美国高校的艺术设计专业案例研究
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摘要
二十一世纪是艺术设计的世纪,社会生活的各个方面都与艺术设计有着密切联系,为适应经济社会和产业发展对设计人才的大量需求,我们必须加快艺术设计改革的步伐。但我国的艺术设计教学由于起步较晚,在教学体制、教学模式、培养方向以及动手操作能力等方面存在许多问题。为了能形成以创新为中心,成熟而完善的设计教学体系,唯有学习和研究发达国家现代设计教育的办学特色和教学模式,从中寻求出一定规律,以指导我们的设计教育的改革。
美国的高校设置有不同类型的艺术院校。艺术类的学校中包含有美术专科学校,一般综合性大学下也设置有艺术学院或者艺术系。每个艺术学校或者院系都非常重视结合自己的特长,发展自身的特色教学和建设名师团队来吸引学生。美国的艺术院校有非常先进的专业设备和高层次的师资,能够吸引来自世界各国热爱现代艺术及其表现手段的人才和学生。在课程设置方面具有系统性、科学性和合理性。所以笔者选择美国几所高校的艺术设计教育的一些特色和经验进行研究。
美国的萨凡纳艺术设计学院、罗德岛设计学院、哈佛大学设计学院这三所高校在专业培养目标、教学内容和课程设置、教学方法、教学管理等方面都有各自的特色。通过对这三所高校的教学内容、课程设置、教学管理等方面的研究,从而归纳总结出美国高校艺术教育的主要特点,包括:重视创新能力和实践能力培养;科学的教学方法和手段;灵活先进的教学管理;多元、国际化的学术交流。同时分析了美国高校艺术教育特色的成因,既创新素质培养的教学理念,设计教育与市场、社会需求的紧密联系,分散化、多样化的美国高等教育自治政策。
美国高校的艺术设计教育的特色及成因值得我国借鉴和吸收,笔者结合我国的社会经济发展大背景,认为对艺术设计教育进行改革是必要的,改革内容包括:抓住学科特色,改革课程体系和教学内容;打造新的设计理念,进而满足市场对设计的双重要求;建立完善高等艺术设计教育师资队伍。
The twenty-first century is the century of art and design. All aspects of social life is closely linked with the art and design. To meet the high demand for design talent with the development of economic, social and industrial, we must accelerate the pace of art and design reform. As China's art and design education started late, there are many problems in the teaching system, teaching mode, the orientation of training and hands-on operational capability. In order to form an innovation center, mature and well-designed education system, we should learn and study the modern design education features and teaching methods in developed countries and find a certain law to guide the design of our education reform.
There are different types of art colleges in United State. Some art schools are included in fine arts colleges and the general comprehensive university also set the department of the Arts. In order to attract students, every art school or faculty attaches great importance to combine their expertise to develop its own special characteristics and construction of teacher team teaching. Due to the advanced professional equipment and high-level teachers, the arts colleges are able to attract many students who love modern art and its performance means from around the world. The curriculum of the arts colleges has systematic, scientific and rational features. So, the characteristics of art and design education of three arts colleges in the United States were chosen and studied.
There are characteristics in the professional training objectives, teaching content and curriculum, teaching methods, teaching management in Savannah College of Art and Design, Rhode Island School of Design, and Harvard Design School. Through the study of the teaching content, curriculum, teaching and management methods in these three colleges, we summarized the main features of arts education in colleges in the United States, which include the emphasis on innovation and practical capacity-building, science teaching methods and tools, flexible and advanced teaching management, diversified and international academic exchanges. Moreover, the characteristics causes were analyzed, which include creative quality of teaching philosophy, close ties between design education and the market needs of the community, decentralized and diversified higher education in the United States policy autonomy.
It is worthy to draw on the characteristics and causes of art and design education in the United State. With the socio-economic development of our country, we believe that it is necessary to reform art and design education in China. Reforms should include: to seize the subject characteristics, reform the curriculum system and teaching content; create a new design concept, and then design a dual meet market requirements; establish a sound art and design higher education teachers.
美国的高校设置有不同类型的艺术院校。艺术类的学校中包含有美术专科学校,一般综合性大学下也设置有艺术学院或者艺术系。每个艺术学校或者院系都非常重视结合自己的特长,发展自身的特色教学和建设名师团队来吸引学生。美国的艺术院校有非常先进的专业设备和高层次的师资,能够吸引来自世界各国热爱现代艺术及其表现手段的人才和学生。在课程设置方面具有系统性、科学性和合理性。所以笔者选择美国几所高校的艺术设计教育的一些特色和经验进行研究。
美国的萨凡纳艺术设计学院、罗德岛设计学院、哈佛大学设计学院这三所高校在专业培养目标、教学内容和课程设置、教学方法、教学管理等方面都有各自的特色。通过对这三所高校的教学内容、课程设置、教学管理等方面的研究,从而归纳总结出美国高校艺术教育的主要特点,包括:重视创新能力和实践能力培养;科学的教学方法和手段;灵活先进的教学管理;多元、国际化的学术交流。同时分析了美国高校艺术教育特色的成因,既创新素质培养的教学理念,设计教育与市场、社会需求的紧密联系,分散化、多样化的美国高等教育自治政策。
美国高校的艺术设计教育的特色及成因值得我国借鉴和吸收,笔者结合我国的社会经济发展大背景,认为对艺术设计教育进行改革是必要的,改革内容包括:抓住学科特色,改革课程体系和教学内容;打造新的设计理念,进而满足市场对设计的双重要求;建立完善高等艺术设计教育师资队伍。
The twenty-first century is the century of art and design. All aspects of social life is closely linked with the art and design. To meet the high demand for design talent with the development of economic, social and industrial, we must accelerate the pace of art and design reform. As China's art and design education started late, there are many problems in the teaching system, teaching mode, the orientation of training and hands-on operational capability. In order to form an innovation center, mature and well-designed education system, we should learn and study the modern design education features and teaching methods in developed countries and find a certain law to guide the design of our education reform.
There are different types of art colleges in United State. Some art schools are included in fine arts colleges and the general comprehensive university also set the department of the Arts. In order to attract students, every art school or faculty attaches great importance to combine their expertise to develop its own special characteristics and construction of teacher team teaching. Due to the advanced professional equipment and high-level teachers, the arts colleges are able to attract many students who love modern art and its performance means from around the world. The curriculum of the arts colleges has systematic, scientific and rational features. So, the characteristics of art and design education of three arts colleges in the United States were chosen and studied.
There are characteristics in the professional training objectives, teaching content and curriculum, teaching methods, teaching management in Savannah College of Art and Design, Rhode Island School of Design, and Harvard Design School. Through the study of the teaching content, curriculum, teaching and management methods in these three colleges, we summarized the main features of arts education in colleges in the United States, which include the emphasis on innovation and practical capacity-building, science teaching methods and tools, flexible and advanced teaching management, diversified and international academic exchanges. Moreover, the characteristics causes were analyzed, which include creative quality of teaching philosophy, close ties between design education and the market needs of the community, decentralized and diversified higher education in the United States policy autonomy.
It is worthy to draw on the characteristics and causes of art and design education in the United State. With the socio-economic development of our country, we believe that it is necessary to reform art and design education in China. Reforms should include: to seize the subject characteristics, reform the curriculum system and teaching content; create a new design concept, and then design a dual meet market requirements; establish a sound art and design higher education teachers.
引文
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2.杭间.美国感觉--001年3月看美国几所艺术院校[J]。美术观察,2001,(9)
3.纪春.艺术设计教育探索。硕士论文,2007
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9.李祝捷.美国艺术设计院校简介[J]。装饰,2001,(3)
10.林丽玲.浅论美国高等美术教育的现状[J]。艺术·生活,2007,(4)
11.刘世声.当前高校艺术设计专业教育存在的问题及思考。河南工业大学学,2008,(6)
12.龙虎.美国的现代艺术教育浅释[J]。美术学报,2005,(2)
13.卢婧妍.对高校艺术设计创造性教学的探讨[J]。高校讲坛,2008,(17)
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42.Adams E,Chisholm T.Art,design and environment:A programme for teacher education[J].Journal of Art & Design Education,1999,(3)
43.Adams J.Histories of art and design education:Collected essays[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(2)
44.Ashkanasy NM.Special section:Art and design in management education[J].Academy of Management Learning & Education,2006,(4)
45.Batic J.Teaching media in spatial design as part of art education[J].Didactica Slovenica-Pedagoska Obzorja,2007,(3-4)
46.Clemons SA.Interior design supports art education:A case study[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(3)
47.Crampton Smith G.Human interface design:Royal College of Art[J].nteractions|Interactions,2000,(2)
48.Eickhoff J,Falke A,Roser HP.Model-based design and verification - State of the art from Galileo constellation down to small university satellites[J].Acta Astronautica,2007,(1)
49.Giovannini J.Art Center College takes design discourse public[J].Architectural Record,2004.(6)
50.Gross M.Art and design:100 years at the Royal College of Art[J].Library Journal,2000,(12)
51.Jaffee B.Before the new Bauhaus:From industrial drawing to art and design education in Chicago[J].Design Issues,2005,(1)
52.Janet J,Miles M.artemis:Reinvigorating History and Theory in Art and Design Education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2009,(1)
53.Joye Y.Evolutionary and cognitive motivations for fractal art in art and design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2005,(2)
54.Nokes,C.Holistic integrated design education:Art education in a complex and uncertain world[J].Journal of Aesthetic Education,2005,(1)
55.Paquette Y,Brown GR.Collaborative brickworks at the Savannah College of Art and Design[J].Ceramics-Technical,2005,(21)
56.Paterson S.Critical studies in art and design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2005,(3)
57.Pons L,Gomez M.Beliefs,design and art:Enhancing creativity in education and organizations[J].Design 2004,2004,(1-3)
58.Radclyffe-Thomas N.White heat or blue screen? Digital technology in art & design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2008,(2)
59.Shone R.American design in the 20th-century[J].Burlington Magazine,2000,(1167)
60.Stanley N.The interconnectedness of art and design education internationally[J].Journal of Art & Design Education,2001,(2)
61.http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/
62.http://www.risd.edu/
63.http://www.scad.edu/
[2]王勇.高等专业艺术设计教育工作的改进[J]。艺术探索,2008,(4)
[1]Shone R.American design in the 20th-century[J].Burlington Magazine,2000,(1167)
[2]纪春.艺术设计教育探索。硕士论文,2007
[1]杭间.美国感觉--2001年3月看美国几所艺术院校[J]。美术观察,2001,(9)
[2]寇焱.中美艺术设计教育之比较[J]。南昌职业技术师范学院学报,2002,(4)
[3]卢婧妍.对高校艺术设计创造性教学的探讨[J]。高校讲坛,2008,(17)
[1]Pons L,Gomez M.Beliefs,design and art:Enhancing creativity in education and organizations[J].Design 2004,(1-3)
[2]李祝捷.美国艺术设计院校简介[J]。装饰,2001,(3)
[3]石海滨.高校艺术设计专业基础课程的国际借鉴及改革[J]。中国成人教育,2008,(6)
[1]Adams J.Histories of art and design education:Collected essays[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(2)
[1]Adams J.Histories of art and design education:Collected essays[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(2)
[2]孟庆红.浅析欧美国家艺术设计教育的沿革[J]。艺术与设计,2008,(3).
[3]Janet J,Miles M.ARTEMIS:Reinvigorating History and Theory in Art and Design Education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2009,(1)
[1]龙虎.美国的现代艺术教育浅释[J]。美术学报,2005,(2)
[2]李祝捷.美国艺术设计院校简介[J]。装饰,2001,(3)
[1]马潇,张星.中美艺术设计专业教育的比较研究[J]。西安工程大学学报,2008,(6)
[2]计宇.美国的艺术院校与艺术教育[J]。美术研究,2005,(4)
[3]陈喜莲.美国教育的高度社会实践性及其渊源[J]。基础教育参考,2005,(3)
[1]林丽玲.浅论美国高等美术教育的现状[J]。艺术·生活,2007,(4)
[2]张柏萌.郑曙炀.美国的艺术/设计基础课程评述[J]。装饰,2008,(2)
[1]Gross M.Art and design:100 years at the Royal College of Art[J].Library Journal,2000,(12)
[1]Adams E,Chisholm T.Art,design and environment:A programme for teacher education[J].Journal of Art &Design Education,1999,(3)
[2]Stanley N.The interconnectedness of art and design education internationally[J].Journal of Art & Design Education,2001,(2)
[3]郑曙炀.考察后的对比--关于艺术设计教育[J]。美术观察,2001,(9)
[1]http://www.scad.edu/
[2]Paquette Y,Brown GR.Collaborative brickworks at the Savannah College of Art and Design[J].Ceramics-Technical,2005,(21)
[1]http://www.risd.edu/
[2]彭亮.历史悠久的百年名校--美国罗得岛设计学院的家具设计专业(上)[J]。家具与室内装饰,2003,(7).
[1]彭亮.历史悠久的百年名校--美国罗得岛设计学院的家具设计专业(下)[J]。家具与室内装饰,2003,(8)
[1]htto://www.gsd.harvard.edu/
[2]俞孔坚.哈佛大学景观规划设计专业教学体系建筑学报[J]。1998(2)
[3]张华.英国伯明翰大学与美国哈佛大学艺术教育模式比较[J]。淮北煤炭师范学院报,2008,(4)
[1]吕斌.设计创造财富--洛杉矶艺术中心设计学院王受之教授访谈[J]。中国广告,2002,(4)
[1]Joye Y.Evolutionary and cognitive motivations for fractal art in art and design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2005,(2)
[2]姚小刚.比较视野中的中国艺术教育设计[J]。美术观察,2005,(8)
[3]Nokes C.Holistic integrated design education:Art education in a complex and uncertain world[J].Journal of Aesthetic Education,2005,(1)
[4]Paterson S.Critical studies in art and design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2005,(3)
[1]Radclyffe-Thomas N.White heat or blue screen? Digital technology in art & design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2008,(2)
[2]Batic J.Teaching media in spatial design as part of art education[J].Didactica Slovenica-Pedagoska Obzorja,2007,(3-4)
[3]Ashkanasy NM.Special section:Art and design in management education[J].Academy of Management Learning & Education,2006,(4)
[4]周燕玲,张玉金.中外高等艺术设计教育的比较与思考[J]。韩山师范学院学报,2005,(8)
[1]Clemons SA.Interior design supports art education:A case study[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(3)
[2]Giovannini J.Art Center College takes design discourse public[J].Architectural Record,2004,(6)
[1]杨应时.中美艺术教育之比较--访国际著名教育学家霍华德·加德纳教授[J].艺术教育,2005,(4)
[2]朱英萍.对美国高校艺术教育理念的思考[J]。中州大学学报,2008,(2)
[3]朱和平,张美利.试论西方现代设计教育的产生及其发展[J]。焦作大学学报,2007,(4)
[1]尤玮.美国宾夕法尼亚大学景观设计教育及其对我国环境艺术教育的启示[J]。中国美术教育,2006,(6)
[2]张长江.美国室内设计教育与执业-中美室内设计教育评估[J]。设计教育,2006,(1)
[3]Eickhoff J,Falke A,Roser HP.Model-based design and verification - State of the art from Galileo constellation down to small university satellites[J].Acta Astronautica,2007,(1)
[1]汪晓莺.高校艺术设计教育的变革趋势[J]。教育评论,2005,(5)
[2]吴承钧.高校艺术设计教育的改革与探索[J]。中国成人教育,2007,(5)
[3]闫小琴.浅谈中国高校艺术设计教育潜在的问题[J]。科学之友,2008,(8)
[4]肖发展.高校艺术设计教育的发展与革新[J]。艺术教育,2007,(9)
[1]李凤.高校艺术设计课程教学初探[J]。大众科学·科学研究与实践,2007,(12)
[2]史万兵,江桂珍.美国艺术教育的理论基础与实践特点[J]。外国教育研究,2004。(2)
[3]李志榕.论艺术设计教育中创造性思维的培养[J]。科技信息,2008,(21)
[1]李刚.高校艺术设计实践教学的现状及创新思路[J]。中国电力教育,2008,(1)
[2]陆青霖.论高校艺术设计课堂教学互动思维的激活[J]。安徽工业大学学报。2007。(5)
[3]刘世声.当前高校艺术设计专业教育存在的问题及思考。河南工业大学学,2008,(6)
[4]周红.高校艺术设计专业产学研合作教育模式探讨[J]。经济师,2004,(2)
[1]罗明金.新的就业形势下高校艺术设计人才培养探究[J]。艺术教育,2007,(11)
1.陈喜莲.美国教育的高度社会实践性及其渊源[J]。基础教育参考,2005,(3)
2.杭间.美国感觉--001年3月看美国几所艺术院校[J]。美术观察,2001,(9)
3.纪春.艺术设计教育探索。硕士论文,2007
4.计宇.美国的艺术院校与艺术教育[J]。美术研究,2005,(4)
5.寇焱.中美艺术设计教育之比较[J]。南昌职业技术师范学院学报,2002,(4)
6.李凤.高校艺术设计课程教学初探[J]。大众科学·科学研究与实践,2007,(12)
7.李刚.高校艺术设计实践教学的现状及创新思路[J]。中国电力教育,2008,(1)
8.李志榕.论艺术设计教育中创造性思维的培养[J]。科技信息,2008,(21)
9.李祝捷.美国艺术设计院校简介[J]。装饰,2001,(3)
10.林丽玲.浅论美国高等美术教育的现状[J]。艺术·生活,2007,(4)
11.刘世声.当前高校艺术设计专业教育存在的问题及思考。河南工业大学学,2008,(6)
12.龙虎.美国的现代艺术教育浅释[J]。美术学报,2005,(2)
13.卢婧妍.对高校艺术设计创造性教学的探讨[J]。高校讲坛,2008,(17)
14.陆青霖.论高校艺术设计课堂教学互动思维的激活[J]。安徽工业大学学报。2007。(5)
15.罗明金.新的就业形势下高校艺术设计人才培养探究[J]。艺术教育,2007,(11)
16.吕斌.设计创造财富--洛杉矶艺术中心设计学院王受之教授访谈[J]。中国广告,2002。(4)
17.马潇,张星.中美艺术设计专业教育的比较研究[J]。西安工程大学学报,2008,(6)
18.孟庆红.浅析欧美国家艺术设计教育的沿革[J]。艺术与设计。2008,(3).
19.彭亮.历史悠久的百年名校--美国罗得岛设计学院的家具设计专业(上)[J]。家具与室内装饰,2003,(7)
20.彭亮.历史悠久的百年名校--美国罗得岛设计学院的家具设计专业(下)[J]。家具与室内装饰,2003,(8)
21.石海滨.高校艺术设计专业基础课程的国际借鉴及改革[J]。中国成人教育,2008,(6)
22.史万兵,江桂珍.美国艺术教育的理论基础与实践特点[J]。外国教育研究,2004。(2)
23.汪晓莺.高校艺术设计教育的变革趋势[J]。教育评论,2005,(5)
24.王勇.高等专业艺术设计教育工作的改进[J]。艺术探索,2008,(4)
25.吴承钧.高校艺术设计教育的改革与探索[J]。中国成人教育,2007,(5)
26.夏燕靖.我国高校艺术设计教育不合理课程结构的成因探讨与分析[J]。南京艺术学院学报,2007,(3)
27.肖发展.高校艺术设计教育的发展与革新[J]。艺术教育,2007,(9)
28.闫小琴.浅谈中国高校艺术设计教育潜在的问题[J]。科学之友,2008,(8)
29.杨应时.中美艺术教育之比较--访国际著名教育学家霍华德.加德纳教授[J].艺术教育,2005,(4)
30.姚小刚.比较视野中的中国艺术教育设计[J]。美术观察,2005,(8)
31.尤玮.美国宾夕法尼亚大学景观设计教育及其对我国环境艺术教育的启示[J]。中国美术教育,2006,(6)
32.俞孔坚.哈佛大学景观规划设计专业教学体系建筑学报1998(2):58-62
33.张柏萌.郑曙炀.美国的艺术/设计基础课程评述[J]。装饰,2008,(2)
34.张华.英国伯明翰大学与美国哈佛大学艺术教育模式比较[J]。淮北煤炭师范学院报,2008,(4)
35.张长江.美国室内设计教育与执业-中美室内设计教育评估[J]。设计教育,2006,(1)
36.郑曙炀.考察后的对比--关于艺术设计教育[J]。美术观察,2001,(9)
37.周红.高校艺术设计专业产学研合作教育模式探讨[J]。经济师,2004,(2)
38.周燕玲.张玉金.中外高等艺术设计教育的比较与思考[J]。韩山师范学院学报,2005,(8)
39.朱和平.张美利。试论西方现代设计教育的产生及其发展[J]。焦作大学学报,2007,(4)
40.朱英萍.对美国高校艺术教育理念的思考[J]。中州大学学报,2008,(2)
41.庄元.中西方艺术学科研究生教育比较与思考[J]。学位与研究生教育,2004,(3)
42.Adams E,Chisholm T.Art,design and environment:A programme for teacher education[J].Journal of Art & Design Education,1999,(3)
43.Adams J.Histories of art and design education:Collected essays[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(2)
44.Ashkanasy NM.Special section:Art and design in management education[J].Academy of Management Learning & Education,2006,(4)
45.Batic J.Teaching media in spatial design as part of art education[J].Didactica Slovenica-Pedagoska Obzorja,2007,(3-4)
46.Clemons SA.Interior design supports art education:A case study[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2006,(3)
47.Crampton Smith G.Human interface design:Royal College of Art[J].nteractions|Interactions,2000,(2)
48.Eickhoff J,Falke A,Roser HP.Model-based design and verification - State of the art from Galileo constellation down to small university satellites[J].Acta Astronautica,2007,(1)
49.Giovannini J.Art Center College takes design discourse public[J].Architectural Record,2004.(6)
50.Gross M.Art and design:100 years at the Royal College of Art[J].Library Journal,2000,(12)
51.Jaffee B.Before the new Bauhaus:From industrial drawing to art and design education in Chicago[J].Design Issues,2005,(1)
52.Janet J,Miles M.artemis:Reinvigorating History and Theory in Art and Design Education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2009,(1)
53.Joye Y.Evolutionary and cognitive motivations for fractal art in art and design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2005,(2)
54.Nokes,C.Holistic integrated design education:Art education in a complex and uncertain world[J].Journal of Aesthetic Education,2005,(1)
55.Paquette Y,Brown GR.Collaborative brickworks at the Savannah College of Art and Design[J].Ceramics-Technical,2005,(21)
56.Paterson S.Critical studies in art and design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2005,(3)
57.Pons L,Gomez M.Beliefs,design and art:Enhancing creativity in education and organizations[J].Design 2004,2004,(1-3)
58.Radclyffe-Thomas N.White heat or blue screen? Digital technology in art & design education[J].International Journal of Art & Design Education,2008,(2)
59.Shone R.American design in the 20th-century[J].Burlington Magazine,2000,(1167)
60.Stanley N.The interconnectedness of art and design education internationally[J].Journal of Art & Design Education,2001,(2)
61.http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/
62.http://www.risd.edu/
63.http://www.scad.edu/