正渗透法水溶液脱盐研究
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摘要
正渗透过程,与传统的脱盐方法相比,具有能耗低和回收率高的特点,因此成为脱盐领域非常有发展前景的膜分离方法。目前,正渗透已经应用在污水处理、食品加工和海水淡化领域,甚至在航空饮用水方面也有应用。正渗透依靠半透膜两侧的渗透压差作为传质动力,将纯水从料液一侧渗透通过半透膜进入汲取液一侧,整个过程不需要外加压力和较高的温度。与反渗透过程相似,半透膜是影响正渗透性能的非常重要的因素。理想中的正渗透膜既要有一层致密的活性层,还要有非常薄的支撑层,即在保证高脱盐率的同时,尽可能的减弱内浓差极化。如何制备一种合适的半透膜,成为本课题出发点。
离子液体是一种新型的绿色溶剂,具有许多传统有机溶剂所不能比拟的优良特性,特别是在高分子聚合物中的应用。本论文根据离子液体特点,用它来处理反渗透膜,对膜表面进行改性,同时优化了相关操作条件。实验结果表明,当使用95%的[BMIM]Cl离子液体浸泡反渗透膜24小时后,反渗透膜的通量提高了20%左右,同时,将处理后的反渗透膜通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、测接触角和膜表面ZETA电位等方法,进行膜结构和性能的表征。
本论文还将反渗透膜的无纺布层进行了剥离,进一步减小了膜的厚度。实验中,分别将未处理的反渗透膜、离子液体处理后的反渗透膜、未处理的且剥离无纺布层的反渗透膜和处理后的且剥离无纺布层的反渗透膜用于正渗透过程,比较分析它们的渗透性能。实验结果显示,反渗透膜在经过[BMIM]Cl离子液体浸泡24小时,并且被剥离了无纺布层后,在正渗透过程中的膜通量由3.43L·m-2h-1升高到8.42L·m-2h-1。此外,实验还使用不同的半透膜对影响正渗透过程中的因素进行了讨论。
Forward osmosis is a novel water treatment process that potentially can be used as an alternative for both traditional desalination and brine disposal technologies due to its less energy requirement and high recovery. Its applications have been developed in various fields, such as wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical and juice concentration, and seawater desalination, and even for water recycle use in spacecraft. In a FO process, a solution of considerably high concentration (known as draw solution) is utilized to generate a hydrostatic osmotic pressure gradient across a semi-permeable membrane to extract freshwater from a feed solution, which is on the other side of the membrane. The FO process is based on the osmotic pressure as a driving force. As a result, it can operate without high pressures and high temperatures. Similar to the RO process, the semi-permeable membrane as the barrier plays an important role on the realization of FO. The desired characteristics of membranes for FO would be high density of the active layer for high solute rejection; a thin membrane with minimum porosity of the support layer for low internal concentration polarization. Therefore, it was a prime solution to search for an appropriate semi-permeable membrane for the FO progress.
Ionic liquids, as new novel green solvents, have many unique properties in comparison with traditional organic reagents, especially its application in the polymer. In this paper, the ionic liquids were used to treat the RO membranes. The results show that the membranes treated with 95% [BMIM]C1 lead to an increase in permeation flux in RO. The treated membranes were tested by SEM, AFM, contact angle and zeta potential.
In this paper, in order to minimize the effect of the internal concentration polarization in FO, the fabric layers of the treated membranes are removed. Comparison of the membrane performance in the FO process were carried out for the untreated membrane, the membrane treated with ILs, untreated membrane without fabric layer and treated membrane without fabric layer. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the treated membrane without fabric layer achieves a water flux from an initial value 3.43 L/m2h to 8.42 L/m2h. In addition, the influence factors of the FO process with different semi-permeable membranes were also studied and discussed.
离子液体是一种新型的绿色溶剂,具有许多传统有机溶剂所不能比拟的优良特性,特别是在高分子聚合物中的应用。本论文根据离子液体特点,用它来处理反渗透膜,对膜表面进行改性,同时优化了相关操作条件。实验结果表明,当使用95%的[BMIM]Cl离子液体浸泡反渗透膜24小时后,反渗透膜的通量提高了20%左右,同时,将处理后的反渗透膜通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、测接触角和膜表面ZETA电位等方法,进行膜结构和性能的表征。
本论文还将反渗透膜的无纺布层进行了剥离,进一步减小了膜的厚度。实验中,分别将未处理的反渗透膜、离子液体处理后的反渗透膜、未处理的且剥离无纺布层的反渗透膜和处理后的且剥离无纺布层的反渗透膜用于正渗透过程,比较分析它们的渗透性能。实验结果显示,反渗透膜在经过[BMIM]Cl离子液体浸泡24小时,并且被剥离了无纺布层后,在正渗透过程中的膜通量由3.43L·m-2h-1升高到8.42L·m-2h-1。此外,实验还使用不同的半透膜对影响正渗透过程中的因素进行了讨论。
Forward osmosis is a novel water treatment process that potentially can be used as an alternative for both traditional desalination and brine disposal technologies due to its less energy requirement and high recovery. Its applications have been developed in various fields, such as wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical and juice concentration, and seawater desalination, and even for water recycle use in spacecraft. In a FO process, a solution of considerably high concentration (known as draw solution) is utilized to generate a hydrostatic osmotic pressure gradient across a semi-permeable membrane to extract freshwater from a feed solution, which is on the other side of the membrane. The FO process is based on the osmotic pressure as a driving force. As a result, it can operate without high pressures and high temperatures. Similar to the RO process, the semi-permeable membrane as the barrier plays an important role on the realization of FO. The desired characteristics of membranes for FO would be high density of the active layer for high solute rejection; a thin membrane with minimum porosity of the support layer for low internal concentration polarization. Therefore, it was a prime solution to search for an appropriate semi-permeable membrane for the FO progress.
Ionic liquids, as new novel green solvents, have many unique properties in comparison with traditional organic reagents, especially its application in the polymer. In this paper, the ionic liquids were used to treat the RO membranes. The results show that the membranes treated with 95% [BMIM]C1 lead to an increase in permeation flux in RO. The treated membranes were tested by SEM, AFM, contact angle and zeta potential.
In this paper, in order to minimize the effect of the internal concentration polarization in FO, the fabric layers of the treated membranes are removed. Comparison of the membrane performance in the FO process were carried out for the untreated membrane, the membrane treated with ILs, untreated membrane without fabric layer and treated membrane without fabric layer. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the treated membrane without fabric layer achieves a water flux from an initial value 3.43 L/m2h to 8.42 L/m2h. In addition, the influence factors of the FO process with different semi-permeable membranes were also studied and discussed.
引文
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