公路路域生态环境安全评价与预警研究
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摘要
近几十年来,随着世界经济迅速发展和工业化进程的加快,人地矛盾日趋尖锐,生态环境安全作为国家安全的重要组成成分,已经成为一个全球关注的问题。公路作为一种长距离、大范围的人工景观,在切割生境的同时,也对公路沿线的生态环境产生了不可逆的深远影响,严重威胁着路侧生态环境的安全。然而,当前公路两侧生态环境相关研究尚局限于环境因子的监测、公路建设前的环境影响评价等工作,对公路运营期间两侧生态环境动态变化、评价和预警研究工作缺乏应有的重视。致使公路两侧生态环境安全状况不能被客观地、定量地评价,阻碍了路域生态环境状态和人类活动之间耦合关系研究的深入,公路两侧生态环境的恶化不可避免的成为国家生态环境安全和人类健康安全巨大威胁。开展路域生态环境安全评价和预警研究,具有全球性环境学、安全学意义,亦符合我国国家环境安全建设战略的社会研究需求。
     本文以上海市科委重大项目“崇明岛生态承载力与生态安全预警系统研究”(批准号:05DZ12007)和国家自然科学基金项目“中国沿海城市自然灾害风险评估体系研究”(批准号:40571006)为支撑,选取崇明岛陈海、北沿公路为主要研究对象,在分析路域生态环境安全与高强度人类活动内在联系的基础上,建立了路域生态环境安全评价指标体系及评价方法和模型,对典型路域生态环境安全现状进行评价,确定影响路域生态环境安全的主要环境压力,根据环境压力可能的变化设计相应情景模拟条件,对路域生态环境安全进行了预警研究,得到主要结论如下:
     (1)公路两侧主要生态环境因子的系统分析表明路侧土壤、生物、大气、声和水环境与路域生态环境安全的关系最为密切,其中土壤、大气和生物环境中的高毒性重金属污染物对路域生态环境安全的影响最为显著;公路沿线主要生态环境因子质量评价发现路侧土壤中多数重金属地累积指数达II、III级污染水平,其中Pb、Cd的累积水平较高:单项污染指数评价表明路侧蔬菜Pb污染最显著:公路灰尘的重金属含量明显高于两侧土壤和作物含量,为主要的二次污染源。
     (2)根据公路路域生态环境安全的特点,选取PSR概念模型为评价指标框架模型,以因果分析法和目标层次分类展开法选取“大气环境”、“土壤环境”、“生物环境”、“声环境”和“·水环境”5类指标反映路域生态环境安全状态;以“交通流量”和“污染排放源强”2类指标反映路域生态环境压力;采用“压力调整”和“状态修复”2类指标反映路域生态环境响应。以各类指标对人类健康的危害性大小为依据,采用层次分析-信息熵相组合的方法确立各指标的权重,结果表明公路两侧生物环境、土壤环境和大气环境指标提供的信息量较大,指标中作物Pb、Cd和土壤Pb、Cd对路域生态环境安全的权重系数最大。
     (3)构建了层次分析-综合指数-模糊综合的路域生态环境安全复合评价模型,对选取的典型公路路域生态环境安全现状进行了评估和分析,发现当前陈海、北沿、黄南和歌中公路SIRES指数均大于0.78,安全现状处于“无警-预警”状态;沪宁高速和宁连高速SIRES指数低于0.72,处于“预警-轻警”状态,明显向中警状态过渡:郑汴公路SIRES指数低于0.4,处于“轻警-中警”状态。
     (4)路域生态环境因子安全现状分析发现路侧大气、土壤和生物环境安全性较差,是易受公路运营影响的环境因子;具体指标中灰尘Cd、土壤Pb、Cd和作物Pb安全性最差,受公路影响最大。路域生态环境安全指数影响因子分析表明,综合指数VTF(VTF=车流量*运营时间*污染排放源强)与SIRES值两者之间呈显著负相关,说明公路车流量、公路运营年数和污染物排放源强是路域生态环境安全的主要压力,共同影响路域生态环境安全状态。
     (5)以陈海、北沿公路为实例,针对车流量和排放源强变化,对路域生态环境安全预警和调控手段进行了模拟研究,结果表明陈海、北沿公路保持当前车流量(5000pcu/d)在模拟研究期限内安全状态可保持在较良好的“预警状态”,当车流量在15000pcu/d以上时,2010年后路域SIRES指数便小于0.75,即进入“轻警”水平,车流量达70000pcu/d以上时,2025年后进入“中警水平”;如果机动车尾气排放在2008年达欧Ⅲ标准,可以减少SIRES值下降50%左右。
     (6)对比减少车流量和降低排放源强两者对改善路域生态环境安全状态的效果,结果表明2008年达到欧Ⅲ尾气排放标准,其改善路域生态环境安全效果相当于当前排放标准下每天减少30000辆车流的效果;对路域生态环境安全的保障手段进行总结,认为提高机动车尾气排放标准,早日达到欧Ⅲ排放标准是最有效的保障手段,改变路两侧50m敏感区域范围土地利用方式,修建防护林以取代食用作物,将取得较好的保障效果。
In recent decades, ecological environmental security problem has become such an important component of national security. With road networks stretching through almost every corner of the planet, the fact that roads influence ecological environment should come as no surprise, but the ecological environmental security problem of roadside environment have received little attention as a comprehensive category for research and conservation plans. Studies on assessment and early warning of roadside ecological environmental security are of global environment significance and in accordance with economic research demands for national environmental security construct of China.
    This dissertation was supported by the Key Foundation of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 05DZ12007) and National Nature Science Foundation of China (No.40571006). Base on the field observations data, the relationship between roadside ecological environmental security and intensive human activities were analyzed, the assessment indicator set and assessment method of ecological environmental security were set up. Assessment of typical roadside ecological environmental security state was carried out, and main environmental pressures of roadside ecological environmental security were analyzed. Base on the changing of environmental pressures, early warning of roadside ecological environmental security was studied. Several major conclusions are shown as follows:
    (1) Roadside ecological environmental factors were analyzed; the result indicated that roadside soil environment, biotic environment, atmosphere environment, acoustical environment and water environment were most osculate to roadside ecological environment. Adopting Muller land accumulation index, the environmental factors' quality were assessment, the result shown that that roadside soil was mainly contaminated by cadmium and lead. Compared to the criterion of farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products (HJ332-2006), lead was the main heavy metal contamination in roadside vegetable. Road dust was an important source of heavy metal contaminations in the roadside environment.
    (2) Use the pressure-state-response framework model for reference, the indicators set of roadside ecological environmental security state were set up which include atmosphere environment, soil environment, biotic environment, acoustical environment and water environment. By means of AHP-IEM method, the weights of assessment indicators were confirm. Plant Pb, Cd contents and soil Pb, Cd contents were the most important component of assessment indicators. (3) On the basis of analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of all present environmental and ecological assessment models, the optimized comprehensive assessment models of the roadside ecological environmental security, namely AHP-aggregative index-fuzzy correlation compound models, were set up. Assessments of typical roadside ecological environmental security were carried out. It was shown that ecological environmental security state of Chenhai, Beiyan, Huangnan and Gezhong road were reached level I-II; Huning and Ninglian road were reached level II-III, close to the middle warning state; security state of Zhengbian road was poor, which reached level III-IV.
    (4) The security state of roadside environmental factors was discussed, which indicated that security state of atmosphere; soil and biotic environment were poor. And dust Cd content, soil Pb, Cd content and plant Pb content contribute more to the roadside environmental security. Correlation analysis indicated that there was significant negative correlation between index VTF (VTF = Vehicle Flow * Time * Factor of Emission) and security state index (SI_(RES)).
    (5) Aim at the changing of vehicle flow and emission intension, simulation study of early warning of roadside ecological environmental security was carried out. The result shown that security state of Chenhai and Beiyan road were good during 20years, if the vehicle flow maintains 5000 pcu/d. If Vehicle flow reaching 15000 pcu/d, index SI_(RES) would fall below 0.75 after 2010. When the vehicle flow reached 70000 pcu/d, the security state of roadside environment would reach middle warning level.
    (6) The method to improving roadside ecological environmental security was compared. The result indicated emission control regulations of motor vehicles reaching Euro III standard before 2008 could increase 30000 vehicles per day. The appropriate method to improving security state includes (a) reaching Euro III emission control standard as soon as possible; (b) alter the land using type of roadside land 50m within; (c) construct roadside shelter-forest belt.
引文
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