed region, to fully utilize the positive promotion function to economic development brought by market-orientation, to establish the economic system compatible with the requirements of market mechanism, to speed up the development of the less-developed region and to gradually bridge the regional gap, has been becoming the problem demanding prompt solution of theorists and professionals. This article mainly gives some views on the issue of market-orientation of less-developed region.
This article includes three parts.
The first part includes four chapters. Firstly, this part analyzed the less-developed region and economy market-orientation in general theory. Less-developed region mainly means the mid-west region of China, where possess common features of duality of economic structure, of low productivity, of high population growth rate, of low extent of market development and of dependence of economy, and so on. Those common features particularly possessed by less-developed region, where exists no-equilibrium in market-orientation in different area. Economic market-orientation means that the market will play a key role in all the different fields of reproduction process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption in the socio-economic activities. Specifically, the economic behavior of socio-economic activities subject should be led by the market and its existence and development completely depend on the evaluation of market; the object of economic activities should be tested by the market to decide whether its value has been fulfilled or not; the range of economic activities will utterly determined by the demand of market, not controlled by administrative rules and regulations; the operating way of economic activities is pluralistic, competitive, fulfilling a function by a series of market law, not single and monopolistic. The adjustment and control of economic activities is the optimized grouping of market and government. That is, the market-orientation is the market-orientation of social economic as a whole and the integration of degree of market-orientation in the all fields of economic activities. The basic features of market-orientation are independent, diversified, pluralistic, normative, contract-orientation and deregulation, etc. Its purpose is to establish the modern system of market-oriented economy. In china, it means to establish socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics.
Secondly, this part expounded the theories relative to economic-orientation, such as market liberation, market function, theory of market failure, the theories of market of Marx and Deng Xiaoping, etc. the theories of market of Marx and Deng Xiaoping are the guide to carry on market-oriented reform in China. Only stick to the theories of market of Marx and Deng Xiaoping, can the reform in China be on the right way.
Thirdly, this part studied the international experiences on the market-orientation in less-developed region. First, this part analyzed the market-orientation in less-developed region in United States, which represents a kind of adjustable market-oriented economy mode. And then it pointed out that the market-orientation in less-developed region in Japan stands for a government-dominating market-oriented mode. With this mode we could learn from Japanese experience how the government dominates. Finally, it indicates that the market-orientation in less-developed region in Brazil is one kind of mode of market-oriented economy of developing countries. By comparing those different modes, summing up their experiences and lessons will provide valuable experience for the market-orientation in less-developed region in China. The market-orientation in less-developed region in China not only promotes the economic development of less-developed region, more important, will support the sustainable development of economy in China and secure for the market-orientation in east developed region. The extent of the market-orientation in less-developed region is relatively low according to the measure of market-orientation.
Although the extent of market-orientation has been deepening with China’s open and reform policy more than 2 decades, it still could be understandable for the low extent of market-orientation due to the non-equilibrium of economic development and different inclination of policies. So, the market-orientation will greatly influence the less-developed region.
The second part of this article includes chapter 5 and chapter 6. Firstly, this part investigated the background of the market-orientation in less-developed region in china. The market-orientation is pushed by the tendency of economic globalization, domestic reform of economic system and the backwardness of its own economy situation. International and domestic economic development environment combined with the development requirements of less-developed region make it be in a complicated environment. Generally, there have four stages of the market-orientation in less-developed region in china. The first stage lasted from 1949 to 1978, which is basically a planned economic system period and anti-market-oriented stage. Due to its drawbacks, the planned economy had been transformed into market-oriented system. The second one lasted from 1978 to 1984, which is the initial stage of market-orientation. The third one lasted from 1985 to 1992, which is the development stage of market-orientation. The fourth one lasted from 1993 to nowadays, which is the deepening stage of market-orientation. In the process of market-orientation there still have some limitations that restricts the development of reform. Those limitations embody in lack of market subject, imperfect market system, less functioning of market mechanism, direct interference in economy from government, inconsistence between the government management and market development, which finally results in the enlarging gap of economic development between east and west region. The reasons of slow course of market-orientation in less-developed region embody in old thoughts, natural geographic district advantage, backward infrastructure, unwieldy government organ, deep-rooted all kinds of traditional institution---formal and informal, short-term conflict between the market-orientation reform and economic behavior subject, etc. Among those reasons, the root one is that market-oriented construction has been directed by the means of planned economy. In general, the market-orientation in less-developed region in China falls behind, and internally is non-equilibrium. For example, the difference of the course of market-orientation still exists between city and countryside, middle and west, small town with convenient transport in countryside and outlaying district.
The third part of this article includes Chapter 7 and chapter 8, which mainly presented counter-measures of market-orientation in less-developed region in China based on the analysis above. In strategic goal, we should carry out a development radial strategy focusing on market-orientation. In the course of economic market-orientation, we should exercise regional innovation and learn from the experiences of market-orientation of developed region to avoid the traditional mode and to fulfill leaping development. In market subject, the construction of market system and the adjustment of market mechanism, we also should exercise innovation, not just theoretical and technologic innovation, but also the institution innovation. In the course of economic market-orientation in less-developed region, to enable the market-oriented system suitable for the development of economy in the region, we must implement regionizational reform of economic market-oriented, which means to put into effect the different measures of market-oriented reform in different region, for instance, plain, pastoral area, inner-land, border area. Although in the course of economic market-orientation the key measures performed in different regions differentiated in the order of priority, we set out only one goal that is to establish modern system of market-orientation. Because the development of market-oriented economy couldn’t do without governmental macro-control, the modern system of market-orientation that we are going to establish is a system of dual optimization grouping of market and government. Therefore, while bringing the functions of market mechanism into full play, we should attach importance to the function of governmental macro-control. Because China is still a developing country, its central government possesses vivid features of planned economy. So the functions of central government are quite different from the western government that is in the matured market economy. For central government, it should mainly set forth macroeconomic policies, give impetus to the market-oriented reform, cultivate market, establish market institution, create favorable legality environment for market to play a fundamental role, give consideration to both efficiency and equality, realize the regionally coordinated development, implement sustainable development strategy, etc. For local government, its role is quite different from central government and it is a sub-market subject. Therefore, the local government should act as main force in the course of market-orientation in less-developed region, that is, it should play a key role in implementing and carrying out policies of central government, separating the government and enterprise, government and society, government and institution, break up regionally administrative monopoly, organize the orderly fluid of productive factors, for example, labor force, etc. Just like market is not omnipotent, government is not too as its activities have been restricted by all kinds of factors. The over-functioning of government will cause government failure and impose negative influence on economic market-orientation, so it’s necessary to correct the governmental activities by employing the measures of streamlining the administrative structure, raising the efficiency of administrative organs, strengthening the supervision and restraint of society.
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13 马奎等:《中央政府在欠发达地区经济市场化中的作用》载《中国民族》2001(8)。
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