单个气泡在静水中近壁区域运动规律的图像测量研究
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摘要
水气两相流动是自然和工程领域中一种重要的流动现象,水利及许多工业及工程领域若干关键问题都涉及近壁水气两相流动的研究。然而由于测量手段的限制,对气泡在静水中近壁附近运动规律的研究还很不充分,本文结合高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目,应用数字图像处理与分析技术,研究上升气泡与倾斜壁面的相互作用问题,初步探讨了气泡的变形,气泡在壁面附近的反弹,滑移,黏附的特性和规律。主要研究内容和成果有:
(1)设计了试验系统。为了获得高质量的图像,通过对白炽灯、发光二极管、卤素灯和激光等多种光源的分析和实拍比较,确定采用发光二极管作为光源,设计和制作了二极管阵列光源板。通过设置大的稳压气胎和微调节阀,成功实现了等间隔释放均匀气泡。
(2)分析比较了多种数字图像处理方法的优缺点,结合气泡图像的特点,为符合常规首先对气泡图像求反,图像的预处理确定采用静止背景析出法,即将气泡求反后的图像减去利用静止背景析出法生成的背景后得到的图像,在图像预处理时利用静止背景析出法生成的背景比以往使用相机拍摄直接得到的背景要好;而图像的处理即气泡的提取则采用作者所编程序,利用最大类间方差阈值分割法对图像进行阈值分割。最大类间方差阈值分割法不受气泡图像的直方图是否具有明显双峰的影响,为自动取阈值法,同时从分割的实际效果来看,最大类间方差阈值分割法也比其他方法要好,因此,本文最终选定最大类间方差阈值分割法为本文阈值确定方法对图像进行二值化处理。
(3)试验获得了气泡的变形、气泡的运动轨迹、气泡沿倾斜壁面切向的上升速度以及在倾斜壁面法向上的反弹速度等参数。分析了气泡在壁面上黏附、滑移和反弹的特性和规律。
(4)结果表明:当壁面水平放置时,气泡黏附在壁面上;气泡在壁面倾斜角度大于零时即开始沿壁面滚动滑移。当气泡沿倾斜壁面运动时,其形状和大小不断改变,当气泡质心与壁面的距离小于其半径时,此时气泡的变形随着壁面倾斜角度的增大而减小,气泡与同一壁面碰撞前后的变形随时间的变化是先由小到大然后再减小直至形状基本恢复;气泡沿倾斜壁面切向的上升速度随着倾斜角度的增大而单调增大,气泡在倾斜壁面上的反弹速度变化幅度也随着倾斜角度的增大而单调增大。
Two-phase flow is an important flow phenomenon in nature and engineering field, several key issues are involved about two-phase flow in near-wall region with water conservancy and many industry and engineering field. However, limited by means of measurement, the research on the bubble motion law in near-wall region in stationary water is for from enough. Combined with Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education, the interaction with rising bubble and inclined wall is studied by the use of digital image processing technique and analysis, preliminary study on the condition and regularity of bubble deformation、bubble adhesion、sliding and rebound along wall is done. The main contents of the studies and achievements are as follows:
(1) The design of experimental system. In order to obtain high quality image, light emitting diode was selected as light source after a lot of analysis and test such as incandescent lamp、light emitting diode、halogen lamp and laser, then the diode array light plate was designed and manufactured .By setting big steady voltage air tire and micro regulation valve, the equal time-interval releasing of uniform bubble was successful.
(2) Combined with the characteristics of bubble image ,advantages and disadvantages of a series of digital image processing method was analyzed and compared. The complementary operation of bubble image was applied in order to accord with the custom firstly, Application of static background liberation method was used in Pre-process of image, the complementary operation image is subtracted by the background which was produced by static background liberation method. It is better to use the background which was produced by static background liberation method than the background which was picture by using digital camera when doing image pretreatment; and the existed program is adopted for bubble extracting, maximum between-class variance method was used in algorithm of image segmentation. maximum between-class variance method was not effected by image histogram with double peak. It is called maximum-square-error method. Meanwhile, it has a better effect than other in actual application result. Finally maximum between-class variance method was applied to segment image in this paper.
(3) From the test, some parameters such as bubble deformation、bubbles movement tracks、bubble rising velocity slipping along inclined wall tangential and rebounded speed in normal direction were obtained. The condition and regularity of bubble adhesion、sliding and rebound along wall is analyzed.
(4) The results showed that: the bubble adhered to the wall when the wall placed horizontally; it began to roll and slide when the wall was inclined, meanwhile, the bubble size and shape changed unceasingly. When the distance of its center to the walls is less than its radius, the deformation reduced with the increasing of inclination angle. The variations of deformation of bubble hitting the same wall with time was first decrease and then increase, then decrease again and recovered to the normal at last; The variations of rising velocity of bubble along inclined wall was increased with the increasing of inclination angle. The variations of rebounded velocity of bubble along inclined wall was increased with the increasing of inclination angle.
(1)设计了试验系统。为了获得高质量的图像,通过对白炽灯、发光二极管、卤素灯和激光等多种光源的分析和实拍比较,确定采用发光二极管作为光源,设计和制作了二极管阵列光源板。通过设置大的稳压气胎和微调节阀,成功实现了等间隔释放均匀气泡。
(2)分析比较了多种数字图像处理方法的优缺点,结合气泡图像的特点,为符合常规首先对气泡图像求反,图像的预处理确定采用静止背景析出法,即将气泡求反后的图像减去利用静止背景析出法生成的背景后得到的图像,在图像预处理时利用静止背景析出法生成的背景比以往使用相机拍摄直接得到的背景要好;而图像的处理即气泡的提取则采用作者所编程序,利用最大类间方差阈值分割法对图像进行阈值分割。最大类间方差阈值分割法不受气泡图像的直方图是否具有明显双峰的影响,为自动取阈值法,同时从分割的实际效果来看,最大类间方差阈值分割法也比其他方法要好,因此,本文最终选定最大类间方差阈值分割法为本文阈值确定方法对图像进行二值化处理。
(3)试验获得了气泡的变形、气泡的运动轨迹、气泡沿倾斜壁面切向的上升速度以及在倾斜壁面法向上的反弹速度等参数。分析了气泡在壁面上黏附、滑移和反弹的特性和规律。
(4)结果表明:当壁面水平放置时,气泡黏附在壁面上;气泡在壁面倾斜角度大于零时即开始沿壁面滚动滑移。当气泡沿倾斜壁面运动时,其形状和大小不断改变,当气泡质心与壁面的距离小于其半径时,此时气泡的变形随着壁面倾斜角度的增大而减小,气泡与同一壁面碰撞前后的变形随时间的变化是先由小到大然后再减小直至形状基本恢复;气泡沿倾斜壁面切向的上升速度随着倾斜角度的增大而单调增大,气泡在倾斜壁面上的反弹速度变化幅度也随着倾斜角度的增大而单调增大。
Two-phase flow is an important flow phenomenon in nature and engineering field, several key issues are involved about two-phase flow in near-wall region with water conservancy and many industry and engineering field. However, limited by means of measurement, the research on the bubble motion law in near-wall region in stationary water is for from enough. Combined with Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education, the interaction with rising bubble and inclined wall is studied by the use of digital image processing technique and analysis, preliminary study on the condition and regularity of bubble deformation、bubble adhesion、sliding and rebound along wall is done. The main contents of the studies and achievements are as follows:
(1) The design of experimental system. In order to obtain high quality image, light emitting diode was selected as light source after a lot of analysis and test such as incandescent lamp、light emitting diode、halogen lamp and laser, then the diode array light plate was designed and manufactured .By setting big steady voltage air tire and micro regulation valve, the equal time-interval releasing of uniform bubble was successful.
(2) Combined with the characteristics of bubble image ,advantages and disadvantages of a series of digital image processing method was analyzed and compared. The complementary operation of bubble image was applied in order to accord with the custom firstly, Application of static background liberation method was used in Pre-process of image, the complementary operation image is subtracted by the background which was produced by static background liberation method. It is better to use the background which was produced by static background liberation method than the background which was picture by using digital camera when doing image pretreatment; and the existed program is adopted for bubble extracting, maximum between-class variance method was used in algorithm of image segmentation. maximum between-class variance method was not effected by image histogram with double peak. It is called maximum-square-error method. Meanwhile, it has a better effect than other in actual application result. Finally maximum between-class variance method was applied to segment image in this paper.
(3) From the test, some parameters such as bubble deformation、bubbles movement tracks、bubble rising velocity slipping along inclined wall tangential and rebounded speed in normal direction were obtained. The condition and regularity of bubble adhesion、sliding and rebound along wall is analyzed.
(4) The results showed that: the bubble adhered to the wall when the wall placed horizontally; it began to roll and slide when the wall was inclined, meanwhile, the bubble size and shape changed unceasingly. When the distance of its center to the walls is less than its radius, the deformation reduced with the increasing of inclination angle. The variations of deformation of bubble hitting the same wall with time was first decrease and then increase, then decrease again and recovered to the normal at last; The variations of rising velocity of bubble along inclined wall was increased with the increasing of inclination angle. The variations of rebounded velocity of bubble along inclined wall was increased with the increasing of inclination angle.
引文
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