DNA和石英晶体微天平为基的传感平台的构建及其在靶定生物分子和环境检测中的应用
|
摘要
本论文的工作分为三部分,第一部分是关于针对河豚体中河蚌毒素快捷方便检测方法的研制；第二部分是关于石英晶体微天平的传感平台的建立以扩大仪器应用范围,针对生物小分子腺苷的检测方法的确立和蓝藻爆发时对藻毒素吸附材料表面设计提出建议；第三部分是基于纳米金的SPR效应所产生的颜色变化与具有pH响应的多聚腺嘌呤DNA分子进行结合,构建具有pH响应的可视化传感器。
传感器是将对靶定分子具有特异性识别作用的识别元件与一些信号转换或放大元件相结合的分析工具。生物传感器则是对生物分子具有响应的传感器或者识别元件自身就是具有生物活性的材料如蛋白质(酶、抗原、抗体、)、DNA和生物膜等。近年来随着社会发展,人们对于食品安全和环境健康的问题越来越关注,对此类问题的检测手段的研制也是科研一个比较集中的课题。对于环境和食品检测,一些大型仪器可以提供很高的精密度但由于其价格昂贵、操作复杂、需要专人培训操作而使得这些大型仪器在日常生活和生产中的应用有很大的限制。因此开发一些操作简单容易制备且成本低廉的传感器可以有效提高公众在日常生活中对有毒有害物质的提前防护意识,同时由于操作方便不需培训而使大众更容易接受。在我硕博期间,我只要集中在对操作简单、制备方便的生物传感器的方法研究以使得任何没有专业知识背景的群众都可以操作；同时还对石英晶体微天平为基的传感平台的建立进行研究。
河蚌毒素是一种具有生物富集作用的天然神经毒素。其可以通过阻碍钠泵运行而使人体内钠钾失衡导致人体瘫痪甚至死亡。这种毒素在水生物体中无法发挥毒副作用主要是由于水生物体中的钙泵作用更重要。由于这种毒素稳定性好因此无法通过简单杀菌消毒或者高温烹饪去除,且一旦食入中毒则无解药可救,因此对此毒素在未食用前的检测有很重大的意义。现在研发出的针对河蚌毒素的检测方法有七种,但是这些方法由于受到仪器复杂、动物实验的道德问题、生物提取物难度大、抗体稳定性差等的问题而不能大规模生产日常生活应用。我们通过研究此毒素结构,发现河蚌毒素结构中含有两个背靠背的胍基团,这种基团与DNA结构中的鸟嘌呤很相似,我们怀疑这种结构的相似性会影响有鸟嘌呤参与的一些结构形成比如G四联体的形成。通过圆二色谱我们发现河蚌毒素的存在会显著延缓-四联体的形成且G-四联体的量会减少,同时加入越多的河蚌毒素会诱导G-四联体的结构形成更少。而这种阻碍G-四联体形成的现象在其他类似物如具有线型胍基团的精氨酸、盐酸胍中则没有观察到。除了结构的研究,我们还进行的热力学方面的研究。利用等温滴定微量热仪,我们观察到DNA分子与河蚌毒素和其他类似物之间的结合比和结合常数,发现河蚌毒素与DNA分子的结合相比于其他类似物更强但弱于DNA与钾离子之间的作用,很好的解释了河蚌毒素可以阻碍和干扰G-四联体的形成但却不能使所有DNA分子处于单链状态。通过比较河蚌毒素及类似物与DNA之间相互作用发现,河蚌毒素与DNA的结合常数是其他两种类似物的5到10倍,解释了河蚌毒素可以干扰G-四联体的形成而类似物则不具有这种性质。利用圆二色谱和等温滴定微量热仪得出的结论,我们认为通过检测有毒素存在的DNA体系中G-四联体的量可以间接的测定体系中毒素的含量。我们采用了一个广泛应用且价格低廉的染料结晶紫作为荧光信号分子,有研究组报道此染料可以识别G-四联体和单链DNA因此可以作为一个很好的信号传导分子。我们发现此分子在与单链DNA结合时会荧光增强,因此当有毒素存在而使部分DNA不能形成G-四联体时,结晶紫可以与DNA结合荧光增强而达到对毒素检测的荧光增强效果。
石英晶体微天平是利用石英震动时有固有的震动频率,震动频率会由于片子表面有吸附或修饰而产生变化,通过对片子震动时频率和耗散的变化可以达到对片子表面吸附材料的质量和性质测定的目的。因此仪器在使用初期经常用于吸附和机理研究,但用此仪器进行检测分析研究的则很有限。在本人硕博期间,由于检测的分子均为小分子,因此一直在考虑如何将此仪器应用于对小分子的检测中。通过DNA适配体对于生物小分子腺苷特异性识别作用和纳米金大的质量,利用DNA互补配对,当有小分子目标物存在时,由于DNA结合目标物而产生构象变化不能再与负载纳米金的配对链相结合,而没有目标物时负载纳米金的配对链可以配对到芯片表面而产生很大的频率信号。通过这种方法可以有效改善传统不能检测小分子的一个关键问题：即当小分子存在时由于小分子分子量小而产生很小的信号变化。通过纳米金的扩增,存在的小分子越少可以负载上去的纳米金就越多,那么信号就越大,从而使得对小分子的低限检测成为可能,且由于信号得到很大增强而使信号识别和数据处理更加方便。同时利用DNA分子可逆互补配对我们也达到了对芯片表面反复利用的目的。
夏天时蓝藻爆发时产生的恶臭和水体中的藻毒素的去除是我们关系的问题之一。常用的去除吸附材料是活性炭。我们考虑到现在塑料产生的污染很大,如果可以通过对塑料表面进行改性,可以同时达到对水体中藻毒素吸附的去除和变废为宝清洁环境双赢的目的。我们以比较常用的树脂材料聚苯乙烯作为本体进行吸附材料设计的研究。由于藻毒素是一种具有等电点的非蛋白质毒素,其受环境pH的影响很大,在不同的pH会显现不同的电性。通过对聚苯乙烯表面基团设计,我们合成了聚苯乙烯树脂、季铵化聚苯乙烯和磺化聚苯乙烯三种具有不同电性的聚苯乙烯基体。通过旋涂将三种不同基底涂敷于石英晶体微天平的芯片上,利用仪器进行在线检测吸附过程。通过实验发现在中性水域,季铵化聚苯乙烯有最好的对于藻毒素的吸附效果,此结论可以作为以后对废弃塑料改性的一个理论依据。
除了研制简单制备的荧光传感器,可视化传感器的研制也是我的一个研究课题。利用纳米金距离不同产生不同颜色的特点,将其与具有pH响应性的DNA分子相结合,达到了对特定pH范围检测的目的。由于产生颜色变化的范围很窄,因此可以作为潜在的pH报警器使用。
During the past several decades, we have witnessed the fast development in industry and technology. However, the pollution induced during the process is also severe. Many technical methods have been constructed to detect the pollutants. However, a large portion of them is sophisticated instruments which are difficult for daily usage and need long detection period due to instrument modulation. To make daily detection simple and convenient, the sensors for daily detection usage are in great need. During my phd studies, I mainly concentrate on the development of very simple, easy handling methods for detection and any one without training can conduct those experiments according to the developed protocols.
The first part is on the development of saxitoxin (STX) detection method. Saxitoxin is a natural neurotoxin which can block the sodium channel inducing paralysis even death. It is often caused by the ingestion of shellfish with accumulated toxins from phytoplankton species. The toxin is nontoxic to shellfish due to the less importance of sodium channel in shellfish body. However, due to its high stability towards heat, acid and oxidation, this guanidinium based toxin is often difficult to get rid of by simple baking. Therefore, it is in great necessity that the toxin is detected before it is digested into human body. Seven methods have been applied for STX detection. The sodium channel based method is constraint due to the difficulty in extracting the sodium channel from biological bodies and this extraction procedure needs long time training in expertise. The antibody based detection method offers high specificity but the protein is less stable under non-biological conditions and is easily affected by environmental changes. The animal based method like the usage of mouse is not only under ethic issues but also individual differences and the HPLC post-column fluorescence method is accurate but the instrument needs training and long-time usage. Herein, we developed a method for saxitoxin detection based on DNA conformational changes using a commonly used dye crystal violet (CV) as reporter. Guanine-rich DNA is DNA strands with guanine bases. Four guanine bases can interact through hydrogen bonding to form a planar G-quartet. The hydrophobic stacking of those G quartets stabilized by a monovalent cation induces the formation of G-quadruplex. Since the saxitoxin has two guanidinium backbones which are similar with guanine in structure, we speculate that the addition of saxitioxn may interfere with the formation of cation induced G-quadruplex formation. In our study, we used one widely studied G-quadruplex sequence-thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) which has two layers of G-quartets and15bases. Using potassium ions as G-quadruplex formation inducer, we found that the addition of saxitoxin can reduce the formation of G-quadruplex and a linear relationship can be extrapolated using circular dichroism (CD) signal versus saxitoxin concentration. Since TBA is a very short sequence, the fluorescence change before and after TBA G-quadruplex formation is small, therefore, the inserted dye detection method was used to reflect the conformational changes. Crystal violet (CV) is an organic molecule and the hydrophobic interaction makes the molecules tend to combine with random coiled DNA so that the fluorescence is on. However, when metal ions exist, CV cannot expel ions from the cavity, therefore, the fluorescence is weak. With the addition of STX, the G-quadruplex becomes opened and due to the electrostatic interaction between the CV and DNA strand, the CV turns on. Therefore, a turn-on sensor has been constructed using TBA as a sensing element and CV as a reporter part. However, the CV based insertion dye detection method has a shortcoming in that the detection limit is usually too high for daily detection.
Part two is the construction of biosensors based on quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D). QCM-D is a powerful tool for in-situ studies of interface interaction and label-free, real-time characterization and quantification of reaction mechanism because it can not only reflect the reaction in the interfaces the mass changes but also viscoelasticity character of the adsorbed layer. However, few efforts are concentrated on the development of QCM-D for sensing platform. Therefore, during my phd studies, I mainly concentrate on the development of QCM-D based sensing platform constructions. The first one is for small molecule detection. Since the frequency signal is proportional to mass change, the higher molecular weight the substance, the higher frequency making the detection of large molecular weight substances detection easier. However, to detect small molecular weight molecules is needed to explore in order to expand the application of QCM-D. In my work, I use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which have large mass and easy modification characteristics to enhance the detection resolution and lower the detection limit. The QCM-D crystal was first modified with a layer of immobilization DNA using mercapto-gold interaction and then through base pair interaction, the linker part containing sequence for adenosine detection was hybridized onto the chip. If adenosine contains in the sample, the adenosine sequence can capture the target hampering the further hybridization of reporter DNA loaded with AuNPs and induces large signal changes due to the AuNPs. With the enhancement of AuNPs, the detection limit is enhanced at least3orders of magnitude and the resolution is higher since the signal range lies in100Hz instead of1Hz which is difficult to differentiate between signal and noise.
Another work uses QCM-D is to explore the adsorption of microcystein onto polymer modified QCM-D chips. The commonly studied adsorption substrate is activated carbon. However, the functional groups'influences on the adsorption are unknown for the difficulty in modification. Therefore, we found one substrate substituting the existing widely studied activated carbon with easy changing functional groups and convenient obtainable ways-the polystyrene based polymers. Many studies on adsorption are detected by detecting the mobile phase analyte concentration change to plot the adsorption kinetics. With the aid of QCM-D, we are able to monitor the kinetics in real time. Moreover, with the analysis of dissipation, the adsorption mechanism can be inferred and amine modified polystyrene in neutral solution is recommended for adsorption of microcystein.
The third part is about the construction of sensors based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colorimetric effects. AuNPs have surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects which make them change color when the distances between particles changes. When they aggregate, the color changes from red to purple or even blue, gray, depending on the aggregation extent. Based on this phenomenon, a simple pH alarm was constructed using DNA as sensing element and AuNPs as reporter part. It is found that adenine base can base paired with each other under acidic conditions. When the pH is low, sequences full of adenines can base pair to form duplex while at high pH condition, the sequence remain in single stranded form. In the AuNPs system, DNA single strands have bare bases that can interact with AuNPs through nitrogen-AuNPs coordination. However, when formed in duplex, the base pair interaction is substituted by hydrogen bonding among DNA strands. Without the protection of DNA, AuNPs is susceptible to aggregation under high salt concentration. From the color change, the pH can be easily differentiated. Moreover, by changing the inherent influences, the detection range can be modulated.
传感器是将对靶定分子具有特异性识别作用的识别元件与一些信号转换或放大元件相结合的分析工具。生物传感器则是对生物分子具有响应的传感器或者识别元件自身就是具有生物活性的材料如蛋白质(酶、抗原、抗体、)、DNA和生物膜等。近年来随着社会发展,人们对于食品安全和环境健康的问题越来越关注,对此类问题的检测手段的研制也是科研一个比较集中的课题。对于环境和食品检测,一些大型仪器可以提供很高的精密度但由于其价格昂贵、操作复杂、需要专人培训操作而使得这些大型仪器在日常生活和生产中的应用有很大的限制。因此开发一些操作简单容易制备且成本低廉的传感器可以有效提高公众在日常生活中对有毒有害物质的提前防护意识,同时由于操作方便不需培训而使大众更容易接受。在我硕博期间,我只要集中在对操作简单、制备方便的生物传感器的方法研究以使得任何没有专业知识背景的群众都可以操作；同时还对石英晶体微天平为基的传感平台的建立进行研究。
河蚌毒素是一种具有生物富集作用的天然神经毒素。其可以通过阻碍钠泵运行而使人体内钠钾失衡导致人体瘫痪甚至死亡。这种毒素在水生物体中无法发挥毒副作用主要是由于水生物体中的钙泵作用更重要。由于这种毒素稳定性好因此无法通过简单杀菌消毒或者高温烹饪去除,且一旦食入中毒则无解药可救,因此对此毒素在未食用前的检测有很重大的意义。现在研发出的针对河蚌毒素的检测方法有七种,但是这些方法由于受到仪器复杂、动物实验的道德问题、生物提取物难度大、抗体稳定性差等的问题而不能大规模生产日常生活应用。我们通过研究此毒素结构,发现河蚌毒素结构中含有两个背靠背的胍基团,这种基团与DNA结构中的鸟嘌呤很相似,我们怀疑这种结构的相似性会影响有鸟嘌呤参与的一些结构形成比如G四联体的形成。通过圆二色谱我们发现河蚌毒素的存在会显著延缓-四联体的形成且G-四联体的量会减少,同时加入越多的河蚌毒素会诱导G-四联体的结构形成更少。而这种阻碍G-四联体形成的现象在其他类似物如具有线型胍基团的精氨酸、盐酸胍中则没有观察到。除了结构的研究,我们还进行的热力学方面的研究。利用等温滴定微量热仪,我们观察到DNA分子与河蚌毒素和其他类似物之间的结合比和结合常数,发现河蚌毒素与DNA分子的结合相比于其他类似物更强但弱于DNA与钾离子之间的作用,很好的解释了河蚌毒素可以阻碍和干扰G-四联体的形成但却不能使所有DNA分子处于单链状态。通过比较河蚌毒素及类似物与DNA之间相互作用发现,河蚌毒素与DNA的结合常数是其他两种类似物的5到10倍,解释了河蚌毒素可以干扰G-四联体的形成而类似物则不具有这种性质。利用圆二色谱和等温滴定微量热仪得出的结论,我们认为通过检测有毒素存在的DNA体系中G-四联体的量可以间接的测定体系中毒素的含量。我们采用了一个广泛应用且价格低廉的染料结晶紫作为荧光信号分子,有研究组报道此染料可以识别G-四联体和单链DNA因此可以作为一个很好的信号传导分子。我们发现此分子在与单链DNA结合时会荧光增强,因此当有毒素存在而使部分DNA不能形成G-四联体时,结晶紫可以与DNA结合荧光增强而达到对毒素检测的荧光增强效果。
石英晶体微天平是利用石英震动时有固有的震动频率,震动频率会由于片子表面有吸附或修饰而产生变化,通过对片子震动时频率和耗散的变化可以达到对片子表面吸附材料的质量和性质测定的目的。因此仪器在使用初期经常用于吸附和机理研究,但用此仪器进行检测分析研究的则很有限。在本人硕博期间,由于检测的分子均为小分子,因此一直在考虑如何将此仪器应用于对小分子的检测中。通过DNA适配体对于生物小分子腺苷特异性识别作用和纳米金大的质量,利用DNA互补配对,当有小分子目标物存在时,由于DNA结合目标物而产生构象变化不能再与负载纳米金的配对链相结合,而没有目标物时负载纳米金的配对链可以配对到芯片表面而产生很大的频率信号。通过这种方法可以有效改善传统不能检测小分子的一个关键问题：即当小分子存在时由于小分子分子量小而产生很小的信号变化。通过纳米金的扩增,存在的小分子越少可以负载上去的纳米金就越多,那么信号就越大,从而使得对小分子的低限检测成为可能,且由于信号得到很大增强而使信号识别和数据处理更加方便。同时利用DNA分子可逆互补配对我们也达到了对芯片表面反复利用的目的。
夏天时蓝藻爆发时产生的恶臭和水体中的藻毒素的去除是我们关系的问题之一。常用的去除吸附材料是活性炭。我们考虑到现在塑料产生的污染很大,如果可以通过对塑料表面进行改性,可以同时达到对水体中藻毒素吸附的去除和变废为宝清洁环境双赢的目的。我们以比较常用的树脂材料聚苯乙烯作为本体进行吸附材料设计的研究。由于藻毒素是一种具有等电点的非蛋白质毒素,其受环境pH的影响很大,在不同的pH会显现不同的电性。通过对聚苯乙烯表面基团设计,我们合成了聚苯乙烯树脂、季铵化聚苯乙烯和磺化聚苯乙烯三种具有不同电性的聚苯乙烯基体。通过旋涂将三种不同基底涂敷于石英晶体微天平的芯片上,利用仪器进行在线检测吸附过程。通过实验发现在中性水域,季铵化聚苯乙烯有最好的对于藻毒素的吸附效果,此结论可以作为以后对废弃塑料改性的一个理论依据。
除了研制简单制备的荧光传感器,可视化传感器的研制也是我的一个研究课题。利用纳米金距离不同产生不同颜色的特点,将其与具有pH响应性的DNA分子相结合,达到了对特定pH范围检测的目的。由于产生颜色变化的范围很窄,因此可以作为潜在的pH报警器使用。
During the past several decades, we have witnessed the fast development in industry and technology. However, the pollution induced during the process is also severe. Many technical methods have been constructed to detect the pollutants. However, a large portion of them is sophisticated instruments which are difficult for daily usage and need long detection period due to instrument modulation. To make daily detection simple and convenient, the sensors for daily detection usage are in great need. During my phd studies, I mainly concentrate on the development of very simple, easy handling methods for detection and any one without training can conduct those experiments according to the developed protocols.
The first part is on the development of saxitoxin (STX) detection method. Saxitoxin is a natural neurotoxin which can block the sodium channel inducing paralysis even death. It is often caused by the ingestion of shellfish with accumulated toxins from phytoplankton species. The toxin is nontoxic to shellfish due to the less importance of sodium channel in shellfish body. However, due to its high stability towards heat, acid and oxidation, this guanidinium based toxin is often difficult to get rid of by simple baking. Therefore, it is in great necessity that the toxin is detected before it is digested into human body. Seven methods have been applied for STX detection. The sodium channel based method is constraint due to the difficulty in extracting the sodium channel from biological bodies and this extraction procedure needs long time training in expertise. The antibody based detection method offers high specificity but the protein is less stable under non-biological conditions and is easily affected by environmental changes. The animal based method like the usage of mouse is not only under ethic issues but also individual differences and the HPLC post-column fluorescence method is accurate but the instrument needs training and long-time usage. Herein, we developed a method for saxitoxin detection based on DNA conformational changes using a commonly used dye crystal violet (CV) as reporter. Guanine-rich DNA is DNA strands with guanine bases. Four guanine bases can interact through hydrogen bonding to form a planar G-quartet. The hydrophobic stacking of those G quartets stabilized by a monovalent cation induces the formation of G-quadruplex. Since the saxitoxin has two guanidinium backbones which are similar with guanine in structure, we speculate that the addition of saxitioxn may interfere with the formation of cation induced G-quadruplex formation. In our study, we used one widely studied G-quadruplex sequence-thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) which has two layers of G-quartets and15bases. Using potassium ions as G-quadruplex formation inducer, we found that the addition of saxitoxin can reduce the formation of G-quadruplex and a linear relationship can be extrapolated using circular dichroism (CD) signal versus saxitoxin concentration. Since TBA is a very short sequence, the fluorescence change before and after TBA G-quadruplex formation is small, therefore, the inserted dye detection method was used to reflect the conformational changes. Crystal violet (CV) is an organic molecule and the hydrophobic interaction makes the molecules tend to combine with random coiled DNA so that the fluorescence is on. However, when metal ions exist, CV cannot expel ions from the cavity, therefore, the fluorescence is weak. With the addition of STX, the G-quadruplex becomes opened and due to the electrostatic interaction between the CV and DNA strand, the CV turns on. Therefore, a turn-on sensor has been constructed using TBA as a sensing element and CV as a reporter part. However, the CV based insertion dye detection method has a shortcoming in that the detection limit is usually too high for daily detection.
Part two is the construction of biosensors based on quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D). QCM-D is a powerful tool for in-situ studies of interface interaction and label-free, real-time characterization and quantification of reaction mechanism because it can not only reflect the reaction in the interfaces the mass changes but also viscoelasticity character of the adsorbed layer. However, few efforts are concentrated on the development of QCM-D for sensing platform. Therefore, during my phd studies, I mainly concentrate on the development of QCM-D based sensing platform constructions. The first one is for small molecule detection. Since the frequency signal is proportional to mass change, the higher molecular weight the substance, the higher frequency making the detection of large molecular weight substances detection easier. However, to detect small molecular weight molecules is needed to explore in order to expand the application of QCM-D. In my work, I use gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which have large mass and easy modification characteristics to enhance the detection resolution and lower the detection limit. The QCM-D crystal was first modified with a layer of immobilization DNA using mercapto-gold interaction and then through base pair interaction, the linker part containing sequence for adenosine detection was hybridized onto the chip. If adenosine contains in the sample, the adenosine sequence can capture the target hampering the further hybridization of reporter DNA loaded with AuNPs and induces large signal changes due to the AuNPs. With the enhancement of AuNPs, the detection limit is enhanced at least3orders of magnitude and the resolution is higher since the signal range lies in100Hz instead of1Hz which is difficult to differentiate between signal and noise.
Another work uses QCM-D is to explore the adsorption of microcystein onto polymer modified QCM-D chips. The commonly studied adsorption substrate is activated carbon. However, the functional groups'influences on the adsorption are unknown for the difficulty in modification. Therefore, we found one substrate substituting the existing widely studied activated carbon with easy changing functional groups and convenient obtainable ways-the polystyrene based polymers. Many studies on adsorption are detected by detecting the mobile phase analyte concentration change to plot the adsorption kinetics. With the aid of QCM-D, we are able to monitor the kinetics in real time. Moreover, with the analysis of dissipation, the adsorption mechanism can be inferred and amine modified polystyrene in neutral solution is recommended for adsorption of microcystein.
The third part is about the construction of sensors based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colorimetric effects. AuNPs have surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effects which make them change color when the distances between particles changes. When they aggregate, the color changes from red to purple or even blue, gray, depending on the aggregation extent. Based on this phenomenon, a simple pH alarm was constructed using DNA as sensing element and AuNPs as reporter part. It is found that adenine base can base paired with each other under acidic conditions. When the pH is low, sequences full of adenines can base pair to form duplex while at high pH condition, the sequence remain in single stranded form. In the AuNPs system, DNA single strands have bare bases that can interact with AuNPs through nitrogen-AuNPs coordination. However, when formed in duplex, the base pair interaction is substituted by hydrogen bonding among DNA strands. Without the protection of DNA, AuNPs is susceptible to aggregation under high salt concentration. From the color change, the pH can be easily differentiated. Moreover, by changing the inherent influences, the detection range can be modulated.
引文
1. Robertson DL, Joyce GF (1990) Selection in vitro of an RNA enzyme that specifically cleaves single-stranded DNA. Nature 344 (6265):467-468.
2. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249 (4968):505-510.
3. Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature 346 (6287):818-822.
4. Wilson DS, Szostak JW (1999) IN VITRO SELECTION OF FUNCTIONAL NUCLEIC ACIDS. Annual Review of Biochemistry 68 (1):611-647.
5. Gold L, Polisky B, Uhlenbeck O, Yarus M (1995) Diversity of oligonucleotide functions. Annu Rev Biochem 64:763-797.
6. Bunka DH, Stockley PG (2006) Aptamers come of age-at last. Nat Rev Microbiol 4 (8):588-596
7. O'Sullivan CK (2002) Aptasensors--the future of biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 372 (1):44-48.
8. Lee JF, Hesselberth JR, Meyers LA, Ellington AD (2004) Aptamer Database. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (suppl 1):D95-D100.
9. Le Floch F, Ho HA, Leclerc M (2006) Label-free electrochemical detection of protein based on a ferrocene-bearing cationic polythiophene and aptamer. Anal Chem 78 (13):4727-4731.
10. Cho E, Rajendran M, Ellington A (2005) Aptamers as Emerging Probes for Macromolecular Sensing. In:Geddes C, Lakowicz J (eds) Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing, vol 10. Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Springer US, pp 127-155.
11. Nutiu R, Li Y (2005) Aptamers with fluorescence-signaling properties. Methods 37 (1):16-25.
12. Nutiu R, Li Y (2004) Structure-Switching Signaling Aptamers:Transducing Molecular Recognition into Fluorescence Signaling. Chemistry-A European Journal 10 (8):1868-1876.
13. Gellert M, Lipsett MN, Davies DR (1962) Helix formation by guanylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A48:2013-2018.
14. Huang CC, Chang HT (2008) Aptamer-based fluorescence sensor for rapid detection of potassium ions in urine. Chem Commun 28 (12):1461-1463.
15. Ueyama H, Takagi M, Takenaka S (2002) A novel potassium sensing in aqueous media with a synthetic oligonucleotide derivative. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer associated with Guanine quartet-potassium ion complex formation. J Am Chem Soc 124 (48):14286-14287.
16. Nagatoishi S, Nojima T, Galezowska E, Juskowiak B, Takenaka S (2006) G quadruplex-based FRET probes with the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) sequence designed for the efficient fluorometric detection of the potassium ion. Chembiochem 7 (11):1730-1737.
17. Nagatoishi S, Nojima T, Galezowska E, Gluszynska A, Juskowiak B, Takenaka S (2007) Fluorescence energy transfer probes based on the guanine quadruplex formation for the fluorometric detection of potassium ion. Anal Chim Acta 581 (1):125-131.
18. Nagatoishi S, Nojima T, Juskowiak B, Takenaka S (2005) A Pyrene-Labeled G-Quadruplex Oligonucleotide as a Fluorescent Probe for Potassium Ion Detection in Biological Applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44 (32):5067-5070.
19. Joseph MJ, Taylor JC, McGown LB, Pitner JB, Linn CP (1996) Spectroscopic studies of YO and YOYO fluorescent dyes in a thrombin-binding DNA ligand. Biospectroscopy 2 (3):173-183.
20. Zhou C, Jiang Y, Hou S, Ma B, Fang X, Li M (2006) Detection of oncoprotein platelet-derived growth factor using a fluorescent signaling complex of an aptamer and TOTO. Anal Bioanal Chem 384 (5):1175-1180.
21. Wood AEt, Bishop GR (2004) Probing the structure of DNA aptamers with a classic heterocycle. Molecules 9 (3):67-85.
22. Wang J, Jiang Y, Zhou C, Fang X (2005) Aptamer-based ATP assay using a luminescent light switching complex. Anal Chem 77 (11):3542-3546.
23. Jiang Y, Fang X, Bai C (2004) Signaling aptamer/protein binding by a molecular light switch complex. Anal Chem 76 (17):5230-5235.
24. Ho HA, Bera-Aberem M, Leclerc M (2005) Optical sensors based on hybrid DNA/conjugated polymer complexes. Chemistry 11 (6):1718-1724.
25. Liu G, Mao X, Phillips JA, Xu H, Tan W, Zeng L (2009) Aptamer-nanoparticle strip biosensor for sensitive detection of cancer cells. Anal Chem 81 (24):10013-10018.
26. Levy M, Cater SF, Ellington AD (2005) Quantum-Dot Aptamer Beacons for the Detection of Proteins. Chembiochem 6 (12):2163-2166.
27. Kruger K, Grabowski PJ, Zaug AJ, Sands J, Gottschling DE, Cech TR (1982) Self-splicing RNA:autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena. Cell 31 (1):147-157.
28. Guerrier-Takada C, Gardiner K, Marsh T, Pace N, Altaian S (1983) The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Cell 35 (3):849-857.
29. Symons RH (1992) Small catalytic RNAs. Annu Rev Biochem 61 (1):641-671.
30. Cech TR (1983) RNA splicing:three themes with variations. Cell 34 (3):713-716.
31. Breaker RR, Joyce GF (1994) A DNA enzyme that cleaves RNA. Chem Biol 1 (4):223-229.
32. Geyer CR, Sen D (1997) Evidence for the metal-cofactor independence of an RNA phosphodiester-cleaving DNA enzyme. Chem Biol 4 (8):579-593.
33. Liu J, Lu Y (2005) Stimuli-responsive disassembly of nanoparticle aggregates for light-up colorimetric sensing. J Am Chem Soc 127 (36):12677-12683.
34. Liu JW, Lu Y (2003) Improving fluorescent DNAzyme biosensors by combining inter-and intramolecular quenchers. Anal Chem 75 (23):6666-6672.
35. Liu JW, Lu Y (2004) Optimization of a Pb2+-directed gold nanoparticle/DNAzyme assembly and its application as a colorimetric biosensor for Pb2+. Chem Mat 16 (17):3231-3238.
36. Liu JW, Lu Y (2004) Accelerated color change of gold nanoparticles assembled by DNAzymes for simple and fast colorimetric Pb2+ detection. J Am Cheml Soc 126 (39):12298-12305.
37. Liu JW, Lu Y (2003) A colorimetric lead biosensor using DNAzyme-directed assembly of gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 125 (22):6642-6643.
38. Liu JW, Lu Y (2004) Adenosine-dependent assembly of aptazyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles and its application as a colorimetric biosensor. Anal Chem 76 (6):1627-1632.
39. Fahlman RP, Sen D (2002) DNA conformational switches as sensitive electronic sensors of analytes. J Am Chem Soc 124 (17):4610-4616.
40. Stojanovic MN, Mitchell TE, Stefanovic D (2002) Deoxyribozyme-based logic gates. J Am Chem Soc 124 (14):3555-3561.
41. Stojanovic MN, Stefanovic D (2003) Deoxyribozyme-based half-adder. J Am Chem Soc 125 (22):6673-6676.
42. Stojanovic MN, Semova S, Kolpashchikov D, Macdonald J, Morgan C, Stefanovic D (2005) Deoxyribozyme-based ligase logic gates and their initial circuits. J Am Chem Soc 127 (19):6914-6915.
43. Tian Y, He Y, Chen Y, Yin P, Mao CD (2005) Molecular devices-A DNAzyme that walks processively and autonomously along a one-dimensional track. Angew Chem-Int Edit 44 (28):4355-4358.
44. Chen Y, Wang MS, Mao CD (2004) An autonomous DNA nanomotor powered by a DNA enzyme. Angew Chem-Int Edit 43 (27):3554-3557.
45. Rajendran M, Ellington AD (2002) Selecting nucleic acids for biosensor applications. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 5 (4):263-270.
46. Soukup GA, Breaker RR (1999) Nucleic acid molecular switches. Trends Biotechnol 17 (12):469-476
47. Nahvi A, Sudarsan N, Ebert MS, Zou X, Brown KL, Breaker RR (2002) Genetic control by a metabolite binding mRNA. Chem Biol 9 (9):1043-1049.
48. Silverman SK (2003) Rube Goldberg goes (ribo)nuclear:Molecular switches and sensors made from RNA. Rna 9 (4):377-383.
49. Li J, Lu Y (2000) A highly sensitive and selective catalytic DNA biosensor for lead ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 122 (42):10466-10467.
50. Liu JW, Brown AK, Meng XL, Cropek DM, Istok JD, Watson DB, Lu Y (2007) A catalytic beacon sensor for uranium with parts-per-trillion sensitivity and millionfold selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 (7):2056-2061.
51. Liu J, Lu Y (2007) A DNAzyme catalytic beacon sensor for paramagnetic Cu2+ ions in aqueous solution with high sensitivity and selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 129 (32):9838-9839.
52. Katz E, Willner I (2003) Probing Biomolecular Interactions at Conductive and Semiconductive Surfaces by Impedance Spectroscopy:Routes to Impedimetric Immunosensors, DNA-Sensors, and Enzyme Biosensors. Electroanal 15 (11):913-947.
53. Rodriguez MC, Kawde AN, Wang J (2005) Aptamer biosensor for label-free impedance spectroscopy detection of proteins based on recognition-induced switching of the surface charge. Chem Commun 14 (34):4267-4269.
54. Radi AE, Acero Sanchez JL, Baldrich E, O'Sullivan CK (2005) Reusable impedimetric aptasensor. Anal Chem 77 (19):6320-6323.
55. Xu Y, Yang L, Ye X, He P, Fang Y (2006) An Aptamer-Based Protein Biosensor by Detecting the Amplified Impedance Signal. Electroanal 18 (15):1449-1456.
56. Liao W, Cui XT (2007) Reagentless aptamer based impedance biosensor for monitoring a neuro-inflammatory cytokine PDGF. Biosens Bioelectron 23 (2):218-224.
57. Eddowes MJ (1987) Direct immunochemical sensing:basic chemical principles and fundamental limitations. Biosensors 3 (1):1-15.
58. Liu Y, Yu X, Zhao R, Shangguan D-H, Bo Z, Liu G (2003) Quartz crystal biosensor for real-time monitoring of molecular recognition between protein and small molecular medicinal agents. Biosens Bioelectron 19 (1):9-19.
59. Tombelli S, Mascini M, Braccini L, Anichini M, Turner AP (2000) Coupling of a DNA piezoelectric biosensor and polymerase chain reaction to detect apolipoprotein E polymorphisms. Biosens Bioelectron 15 (7-8):363-370.
60. Su X, Robelek R, Wu Y, Wang G, Knoll W (2004) Detection of point mutation and insertion mutations in DNA using a quartz crystal microbalance and MutS, a mismatch binding protein. Anal Chem 76 (2):489-494.
61. Mo X-T, Zhou Y-P, Lei H, Deng L (2002) Microbalance-DNA probe method for the detection of specific bacteria in water. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 30 (5):583-589.
62. Mannelli I, Minunni M, Tombelli S, Mascini M (2003) Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) affinity biosensor for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection. Biosens Bioelectron 18 (2-3):129-140.
63. Deisingh AK, Thompson M (2001) Sequences of E. coli O157:H7 detected by a PCR-acoustic wave sensor combination. Analyst 126 (12):2153-2158.
64. Pang LL, Li JS, Jiang JH, Shen GL, Yu RQ (2006) DNA-point mutation detection based on DNA ligase reaction and nano-Au amplification:A piezoelectric approach. Anal Biochem 358 (1):99-103.
65. Xia C, Guo-Li S, Zhao ZL, Ru-Qin Y (2006) Quartz crystal microbalance immunoassay with dendritic amplification using colloidal gold immunocomplex. Sens Actuators B, Chem 114 (2):696-704704.
66. Li Y, Xiaole M, Liju Y, Xiao-Li S (2006) A nanoparticle amplification based quartz crystal microbalance DNA sensor for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biosens Bioelectron 21 (7):1178-11851185.
67. Zhao HQ, Lin L, Li JR, Tang JA, Duan MX, Jiang L (2001) DNA biosensor with high sensitivity amplified by gold nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 3 (4):321-323.
68. Chen SH, Chuang YC, Lu YC, Lin HC, Yang YL, Lin CS (2009) A method of layer-by-layer gold nanoparticle hybridization in a quartz crystal microbalance DNA sensing system used to detect dengue virus. Nanotechnology 20 (21):215501.
69. Lee D, Yoo M, Seo H, Tak Y, Kim WG, Yong K, Rhee SW, Jeon S (2009) Enhanced mass sensitivity of ZnO nanorod-grown quartz crystal microbalances. Sens Actuator B-Chem 135 (2):444-448.
70. Lan-Lan P, Ji-Shan L, Jian-Hui J, Yuan L, Guo Li S, Ru-Qin Y (2007) A novel detection method for DNA point mutation using QCM based on Fe 3O 4/Au core/shell nanoparticle and DNA ligase reaction. Sensor Actuat B Chem 127 (2):311-316316.
71. Wan Y, Zhang D, Hou BR (2010) Determination of sulphate-reducing bacteria based on vancomycin-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles using a modification-free quartz crystal microbalance. Biosens Bioelectron 25 (7):1847-1850.
72. Tang W, Wang DZ, Xu Y, Li N, Liu F (2012) A self-assembled DNA nanostructure-amplified quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation biosensing platform for nucleic acids. Chem Comm 48 (53):6678-6680.
73. Chen Q, Wu XJ, Wang DZ, Tang W, Li N, Liu F (2011) Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles-enhanced QCM-D sensor for mercury(II) ions with high sensitivity and tunable dynamic range. Analyst 136 (12):2572-2577.
74. Dong ZM, Zhao GC (2012) Quartz Crystal Microbalance Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Mercury(Ⅱ) Based on Signal Amplification with Gold Nanoparticles. Sensors 12 (6):7080-7094.
75. Sheng ZH, Han JH, Zhang JP, Zhao H, Jiang L (2011) Method for detection of Hg2+based on the specific thymine-Hg2+-thymine interaction in the DNA hybridization on the surface of quartz crystal microbalance. Colloid Surf B-Biointerfaces 87 (2):289-292.
76. Rich RL, Myszka DG (2000) Advances in surface plasmon resonance biosensor analysis. Curr Opin Biotech 11 (1):54-61.
77. Tombelli S, Minunni M, Luzi E, Mascini M (2005) Aptamer-based biosensors for the detection of HIV-1 Tat protein. Bioelectrochemistry 67 (2):135-141.
78. Wang J, Zhou HS (2008) Aptamer-based Au nanoparticles-enhanced surface plasmon resonance detection of small molecules. Anal Chem 80 (18):7174-7178.
79. Murphy MB, Fuller ST, Richardson PM, Doyle SA (2003) An improved method for the in vitro evolution of aptamers and applications in protein detection and purification. Nucleic Acids Res31(18):e110.
80. Fukusaki E, Hasunuma T, Kajiyama S, Okazawa A, Itoh TJ, Kobayashi A (2001) SELEX for tubulin affords specific T-rich DNA aptamers. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponeential enrichment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11 (22):2927-2930.
81. Beccati D, Halkes KM, Batema GD, Guillena G, de Souza AC, van Koten G, Kamerling JP (2005) SPR studies of carbohydrate-protein interactions:Signal enhancement of low-molecular-mass analytes by organoplatinum(Ⅱ)-labeling. Chembiochem 6 (7):1196-1203.
82. Wang JL, Zhou HS (2008) Aptamer-based Au nanoparticles-enhanced surface plasmon resonance detection of small molecules. Anal Chem 80 (18):7174-7178.
83. He L, Musick MD, Nicewarner SR, Salinas FG, Benkovic SJ, Natan MJ, Keating CD (2000) Colloidal Au-enhanced surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive detection of DNA hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 122 (38):9071-9077.
84. Frasconi M, Tortolini C, Botre F, Mazzei F (2010) Multifunctional Au Nanoparticle Dendrimer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor and Its Application for Improved Insulin Detection. Anal Chem 82 (17):7335-7342.
85. Wang JL, Munir A, Zhu ZZ, Zhou HS (2010) Magnetic Nanoparticle Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing and Its Application for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Enriched Small Molecules. Anal Chem 82 (16):6782-6789.
86. Liang RP, Yao GH, Fan LX, Qiu JD (2012) Magnetic Fe3O4@Au composite-enhanced surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive detection of magnetic nanoparticle-enriched alpha-fetoprotein. Anal Chim Acta 737:22-28.
87. Cao Z, Suljak SW, Tan W (2005) Molecular Beacon Aptamers for Protein Monitoring in Real-Time and in Homogeneous Solutions. Current Proteomics 2 (1):31-40. doi:10.2174/1570164053507763
88. Stojanovic MN, Landry DW (2002) Aptamer-based colorimetric probe for cocaine. J Am Chem Soc 124 (33):9678-9679.
89. Ho H-A, Bera-Aberem M, Leclerc M (2005) Optical Sensors Based on Hybrid DNA/Conjugated Polymer Complexes. Chem-Eur J 11 (6):1718-1724.
90. Jin RC, Wu GS, Li Z, Mirkin CA, Schatz GC (2003) What controls the melting properties of DNA-linked gold nanoparticle assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 125 (6):1643-1654.
91. Rich A, Davies DR, Crick FHC, Watson JD (1961) The molecular structure of polyadenylic acid. Journal of Molecular Biology 3 (1):71-86.
92. Fresco JR (1959) Polynucleotides Ⅱ:The X-ray diffraction patterns of solutions of the randomly coiled and helical forms of polyriboadenylic acid. Journal of Molecular Biology 1 (2):106-110.
93. Ts'o POP, Helmkamp GK, Sander C (1962) INTERACTION OF NUCLEOSIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS WITH NUCLEIC ACIDS AS INDICATED BY THE CHANGE OF HELIX-COIL TRANSITION TEMPERATURE. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48 (4):686-698.
94. Bush CA, Scheraga HA (1969) Optical activity of single-stranded polydeoxyadenylic and polyriboadenylic acids; dependence of adenine chromophore cotton effects on polymer conformation. Biopolymers 7 (3):395-409.
95. Alderfer JL, Smith SL (1971) A proton magnetic resonance study of polydeoxyriboadenylic acid. J Am Chem Soc 93 (26):7305-7314.
96. Olsthoorn CS, Bostelaar LJ, Van Boom JH, Altona C (1980) Conformational characteristics of the trinucleoside diphosphate dApdApdA and its constituents from nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies. Extrapolation to the stacked conformers. Eur J Biochem 112 (1):95-110.
97. Ke C, Humeniuk M, H SG, Marszalek PE (2007) Direct measurements of base stacking interactions in DNA by single-molecule atomic-force spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 99 (1):5.
98. Chakraborty S, Sharma S, Maiti PK, Krishnan Y (2009) The poly dA helix:a new structural motif for high performance DNA-based molecular switches. Nucleic Acids Res 37 (9):2810-2817.
99. Yi JW, Park J, Kim KS, Kim BH (2011) pH-Responsive self-duplex of (Py)A-substituted oligodeoxyadenylate in graphene oxide solution as a molecular switch. Org Biomol Chem 9 (21):7434-7438.
100. Jin XH, Wang JA, Sun JK, Zhang HX, Zhang J (2011) Protonation-Triggered Conversion between Single- and Triple-Stranded Helices with a Visible Fluorescence Change. Angew Chem-Int Edit 50 (5):1149-1153.
101. Saha S, Chakraborty K, Krishnan Y (2012) Tunable, colorimetric DNA-based pH sensors mediated by A-motif formation. Chem Comm 48 (19):2513-2515
102. Zheng B, Cheng S, Liu W, Lam MHW, Liang HJ (2012) A simple colorimetric pH alarm constructed from DNA-gold nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 741:106-113.
103. Gehring K, Leroy JL, Gueron M (1993) A tetrameric DNA structure with protonated cytosine.cytosine base pairs. Nature 363 (6429):561-565.
104. Seela F, Budow S (2006) pH-dependent assembly of DNA-gold nanoparticles based on the i-motif:A switchable device with the potential of a nanomachine. Helv Chim Acta 89 (9):1978-1985.
105. Sharma J, Chhabra R, Yan H, Liu Y (2007) pH-driven conformational switch of "i-motif DNA for the reversible assembly of gold nanoparticles. Chemical Communications (5):477-479.
106. Zhao Y, Cao L, Ouyang J, Wang M, Wang K, Xia XH (2013) Reversible Plasmonic Probe Sensitive for pH in Micro/Nanospaces Based on i-Motif-Modulated Morpholino-Gold Nanoparticle Assembly. Anal Chem 85 (2):1053-1057.
107. Nam J, Won N, Jin H, Chung H, Kim S (2009) pH-Induced Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Cancer Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 131 (38):13639-13645.
108. Song L, Ho VHB, Chen C, Yang Z, Liu D, Chen R, Zhou D (2013) Efficient, pH-Triggered Drug Delivery Using a pH-Responsive DNA-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle. Adv Healthcare Mater 2 (2):275-280.
109. Pavlov V, Xiao Y, Shlyahovsky B, Willner 1 (2004) Aptamer-functionalized Au nanoparticles for the amplified optical detection of thrombin. J Am Chem Soc 126 (38):11768-11769.
110. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Fast Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine and Cocaine Based on a General Sensor Design Involving Aptamers and Nanoparticles. Angew Chem-Int Edit 45 (1):90-94.
111. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Smart Nanomaterials Responsive to Multiple Chemical Stimuli with Controllable Cooperativity. Adv Mater 18 (13):1667-1671.
112. Liu J, Lee JH, Lu Y (2007) Quantum dot encoding of aptamer-linked nanostructures for one-pot simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Anal Chem 79 (11):4120-4125.
113. Li H, Rothberg L (2004) Colorimetric detection of DNA sequences based on electrostatic interactions with unmodified gold nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (39):14036-14039.
114. Wang J, Wang L, Liu X, Liang Z, Song S, Li W, Li G, Fan C (2007) A Gold Nanoparticle-Based Aptamer Target Binding Readout for ATP Assay. Adv Mater 19 (22):3943-3946.
115. Zhang J, Wang L, Pan D, Song S, Boey FYC, Zhang H, Fan C (2008) Visual Cocaine Detection with Gold Nanoparticles and Rationally Engineered Aptamer Structures. Small 4 (8):1196-1200.
116. Liu J, Mazumdar D, Lu Y (2006) A Simple and Sensitive "Dipstick" Test in Serum Based on Lateral Flow Separation of Aptamer-Linked Nanostructures. Angew Chem-Int Edit 45 (47):7955-7959.
117. Schantz EJ, Mold JD, Stanger DW, Shavel J, Riel FJ, Bowden JP, Lynch JM, Wyler RS, Riegel B, Sommer H (1957) Paralytic Shellfish Poison. VI. A Procedure for the Isolation and Purification of the Poison from Toxic Clam and Mussel Tissues. J Am Chem Soc 79 (19):5230-5235.
118. Oshima Y, Blackburn SI, Hallegraeff GM (1993) Comparative study on paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from three different countries. Mar Biol 116 (3):471-476.
119. Kao CY (1972) PHARMACOLOGY OF TETRODOTOXIN AND SAXITOXIN. Federation Proceedings 31 (3):1117.
120. Narahash.T (1972) MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TETRODOTOXIN AND SAXITOXIN ON EXCITABLE MEMBRANES. Federation Proceedings 31 (3):1124.
121. Wiese M, D'Agostino PM, Mihali TK, Moffitt MC, Neilan BA (2010) Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs. Mar Drugs 8 (7):2185-2211.
122. Macholz R (1985) Environmental Health Criteria 37. Aquatic (Marine and Freshwater) Biotoxins.95 Seiten,8 Abb.,12 Tab. World Health Organization, Genf 1984. Preis:10,-Sfr. Food/Nahrung 29 (10):1042-1042.
123. Rodrigue DC, Etzel RA, Hall S, de Porras E, Velasquez OH, Tauxe RV, Kilbourne EM, Blake PA (1990) Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 (3):267-271.
124. Deeds J, Landsberg J, Etheridge S, Pitcher G, Longan S (2008) Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. Mar Drugs 6 (2):308-348.
125. Davio SR, Hewetson JF (1985) THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-SAXITOXIN ANTIBODIES IN BALB/C MICE-ANTIGEN PREPARATION AND ANTIBODY DETECTION. Federation Proceedings 44 (5):1803-1803.
126. Usleber E, Schneider E, Terplan G (1991) DIRECT ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY IN MICROTITRATION PLATE AND TEST STRIP FORMAT FOR THE DETECTION OF SAXITOXIN IN SHELLFISH. Lett Appl Microbiol 13 (6):275-277.
127. Luckas B (1987) DETERMINATION OF SAXITOXIN IN MUSSEL PRESERVES THROUGH HPLC WITH POST-COLUMN DERIVATIZATION AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTION. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch 83 (12):379-381.
128. Lawrence JF, Wong B, Menard C (1996) Determination of decarbamoyl saxitoxin and its analogues in shellfish by prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J AOAC Int 79 (5):1111-1115.
129. Thibault P, Pleasance S, Laycock MV (1991) ANALYSIS OF PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONS BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS. Journal of Chromatography 542 (2):483-501.
130. Pietsch J, Fichtner S, Imhof L, Schmidt W, Brauch HJ (2001) Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato-and neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Chromatographia 54 (5-6):339-344.
131. Chan IOM, Lam PKS, Cheung RHY, Lam MHW, Wu RSS (2005) Application of solid phase microextraction in the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Analyst 130 (11):1524-1529.
132. Gallacher S, Birkbeck TH (1992)A tissue culture assay for direct detection of sodium channel blocking toxins in bacterial culture supernates. FEMS Microbiology Letters 92 (1):101-107.
133. Burns JM, Hall S, Ferry JL (2009) The adsorption of saxitoxin to clays and sediments in fresh and saline waters. Water Res 43 (7):1899-1904.
134. Gawley RE, Pinet S, Cardona CM, Datta PK, Ren T, Guida WC, Nydick J, Leblanc RM (2002) Chemosensors for the marine toxin saxitoxin. J Am Chem Soc 124 (45):13448-13453.
135. Handy SM, Yakes BJ, DeGrasse JA, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Kanyuck KM, Degrasse SL (2013) First report of the use of a saxitoxin-protein conjugate to develop a DNA aptamer to a small molecule toxin. Toxicon 61:30-37.
136. Dahm R (2008) Discovering DNA:Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research. Hum Genet 122 (6):565-581.
137. Elbaz J, Wang FA, Remade F, Willner Ⅰ (2012) pH-Programmable DNA Logic Arrays Powered by Modular DNAzyme Libraries. Nano Lett 12 (12):6049-6054.
138. Elbaz J, Wang ZG, Orbach R, Willner Ⅰ (2009) pH-Stimulated Concurrent Mechanical Activation of Two DNA "Tweezers". A "SET-RESET" Logic Gate System. Nano Lett 9 (12):4510-4514.
139. Muscat RA, Bath J, Turberfield AJ (2012) Small Molecule Signals that Direct the Route of a Molecular Cargo. Small 8 (23):3593-3597.
140. Liu DS, Balasubramanian S (2003) A proton-fuelled DNA nanomachine. Angew Chem-Int Edit 42 (46):5734-5736.
141. Henderson E, Hardin CC, Walk SK, Tinoco I, Jr., Blackburn EH (1987) Telomeric DNA oligonucleotides form novel intramolecular structures containing guanine-guanine base pairs. Cell 51 (6):899-908.
142. Sundquist WI, Klug A (1989) Telomeric DNA dimerizes by formation of guanine tetrads between hairpin loops. Nature 342 (6251):825-829.
143. Murchie AI, Lilley DM (1992) Retinoblastoma susceptibility genes contain 5' sequences with a high propensity to form guanine-tetrad structures. Nucleic Acids Res 20 (1):49-53.
144. Simonsson T, Kubista M, Pecinka P (1998) DNA tetraplex formation in the control region of c-myc. Nucleic Acids Res 26 (5):1167-1172.
145. Simonsson T, Sjoback R (1999) DNA tetraplex formation studied with fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Biol Chem 274 (24):17379-17383.
146. Hammond-Kosack MC, Kilpatrick MW, Docherty K (1992) Analysis of DNA structure in the human insulin gene-linked polymorphic region in vivo. J Mol Endocrinol 9 (3):221-225.
147. Guschlbauer W, Chantot J-F, Thiele D (1990) Four-Stranded Nucleic Acid Structures 25 Years Later:From Guanosine Gels to Telomer DNA. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 8 (3):491-511.
148. Sen D, Gilbert W (1988) Formation of parallel four-stranded complexes by guanine-rich motifs in DNA and its implications for meiosis. Nature 334 (6180):364-366.
149. Shukla AK, Roy KB (2006) Rec A-independent homologous recombination induced by a putative fold-back tetraplex DNA. Biol Chem 387 (3):251-256.
150. Qin Y, Hurley LH (2008) Structures, folding patterns, and functions of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes found in eukaryotic promoter regions. Biochimie 90 (8):1149-1171.
151. Maizels N (2006) Dynamic roles for G4 DNA in the biology of eukaryotic cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13(12):1055-1059.
152. Oganesian L, Bryan TM (2007) Physiological relevance of telomeric G-quadruplex formation:a potential drug target. Bioessays 29 (2):155-165.
153. Luedtke NW (2009) Targeting G-Quadruplex DNA with Small Molecules. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 63 (3):134-139.
154. Takahama K, Kino K, Arai S, Kurokawa R, Oyoshi T (2011) Identification of Ewing's sarcoma protein as a G-quadruplex DNA- and RNA-binding protein. Febs J 278 (6):988-998.
155. Takahama K, Sugimoto C, Arai S, Kurokawa R, Oyoshi T (2011) Loop Lengths of G-Quadruplex Structures Affect the G-Quadruplex DNA Binding Selectivity of the RGG Motif in Ewing's Sarcoma. Biochemistry 50 (23):5369-5378.
156. Macaya RF, Schultze P, Smith FW, Roe JA, Feigon J (1993) THROMBIN-BINDING DNA APTAMER FORMS A UNIMOLECULAR QUADRUPLEX STRUCTURE IN SOLUTION. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (8):3745-3749.
157. Wang KY, Krawczyk SH, Bischofberger N, Swaminathan S, Bolton PH (1993) THE TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF A DNA APTAMER WHICH BINDS TO AND INHIBITS THROMBIN DETERMINES ACTIVITY. Biochemistry 32 (42):11285-11292.
158. Bock LC, Griffin LC, Latham JA, Vermaas EH, Toole JJ (1992) SELECTION OF SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA MOLECULES THAT BIND AND INHIBIT HUMAN THROMBIN. Nature 355 (6360):564-566.
159. Miyoshi D, Matsumura S, Li W, Sugimoto N (2003) Structural polymorphism of telomeric DNA regulated by pH and divalent cation. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 22 (2):203-221
160. Balagurumoorthy P, Brahmachari SK, Mohanty D, Bansal M, Sasisekharan V (1992) Hairpin and parallel quartet structures for telomeric sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 20 (15):4061-4067.
161. Jin R, Gaffney BL, Wang C, Jones RA, Breslauer KJ (1992) Thermodynamics and structure of a DNA tetraplex:a spectroscopic and calorimetric study of the tetramolecular complexes of d(TG3T) and d(TG3T2G3T). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (18):8832-8836.
162. Wang C, Ren J, Qu X (2011) A stimuli responsive DNA walking device. Chem Commun 47 (5):1428-1430.
163. Mergny JL, Maurizot JC (2001) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer as a probe for G-quartet formation by a telomeric repeat. Chembiochem 2 (2):124-132.
164. Mergny JL (1999) Fluorescence energy transfer as a probe for tetraplex formation:the i-motif. Biochemistry 38 (5):1573-1581.
165. Bernacchi S, Stoylov S, Piemont E, Ficheux D, Roques BP, Darlix JL, Mely Y (2002) HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein activates transient melting of least stable parts of the secondary structure of TAR and its complementary sequence. J Mol Biol 317 (3):385-399.
166. Mendez MA, Szalai VA (2009) Fluorescence of unmodified oligonucleotides:A tool to probe G-quadruplex DNA structure. Biopolymers 91 (10):841-850.
167. Miannay Fo-A, Banyasz A, Gustavsson T, Markovitsi D (2009) Excited States and Energy Transfer in G-Quadruplexes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (27):11760-11765.
168. Mendez MA, Szalai VA (2009) Fluorescence of unmodified oligonucleotides:A tool to probe G-quadruplex DNA structure. Biopolymers 91 (10):841-850.
169. Dao NT, Haselsberger R, Michel-Beyerle M-E, Phan AT (2011) Following G-quadruplex formation by its intrinsic fluorescence. FEBS letters 585 (24):3969-3977.
170. Palumbo SL, Memmott RM, Uribe DJ, Krotova-Khan Y, Hurley LH, Ebbinghaus SW (2008) A novel G-quadruplex-forming GGA repeat region in the c-myb promoter is a critical regulator of promoter activity. Nucleic Acids Res 36 (6):1755-1769.
171. Siddiqui-Jain A, Grand CL, Bearss DJ, Hurley LH (2002) Direct evidence for a G-quadruplex in a promoter region and its targeting with a small molecule to repress c-MYC transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (18):11593-11598.
172. Zahler AM, Williamson JR, Cech TR, Prescott DM (1991) Inhibition of telomerase by G-quartet DNA structures. Nature 350 (6320):718-720.
173. Mergny J-L, Riou J-F, Mailliet P, Teulade-Fichou M-P, Gilson E (2002) Natural and pharmacological regulation of telomerase. Nucleic Acids Res 30 (4):839-865.
174. Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J, Pal H (2007) Interaction of Malachite Green with Guanine-Rich Single-Stranded DNA:Preferential Binding to a G-Quadruplex. Angew Chem-Int Edit 46 (48):9305-9307.
175. Mergny J-L, Lacroix L, Teulade-Fichou M-P, Hounsou C, Guittat L, Hoarau M, Arimondo PB, Vigneron J-P, Lehn J-M, Riou J-F, Garestier T, Helene C (2001) Telomerase inhibitors based on quadruplex ligands selected by a fluorescence assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (6):3062-3067.
176. Paramasivan S, Rujan I, Bolton PH (2007) Circular dichroism of quadruplex DNAs: Applications to structure, cation effects and ligand binding. Methods 43 (4):324-331.
177. Bugaut A, Balasubramanian S (2008) A sequence-independent study of the influence of short loop lengths on the stability and topology of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes. Biochemistry 47 (2):689-697.
178. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249 (4968):505-510.
179. Herr JK, Smith JE, Medley CD, Shangguan D, Tan W (2006) Aptamer-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Selective Collection and Detection of Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 78 (9):2918-2924.
180. Nutiu R, Li YF (2003) Structure-switching signaling aptamers. J Am Chem Soc 125 (16):4771-4778.
181. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Preparation of aptamer-linked gold nanoparticle purple aggregates for colorimetric sensing of analytes. Nat Protoc 1 (1):246-252.
182. Zayats M, Huang Y, Gill R, Ma C-a, Willner Ⅰ (2006) Label-Free and Reagentless Aptamer-Based Sensors for Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 128 (42):13666-13667.
183. Numnuam A, Chumbimuni-Torres KY, Xiang Y, Bash R, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Pretsch E, Wang J, Bakker E (2008) Aptamer-Based Potentiometric Measurements of Proteins Using Ion-Selective Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 80 (3):707-712.
184. Lee SJ, Youn B-S, Park JW, Niazi JH, Kim YS, Gu MB (2008) ssDNA Aptamer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for the Detection of Retinol Binding Protein 4 for the Early Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes. Anal Chem 80 (8):2867-2873.
185. Chen Q, Tang W, Wang D, Wu X, Li N, Liu F (2010) Amplified QCM-D biosensor for protein based on aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 26 (2):575-579.
186. Sauerbrey G (1959) Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wagung dunner Schichten und zur Mikrowagung. Z Physik 155 (2):206-222.
187. Stavila V, Volponi J, Katzenmeyer AM, Dixon MC, Allendorf MD (2012) Kinetics and mechanism of metal-organic framework thin film growth:systematic investigation of HKUST-1 deposition on QCM electrodes. Chem Sci 3 (5):1531-1540.
188. Keller CA, Kasemo B (1998) Surface Specific Kinetics of Lipid Vesicle Adsorption Measured with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Biophys J 75 (3):1397-1402.
189. Chen Q, Wu X, Wang D, Tang W, Li N, Liu F (2011) Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles-enhanced QCM-D sensor for mercury(ii) ions with high sensitivity and tunable dynamic range. Analyst 136 (12):2572-2577.
190. McMillan MR, Burnstock G, Haworth SG (1999) Vasodilatation of intrapulmonary arteries to P2-receptor nucleotides in normal and pulmonary hypertensive newborn piglets. Brit J Pharmacol 128(3):543-548.
191. Porkka-Heiskanen T (1999) Adenosine in sleep and wakefulness. Ann Med 31 (2):125-129.
192. Dale N, Pearson T, Frenguelli BG (2000) Direct measurement of adenosine release during hypoxia in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. J Physiol 526 (1):143-155.
193. Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Willner I (1999) Amplified Microgravimetric Quartz-Crystal-Microbalance Assay of DNA Using Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Liposomes or Biotinylated Liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 122 (2):418-419.
194. Kleo K, Schafer D, Klar S, Jacob D, Grunow R, Lisdat F (2012) Immunodetection of inactivated Francisella tularensis bacteria by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 404 (3):843-851.
195. Tang W, Wang D, Xu Y, Li N, Liu F (2012) A self-assembled DNA nanostructure-amplified quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation biosensing platform for nucleic acids. Chem Commu 48 (53):6678-6680.
196. Ye M, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Tan P, Tang H, Yao S (2009) A novel method for the detection of point mutation in DNA using single-base-coded CdS nanoprobes. Biosens Bioelectron 24 (8):2339-2345.
197. Chen S-H, Wu VCH, Chuang Y-C, Lin C-S (2008) Using oligonucleotide-functionalized Au nanoparticles to rapidly detect foodborne pathogens on a piezoelectric biosensor. J Microbiol Meth 73(1):7-17.
198. Huizenga DE, Szostak JW (1995) A DNA Aptamer That Binds Adenosine and ATP. Biochemistry 34 (2):656-665.
199. Liu J, Lu Y (2007) Non-Base Pairing DNA Provides a New Dimension for Controlling Aptamer-Linked Nanoparticles and Sensors. J Am Chem Soc 129 (27):8634-8643.
200. Liu T, Tang Ja, Zhao H, Deng Y, Jiang L (2002) Particle Size Effect of the DNA Sensor Amplified with Gold Nanoparticles. Langmuir 18 (14):5624-5626.
201. Du Y, Li BL, Wei H, Wang YL, Wang EK (2008) Multifunctional label-free electrochemical biosensor based on an integrated aptamer. Anal Chem 80 (13):5110-5117.
202. Li B, Du Y, Wei H, Dong S (2007) Reusable, label-free electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of small molecules. Chem Comm 0 (36):3780-3782
203. Shen L, Chen Z, Li Y, Jing P, Xie S, He S, He P, Shao Y (2007) A chronocoulometric aptamer sensor for adenosine monophosphate. Chem Comm 0 (21):2169-2171
204. Xiang Y, Tong AJ, Lu Y (2009) Abasic Site-Containing DNAzyme and Aptamer for Label-Free Fluorescent Detection of Pb2+ and Adenosine with High Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Tunable Dynamic Range. J Am Chem Soc 131 (42):15352-15357.
205. Eltzschig HK, Ibla JC, Furuta GT, Leonard MO, Jacobson KA, Enjyoji K, Robson SC, Colgan SP (2003) Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium:role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors. J Exp Med 198 (5):783-796.
206. Eltzschig HK, Eckle T, Mager A, Kuper N, Karcher C, Weissmuller T, Boengler K, Schulz R, Robson SC, Colgan SP (2006) ATP release from activated neutrophils occurs via connexin 43 and modulates adenosine-dependent endothelial cell function. Circ Res 99 (10):1100-1108.
207. Kitakaze M, Hori M, Morioka T, Minamino T, Takashima S, Sato H, Shinozaki Y, Chujo M, Mori H, Inoue M, et al. (1994) Infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning is blunted by inhibition of 5' -nucleotidase activity and attenuation of adenosine release. Circulation 89 (3):1237-1246.
208. Latini S, Pedata F (2001) Adenosine in the central nervous system:release mechanisms and extracellular concentrations. J Neurochem 79 (3):463-484.
209. Botes DP, Tuinman AA, Wessels PL, Viljoen CC, Kruger H, Williams DH, Santikam S, Smith RJ, Hammond SJ (1984) The structure of cyanoginosin-LA, a cyclic heptapeptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J Chem Soc, Perkin Transactions 1:2311-2318.
210. Carmichael WW (1992) Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites-the Cyanotoxins. J Appl Bacteriol 72 (6):445-459.
211. Dawson RM (1998) The toxicology of microcystins. Toxicon 36 (7):953-962.
212. Mackintosh C, Beattie KA, Klumpp S, Cohen P, Codd GA (1990) Cyanobacterial Microcystin-Lr Is a Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase-1 and Phosphatase-2a from Both Mammals and Higher-Plants. Febs Lett 264 (2):187-192.
213. Nishiwakimatsushima R, Ohta T, Nishiwaki S, Suganuma M, Kohyama K, Ishikawa T, Carmichael WW, Fujiki H (1992) Liver-Tumor Promotion by the Cyanobacterial Cyclic Peptide Toxin Microcystin-Lr. J Cancer Res Clin 118 (6):420-424.
214. Paerl HW, Fulton RS,3rd, Moisander PH, Dyble J (2001) Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria. Scientific World Journal 1:76-113.
215. Svrcek C, Smith DW (2004) Cyanobacteria toxins and the current state of knowledge on water treatment options: a review. J Environ Eng Sci 3 (3):155-185.
216. Huang WJ, Cheng BL, Cheng YL (2007) Adsorption of microcystin-LR by three types of activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 141 (1):115-122.
217. Nicholson BC, Rositano J, Burch MD (1994) Destruction of Cyanobacterial Peptide Hepatotoxins by Chlorine and Chloramine. Water Res 28 (6):1297-1303.
218. Rositano J, Nicholson BC, Pieronne P (1998) Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by ozone. Ozone-Sci Eng 20 (3):223-238.
219. Teixeira MR, Rosa MJ (2005) Microcystins removal by nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol46(3):192-201.
220. Hyenstrand P, Metcalf JS, Beattie KA, Codd GA (2001) Losses of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR from aqueous solution by adsorption during laboratory manipulations. Toxicon 39 (4):589-594.
221. Tsuji K, Watanuki T, Kondo F, Watanabe MF, Suzuki S, Nakazawa H, Suzuki M, Uchida H, Harada KI (1995) Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria--II. Effect of UV light on decomposition and isomerization. Toxicon 33 (12):1619-1631.
222. Mohamed ZA, El-Sharouny HM, Ali WS (2007) Microcystin concentrations in the nile river sediments and removal of Microcystin-LR by sediments during batch experiments. Arch Environ Con Tox 52 (4):489-495.
223. Considine R, Denoyel R, Pendleton P, Schumann R, Wong SH (2001) The influence of surface chemistry on activated carbon adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol from aqueous solution. Colloid Surface A 179 (2-3):271-280.
224. Germain J, Hradil J, Frechet JMJ, Svec F (2006) High surface area nanoporous polymers for reversible hydrogen storage. Chem Mater 18 (18):4430-4435.
225. Parrish JR (1977) MACROPOROUS RESINS AS SUPPORTS FOR A CHELATING LIQUID ION-EXCHANGER IN EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY. Anal Chem 49 (8):1189-1192.
226. Petro M, Svec F, Gitsov I, Frechet JMJ (1996) Molded monolithic rod of macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) as a separation medium for HPLC of synthetic polymers: "On-column" precipitation-redissolution chromatography as an alternative to size exclusion chromatography of styrene oligomers and polymers. Anal Chem 68 (2):315-321.
227. Gode F, Pehlivan E (2003) A comparative study of two chelating ion-exchange resins for the removal of chromium(III) from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 100 (1-3):231-243.
228. Glasmastar K, Larsson C, Hook F, Kasemo B (2002) Protein adsorption on supported phospholipid bilayers. J Colloid Interf Sci 246 (1):40-47.
229. Larsson C, Rodahl M, Hook F (2003) Characterization of DNA immobilization and subsequent hybridization on a 2D arrangement of streptavidin on a biotin-modified lipid bilayer supported on SiO2. Anal Chem 75 (19):5080-5087.
230. Reimhult E, Hook F, Kasemo B (2003) Intact vesicle adsorption and supported biomembrane formation from vesicles in solution:Influence of surface chemistry, vesicle size, temperature, and osmotic pressure. Langmuir 19 (5):1681-1691.
231. Richter R, Mukhopadhyay A, Brisson A (2003) Pathways of lipid vesicle deposition on solid surfaces:A combined QCM-D and AFM study. Biophys J 85 (5):3035-3047.
232. Jin Chuan Y, Jablonsky MJ, Mays JW (2002) NMR and FT-1R studies of sulfonated styrene-based homopolymers and copolymers. Polymer 43 (19):5125-51325132.
233. Xu MC, Ou ZZ, Shi ZQ, Xu MC, Li HT, Yu SX, He BL (2001) Combinatorial synthesis and screening of polystyrene-supported quaternary ammonium salt phase transfer catalysts. React Funct Polym 48 (1-3):85-95.
234. Chen X, Chen ZM, Cui ZC, Zhang K, Zhang G, Yang B (2003) Synthesis and characterizations of cross-linked polystyrene microspheres with quarternary ammonium on the surface and studies on their swelling behavior. Acta Polym Sin (2):293-297.
235. Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (2005) Frontmatter. In:Environmental Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp i-xiii.
236. De Maagd PGJ, Hendriks AJ, Seinen W, Sijm DTHM (1999) pH-dependent hydrophobicity of the cyanobacteria toxin microcystin-LR. Water Res 33 (3):677-680.
237. Miyake Y, Togashi H, Tashiro M, Yamaguchi H, Oda S, Kudo M, Tanaka Y, Kondo Y, Sawa R, Fujimoto T, Machinami T, Ono A (2006) Mercuryll-Mediated Formation of Thymine-hymine Base Pairs in DNA Duplexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 (7):2172-2173.
238. Li T, Shi L, Wang E, Dong S (2009) Silver-Ion-Mediated DNAzyme Switch for the Ultrasensitive and Selective Colorimetric Detection of Aqueous Ag+ and Cysteine. Chem -Euro J 15 (14):3347-3350.
239. Zhou TY, Chen GS, Wang YF, Zhang Q, Yang M, Li TH (2004) Synthesis of unimolecularly circular G-quadruplexes as prospective molecular probes. Nucleic Acids Res 32 (21):el 73.
240. Miyamoto D, Tang ZL, Takarada T, Maeda M (2007) Turbidimetric detection of ATP using polymeric micelles and DNA aptamers. Chem Comm (45):4743-4745.
241. Seelig G, Yurke B, Winfree E (2006) Catalyzed Relaxation of a Metastable DNA Fuel. J Am Chem Soc 128 (37):12211-12220.
242. Zhang DY, Winfree E (2008) Dynamic Allosteric Control of Noncovalent DNA Catalysis Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 130 (42):13921-13926.
243. Zhang DY, Turberfleld AJ, Yurke B, Winfree E (2007) Engineering Entropy-Driven Reactions and Networks Catalyzed by DNA. Science 318 (5853):1121-1125.
244. Uchiyama S, Kawai N, de Silva AP, Iwai K (2004) Fluorescent Polymeric AND Logic Gate with Temperature and pH as Inputs. J Am Chem Soc 126 (10):3032-3033.
245. Freeman R, Finder T, Willner I (2009) Multiplexed Analysis of Hg2+ and Ag+ Ions by Nucleic Acid Functionalized CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots and Their Use for Logic Gate Operations. Angew Chem-Int Edit 48 (42):7818-7821.
246. Xue X, Wang F, Liu X (2008) One-Step, Room Temperature, Colorimetric Detection of Mercury (Hg2+) Using DNA/Nanoparticle Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 130 (11):3244-3245.
247. Lin YW, Ho HT, Huang CC, Chang HT (2008) Fluorescence detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms using a universal molecular beacon. Nucleic Acids Res 36 (19):e123.
248. Ono A, Togashi H (2004) Highly Selective Oligonucleotide-Based Sensor for Mercury(Ⅱ) in Aqueous Solutions. Angewandte Chemie 116 (33):4400-4402.
249. Liu X, Tang Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Song S, Fan C, Wang S (2007) Optical Detection of Mercury(Ⅱ) in Aqueous Solutions by Using Conjugated Polymers and Label-Free Oligonucleotides. Adv Mater 19 (11):1471-1474.
250. Dapic V, Abdomerovic V, Marrington R, Peberdy J, Rodger A, Trent JO, Bates PJ (2003) Biophysical and biological properties of quadruplex oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 31 (8):2097-2107.
251. He F, Tang Y, Wang S, Li Y, Zhu D (2005) Fluorescent Amplifying Recognition for DNA G-Quadruplex Folding with a Cationic Conjugated Polymer:A Platform for Homogeneous Potassium Detection. J Am Chem Soc 127 (35):12343-12346.
252. Ueyama H, Takagi M, Takenaka S (2002) A Novel Potassium Sensing in Aqueous Media with a Synthetic Oligonucleotide Derivative. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Associated with Guanine Quartet-potassium Ion Complex Formation. J Am Chem Soc 124 (48):14286-14287.
253. Shu W, Liu D, Watari M, Riener CK, Strunz T, Welland ME, Balasubramanian S, McKendry RA (2005) DNA Molecular Motor Driven Micromechanical Cantilever Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 127 (48):17054-17060.
254. Liu H, Xu Y, Li F, Yang Y, Wang W, Song Y, Liu D (2007) Light-Driven Conformational Switch of i-Motif DNA. Angew Chem-Int Edit 46 (14):2515-2517.
255. Cheng E, Xing Y, Chen P, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhou D, Xu L, Fan Q, Liu D (2009) A pH-Triggered, Fast-Responding DNA Hydrogel. Angewandte Chemie 121 (41):7796-7799.
256. Liu D, Balasubramanian S (2003) A Proton-Fuelled DNA Nanomachine. Angew Chem-Int Edit 42 (46):5734-5736.
257. Liu D, Bruckbauer A, Abell C, Balasubramanian S, Kang D-J, Klenerman D, Zhou D (2006) A Reversible pH-Driven DNA Nanoswitch Array. J Am Chem Soc 128 (6):2067-2071.
258. Elghanian R, Storhoff JJ, Mucic RC, Letsinger RL, Mirkin CA (1997) Selective Colorimetric Detection of Polynucleotides Based on the Distance-Dependent Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles. Science 277 (5329):1078-1081.
259. Storhoff JJ, Elghanian R, Mucic RC, Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL (1998) One-pot colorimetric differentiation of polynucleotides with single base imperfections using gold nanoparticle probes. J Am Chem Soc 120 (9):1959-1964.
260. Liu J, Lu Y (2007) Colorimetric Cu2+ detection with a ligation DNAzyme and nanoparticles. Chem Commun (46):4872-4874
261. Liu JW, Lu Y (2006) Fast colorimetric sensing of adenosine and cocaine based on a general sensor design involving aptamers and nanoparticles. Angew Chem-Int Edit 45 (1):90-94.
262. Lee JH, Wang Z, Liu J, Lu Y (2008) Highly Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Sensors for Uranyl (UO22+):Development and Comparison of Labeled and Label-Free DNAzyme-Gold Nanoparticle Systems. J Am Chem Soc 130 (43):14217-14226.
263. Li, Rothberg LJ (2004) Label-Free Colorimetric Detection of Specific Sequences in Genomic DNA Amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 126 (35):10958-10961.
264. Xu XW, Wang J, Jiao K, Yang XR (2009) Colorimetric detection of mercury ion (Hg2+) based on DNA oligonucleotides and unmodified gold nanoparticles sensing system with a tunable detection range. Biosens Bioelectron 24 (10):3153-3158.
265. Liu C-W, Hsieh Y-T, Huang C-C, Lin Z-H, Chang H-T (2008) Detection of mercury(ii) based on Hg2+-DNA complexes inducing the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Chem Comm (19):2242-2244.
266. Wang J, Wang LH, Liu XF, Liang ZQ, Song SP, Li WX, Li GX, Fan CH (2007) A gold nanoparticle-based aptamer target binding readout for ATP assay. Adv Mater 19 (22):3943-3946.
267. Chen C, Song GT, Ren JS, Qu XG (2008) A simple and sensitive colorimetric pH meter based on DNA conformational switch and gold nanoparticle aggregation. Chem Commun (46):6149-6151.
268. Wang LH, Liu XF, Hu XF, Song SP, Fan CH (2006) Unmodified gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe for potassium DNA aptamers. Chem Commun (36):3780-3782.
269. Ohmichi T, Kawamoto Y, Wu P, Miyoshi D, Karimata H, Sugimoto N (2005) DNA-Based Biosensor for Monitoring pH in Vitro and in Living Cell. Biochemistry 44 (19):7125-7130.
270. Navarro RR, Ichikawa H, Iimura Y, Tatsumi K (2007) Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soil by Aqueous DNA Solution. Environ Sci Technol 41 (12):4240-4245.
271. Yamada M, Hashimoto K (2008) DNA-Cyclodextrin Composite Material for Environmental Applications. Biomacromolecules 9 (12):3341-3345.
272. Kwon YW, Lee CH, Choi DH, Jin JI (2009) Materials science of DNA. J Mater Chem 19 (10):1353-1380.
273. Seeman NC (2003) DNA in a material world. Nature 421 (6921):427-431.
274. Turberfield AJ, Mitchell JC, Yurke B, Mills AP, Jr., Blakey MI, Simmel FC (2003) DNA Fuel for Free-Running Nanomachines. Phys Rev Lett 90 (11):118102.
275. Buerge IJ, Hug SJ (1997) Kinetics and pH Dependence of Chromium(VI) Reduction by Iron(II). Environ Sci Technol 31 (5):1426-1432.
276. Larsen MJ, Nyvad B (1999) Enamel erosion by some soft drinks and orange juices relative to their pH, buffering effect and contents of calcium phosphate. Caries Research 33 (1):81-87.
277. Cama J, Metz V, Ganor J (2002) The effect of pH and temperature on kaolinite dissolution rate under acidic conditions. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 66 (22):3913-3926.
278. Lv Z, Wei H, Li B, Wang E (2009) Colorimetric recognition of the coralyne-poly(dA) interaction using unmodified gold nanoparticle probes, and further detection of coralyne based upon this recognition system. Analyst 134 (8):1647-1651.
279. Lim JK, Joo S-W (2006) Gold Nanoparticle-Based pH Sensor in Highly Alkaline Region at pH> 11:Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Study. Appl Spectrosc 60 (8):847-852.
280. Adler AJ, Grossman L, Fasman GD (1969) Polyriboadenylic and Polydeoxyriboadenylic Acids. Optical Rotatory Studies of Ph-Dependent Conformations and Their Relative Stability. Biochemistry 8 (9):3846-3859.
281. Zhou K, Wang Y, Huang X, Luby-Phelps K, Sumer BD, Gao J (2011) Tunable, Ultrasensitive pH-Responsive Nanoparticles Targeting Specific Endocytic Organelles in Living Cells. Angew Chem-Int Edit 50 (27):6109-6114.
282. Lin H-J, Herman P, Kang JS, Lakowicz JR (2001) Fluorescence Lifetime Characterization of Novel Low-pH Probes. Anal Biochem 294 (2):118-125.
283. Safavi A, Pakniat M (1996) Dipicrylamine-modified triacetylcellulose membrane for optical pH and potassium ion measurement. Anal Chim Acta 335 (3):227-233.
[1]Gellert M, Lipsett MN, Davies DR. (1962) Helix formation by guanylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48:2013-2018.
[2]Huang CC, Chang HT (2008) Aptamer-based fluorescence sensor for rapid detection of potassium ions in urine. Chem Commun 28 (12):1461-1463.
[3]Gehring K, Leroy JL, Gueron M (1993) A tetrameric DNA.structure with protonated cytosine.cytosine base pairs. Nature 363 (6429):561-565.
[4]Chakraborty S, Sharma S, Maiti PK, Krishnan Y (2009) The poly dA helix:a new structural motif for high performance DNA-based molecular switches. Nucleic Acids Res 37 (9):2810-2817.
[5]Robertson DL, Joyce GF (1990) Selection in vitro of an RNA enzyme that specifically cleaves single-stranded DNA. Nature 344 (6265):467-468.
[6]Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249 (4968):505-510.
[7]Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature 346 (6287):818-822.
[8]Wilson DS, Szostak JW (1999) IN VITRO SELECTION OF FUNCTIONAL NUCLEIC ACIDS. Annual Review of Biochemistry 68 (1):611-647.
[9]Gold L, Polisky B, Uhlenbeck O, Yarus M (1995) Diversity of oligonucleotide functions. Annu Rev Biochem 64:763-797.
[10]Bunka DH, Stockley PG (2006) Aptamers come of age-at last. Nat Rev Microbiol 4 (8):588-596
[11]O' Sullivan CK (2002) Aptasensors--the future of biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 372 (l):44-48.
[12]Lee JP, Hesselberth JR, Meyers LA, Ellington AD (2004) Aptamer Database. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (suppl 1):D95-D100.
[13]Le Floch F, Ho HA, Leclerc M (2006) Label-free electrochemical detection of protein based on a ferrocene-bearing cationic polythiophene and aptamer. Anal Chem 78 (13):4727-4731.
[14]Dapic V, Abdomerovic V, Marrington R, Peberdy J, Rodger A, Trent JO and Bates PJ (2003) Biophysical and biological properties of quadruplex oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 31,2097-2107.
[15]Kypr J, Fialova M, Chladkova J, Tumova M, Vorlickova M (2001) Conserved guanine-guanine stacking in tetraplex and duplex DNA. Eur. Biophys. J. Biophys. Lett.,30, 555-558.
[16]Jin R, Gaffney BL, Wang C, Jones RA, Breslauer KJ (1992) Thermodynamics and structure of a DNA tetraplex:a spectroscopic and calorimetric study of the tetramolecular complexes of d(TG3T) and d(TG3T2G3T). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (18):8832-8836
[17]Balagurumoorthy P, Brahmachari SK, Mohanty D, Bansal M, Sasisekharan V (1992) Hairpin and parallel quartet structures for telomeric sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 20 (15):4061-4067.
[18]Adler AJ, Grossman L, Fasman GD (1969) Polyriboadenylic and Polydeoxyriboadenylic Acids. Optical Rotatory Studies of Ph-Dependent Conformations and Their Relative Stability. Biochemistry 8 (9):3846.
2. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249 (4968):505-510.
3. Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature 346 (6287):818-822.
4. Wilson DS, Szostak JW (1999) IN VITRO SELECTION OF FUNCTIONAL NUCLEIC ACIDS. Annual Review of Biochemistry 68 (1):611-647.
5. Gold L, Polisky B, Uhlenbeck O, Yarus M (1995) Diversity of oligonucleotide functions. Annu Rev Biochem 64:763-797.
6. Bunka DH, Stockley PG (2006) Aptamers come of age-at last. Nat Rev Microbiol 4 (8):588-596
7. O'Sullivan CK (2002) Aptasensors--the future of biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 372 (1):44-48.
8. Lee JF, Hesselberth JR, Meyers LA, Ellington AD (2004) Aptamer Database. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (suppl 1):D95-D100.
9. Le Floch F, Ho HA, Leclerc M (2006) Label-free electrochemical detection of protein based on a ferrocene-bearing cationic polythiophene and aptamer. Anal Chem 78 (13):4727-4731.
10. Cho E, Rajendran M, Ellington A (2005) Aptamers as Emerging Probes for Macromolecular Sensing. In:Geddes C, Lakowicz J (eds) Advanced Concepts in Fluorescence Sensing, vol 10. Topics in Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Springer US, pp 127-155.
11. Nutiu R, Li Y (2005) Aptamers with fluorescence-signaling properties. Methods 37 (1):16-25.
12. Nutiu R, Li Y (2004) Structure-Switching Signaling Aptamers:Transducing Molecular Recognition into Fluorescence Signaling. Chemistry-A European Journal 10 (8):1868-1876.
13. Gellert M, Lipsett MN, Davies DR (1962) Helix formation by guanylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A48:2013-2018.
14. Huang CC, Chang HT (2008) Aptamer-based fluorescence sensor for rapid detection of potassium ions in urine. Chem Commun 28 (12):1461-1463.
15. Ueyama H, Takagi M, Takenaka S (2002) A novel potassium sensing in aqueous media with a synthetic oligonucleotide derivative. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer associated with Guanine quartet-potassium ion complex formation. J Am Chem Soc 124 (48):14286-14287.
16. Nagatoishi S, Nojima T, Galezowska E, Juskowiak B, Takenaka S (2006) G quadruplex-based FRET probes with the thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) sequence designed for the efficient fluorometric detection of the potassium ion. Chembiochem 7 (11):1730-1737.
17. Nagatoishi S, Nojima T, Galezowska E, Gluszynska A, Juskowiak B, Takenaka S (2007) Fluorescence energy transfer probes based on the guanine quadruplex formation for the fluorometric detection of potassium ion. Anal Chim Acta 581 (1):125-131.
18. Nagatoishi S, Nojima T, Juskowiak B, Takenaka S (2005) A Pyrene-Labeled G-Quadruplex Oligonucleotide as a Fluorescent Probe for Potassium Ion Detection in Biological Applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44 (32):5067-5070.
19. Joseph MJ, Taylor JC, McGown LB, Pitner JB, Linn CP (1996) Spectroscopic studies of YO and YOYO fluorescent dyes in a thrombin-binding DNA ligand. Biospectroscopy 2 (3):173-183.
20. Zhou C, Jiang Y, Hou S, Ma B, Fang X, Li M (2006) Detection of oncoprotein platelet-derived growth factor using a fluorescent signaling complex of an aptamer and TOTO. Anal Bioanal Chem 384 (5):1175-1180.
21. Wood AEt, Bishop GR (2004) Probing the structure of DNA aptamers with a classic heterocycle. Molecules 9 (3):67-85.
22. Wang J, Jiang Y, Zhou C, Fang X (2005) Aptamer-based ATP assay using a luminescent light switching complex. Anal Chem 77 (11):3542-3546.
23. Jiang Y, Fang X, Bai C (2004) Signaling aptamer/protein binding by a molecular light switch complex. Anal Chem 76 (17):5230-5235.
24. Ho HA, Bera-Aberem M, Leclerc M (2005) Optical sensors based on hybrid DNA/conjugated polymer complexes. Chemistry 11 (6):1718-1724.
25. Liu G, Mao X, Phillips JA, Xu H, Tan W, Zeng L (2009) Aptamer-nanoparticle strip biosensor for sensitive detection of cancer cells. Anal Chem 81 (24):10013-10018.
26. Levy M, Cater SF, Ellington AD (2005) Quantum-Dot Aptamer Beacons for the Detection of Proteins. Chembiochem 6 (12):2163-2166.
27. Kruger K, Grabowski PJ, Zaug AJ, Sands J, Gottschling DE, Cech TR (1982) Self-splicing RNA:autoexcision and autocyclization of the ribosomal RNA intervening sequence of Tetrahymena. Cell 31 (1):147-157.
28. Guerrier-Takada C, Gardiner K, Marsh T, Pace N, Altaian S (1983) The RNA moiety of ribonuclease P is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme. Cell 35 (3):849-857.
29. Symons RH (1992) Small catalytic RNAs. Annu Rev Biochem 61 (1):641-671.
30. Cech TR (1983) RNA splicing:three themes with variations. Cell 34 (3):713-716.
31. Breaker RR, Joyce GF (1994) A DNA enzyme that cleaves RNA. Chem Biol 1 (4):223-229.
32. Geyer CR, Sen D (1997) Evidence for the metal-cofactor independence of an RNA phosphodiester-cleaving DNA enzyme. Chem Biol 4 (8):579-593.
33. Liu J, Lu Y (2005) Stimuli-responsive disassembly of nanoparticle aggregates for light-up colorimetric sensing. J Am Chem Soc 127 (36):12677-12683.
34. Liu JW, Lu Y (2003) Improving fluorescent DNAzyme biosensors by combining inter-and intramolecular quenchers. Anal Chem 75 (23):6666-6672.
35. Liu JW, Lu Y (2004) Optimization of a Pb2+-directed gold nanoparticle/DNAzyme assembly and its application as a colorimetric biosensor for Pb2+. Chem Mat 16 (17):3231-3238.
36. Liu JW, Lu Y (2004) Accelerated color change of gold nanoparticles assembled by DNAzymes for simple and fast colorimetric Pb2+ detection. J Am Cheml Soc 126 (39):12298-12305.
37. Liu JW, Lu Y (2003) A colorimetric lead biosensor using DNAzyme-directed assembly of gold nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 125 (22):6642-6643.
38. Liu JW, Lu Y (2004) Adenosine-dependent assembly of aptazyme-functionalized gold nanoparticles and its application as a colorimetric biosensor. Anal Chem 76 (6):1627-1632.
39. Fahlman RP, Sen D (2002) DNA conformational switches as sensitive electronic sensors of analytes. J Am Chem Soc 124 (17):4610-4616.
40. Stojanovic MN, Mitchell TE, Stefanovic D (2002) Deoxyribozyme-based logic gates. J Am Chem Soc 124 (14):3555-3561.
41. Stojanovic MN, Stefanovic D (2003) Deoxyribozyme-based half-adder. J Am Chem Soc 125 (22):6673-6676.
42. Stojanovic MN, Semova S, Kolpashchikov D, Macdonald J, Morgan C, Stefanovic D (2005) Deoxyribozyme-based ligase logic gates and their initial circuits. J Am Chem Soc 127 (19):6914-6915.
43. Tian Y, He Y, Chen Y, Yin P, Mao CD (2005) Molecular devices-A DNAzyme that walks processively and autonomously along a one-dimensional track. Angew Chem-Int Edit 44 (28):4355-4358.
44. Chen Y, Wang MS, Mao CD (2004) An autonomous DNA nanomotor powered by a DNA enzyme. Angew Chem-Int Edit 43 (27):3554-3557.
45. Rajendran M, Ellington AD (2002) Selecting nucleic acids for biosensor applications. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 5 (4):263-270.
46. Soukup GA, Breaker RR (1999) Nucleic acid molecular switches. Trends Biotechnol 17 (12):469-476
47. Nahvi A, Sudarsan N, Ebert MS, Zou X, Brown KL, Breaker RR (2002) Genetic control by a metabolite binding mRNA. Chem Biol 9 (9):1043-1049.
48. Silverman SK (2003) Rube Goldberg goes (ribo)nuclear:Molecular switches and sensors made from RNA. Rna 9 (4):377-383.
49. Li J, Lu Y (2000) A highly sensitive and selective catalytic DNA biosensor for lead ions. Journal of the American Chemical Society 122 (42):10466-10467.
50. Liu JW, Brown AK, Meng XL, Cropek DM, Istok JD, Watson DB, Lu Y (2007) A catalytic beacon sensor for uranium with parts-per-trillion sensitivity and millionfold selectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 (7):2056-2061.
51. Liu J, Lu Y (2007) A DNAzyme catalytic beacon sensor for paramagnetic Cu2+ ions in aqueous solution with high sensitivity and selectivity. J Am Chem Soc 129 (32):9838-9839.
52. Katz E, Willner I (2003) Probing Biomolecular Interactions at Conductive and Semiconductive Surfaces by Impedance Spectroscopy:Routes to Impedimetric Immunosensors, DNA-Sensors, and Enzyme Biosensors. Electroanal 15 (11):913-947.
53. Rodriguez MC, Kawde AN, Wang J (2005) Aptamer biosensor for label-free impedance spectroscopy detection of proteins based on recognition-induced switching of the surface charge. Chem Commun 14 (34):4267-4269.
54. Radi AE, Acero Sanchez JL, Baldrich E, O'Sullivan CK (2005) Reusable impedimetric aptasensor. Anal Chem 77 (19):6320-6323.
55. Xu Y, Yang L, Ye X, He P, Fang Y (2006) An Aptamer-Based Protein Biosensor by Detecting the Amplified Impedance Signal. Electroanal 18 (15):1449-1456.
56. Liao W, Cui XT (2007) Reagentless aptamer based impedance biosensor for monitoring a neuro-inflammatory cytokine PDGF. Biosens Bioelectron 23 (2):218-224.
57. Eddowes MJ (1987) Direct immunochemical sensing:basic chemical principles and fundamental limitations. Biosensors 3 (1):1-15.
58. Liu Y, Yu X, Zhao R, Shangguan D-H, Bo Z, Liu G (2003) Quartz crystal biosensor for real-time monitoring of molecular recognition between protein and small molecular medicinal agents. Biosens Bioelectron 19 (1):9-19.
59. Tombelli S, Mascini M, Braccini L, Anichini M, Turner AP (2000) Coupling of a DNA piezoelectric biosensor and polymerase chain reaction to detect apolipoprotein E polymorphisms. Biosens Bioelectron 15 (7-8):363-370.
60. Su X, Robelek R, Wu Y, Wang G, Knoll W (2004) Detection of point mutation and insertion mutations in DNA using a quartz crystal microbalance and MutS, a mismatch binding protein. Anal Chem 76 (2):489-494.
61. Mo X-T, Zhou Y-P, Lei H, Deng L (2002) Microbalance-DNA probe method for the detection of specific bacteria in water. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 30 (5):583-589.
62. Mannelli I, Minunni M, Tombelli S, Mascini M (2003) Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) affinity biosensor for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) detection. Biosens Bioelectron 18 (2-3):129-140.
63. Deisingh AK, Thompson M (2001) Sequences of E. coli O157:H7 detected by a PCR-acoustic wave sensor combination. Analyst 126 (12):2153-2158.
64. Pang LL, Li JS, Jiang JH, Shen GL, Yu RQ (2006) DNA-point mutation detection based on DNA ligase reaction and nano-Au amplification:A piezoelectric approach. Anal Biochem 358 (1):99-103.
65. Xia C, Guo-Li S, Zhao ZL, Ru-Qin Y (2006) Quartz crystal microbalance immunoassay with dendritic amplification using colloidal gold immunocomplex. Sens Actuators B, Chem 114 (2):696-704704.
66. Li Y, Xiaole M, Liju Y, Xiao-Li S (2006) A nanoparticle amplification based quartz crystal microbalance DNA sensor for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Biosens Bioelectron 21 (7):1178-11851185.
67. Zhao HQ, Lin L, Li JR, Tang JA, Duan MX, Jiang L (2001) DNA biosensor with high sensitivity amplified by gold nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 3 (4):321-323.
68. Chen SH, Chuang YC, Lu YC, Lin HC, Yang YL, Lin CS (2009) A method of layer-by-layer gold nanoparticle hybridization in a quartz crystal microbalance DNA sensing system used to detect dengue virus. Nanotechnology 20 (21):215501.
69. Lee D, Yoo M, Seo H, Tak Y, Kim WG, Yong K, Rhee SW, Jeon S (2009) Enhanced mass sensitivity of ZnO nanorod-grown quartz crystal microbalances. Sens Actuator B-Chem 135 (2):444-448.
70. Lan-Lan P, Ji-Shan L, Jian-Hui J, Yuan L, Guo Li S, Ru-Qin Y (2007) A novel detection method for DNA point mutation using QCM based on Fe 3O 4/Au core/shell nanoparticle and DNA ligase reaction. Sensor Actuat B Chem 127 (2):311-316316.
71. Wan Y, Zhang D, Hou BR (2010) Determination of sulphate-reducing bacteria based on vancomycin-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles using a modification-free quartz crystal microbalance. Biosens Bioelectron 25 (7):1847-1850.
72. Tang W, Wang DZ, Xu Y, Li N, Liu F (2012) A self-assembled DNA nanostructure-amplified quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation biosensing platform for nucleic acids. Chem Comm 48 (53):6678-6680.
73. Chen Q, Wu XJ, Wang DZ, Tang W, Li N, Liu F (2011) Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles-enhanced QCM-D sensor for mercury(II) ions with high sensitivity and tunable dynamic range. Analyst 136 (12):2572-2577.
74. Dong ZM, Zhao GC (2012) Quartz Crystal Microbalance Aptasensor for Sensitive Detection of Mercury(Ⅱ) Based on Signal Amplification with Gold Nanoparticles. Sensors 12 (6):7080-7094.
75. Sheng ZH, Han JH, Zhang JP, Zhao H, Jiang L (2011) Method for detection of Hg2+based on the specific thymine-Hg2+-thymine interaction in the DNA hybridization on the surface of quartz crystal microbalance. Colloid Surf B-Biointerfaces 87 (2):289-292.
76. Rich RL, Myszka DG (2000) Advances in surface plasmon resonance biosensor analysis. Curr Opin Biotech 11 (1):54-61.
77. Tombelli S, Minunni M, Luzi E, Mascini M (2005) Aptamer-based biosensors for the detection of HIV-1 Tat protein. Bioelectrochemistry 67 (2):135-141.
78. Wang J, Zhou HS (2008) Aptamer-based Au nanoparticles-enhanced surface plasmon resonance detection of small molecules. Anal Chem 80 (18):7174-7178.
79. Murphy MB, Fuller ST, Richardson PM, Doyle SA (2003) An improved method for the in vitro evolution of aptamers and applications in protein detection and purification. Nucleic Acids Res31(18):e110.
80. Fukusaki E, Hasunuma T, Kajiyama S, Okazawa A, Itoh TJ, Kobayashi A (2001) SELEX for tubulin affords specific T-rich DNA aptamers. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponeential enrichment. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 11 (22):2927-2930.
81. Beccati D, Halkes KM, Batema GD, Guillena G, de Souza AC, van Koten G, Kamerling JP (2005) SPR studies of carbohydrate-protein interactions:Signal enhancement of low-molecular-mass analytes by organoplatinum(Ⅱ)-labeling. Chembiochem 6 (7):1196-1203.
82. Wang JL, Zhou HS (2008) Aptamer-based Au nanoparticles-enhanced surface plasmon resonance detection of small molecules. Anal Chem 80 (18):7174-7178.
83. He L, Musick MD, Nicewarner SR, Salinas FG, Benkovic SJ, Natan MJ, Keating CD (2000) Colloidal Au-enhanced surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive detection of DNA hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 122 (38):9071-9077.
84. Frasconi M, Tortolini C, Botre F, Mazzei F (2010) Multifunctional Au Nanoparticle Dendrimer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor and Its Application for Improved Insulin Detection. Anal Chem 82 (17):7335-7342.
85. Wang JL, Munir A, Zhu ZZ, Zhou HS (2010) Magnetic Nanoparticle Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing and Its Application for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Enriched Small Molecules. Anal Chem 82 (16):6782-6789.
86. Liang RP, Yao GH, Fan LX, Qiu JD (2012) Magnetic Fe3O4@Au composite-enhanced surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive detection of magnetic nanoparticle-enriched alpha-fetoprotein. Anal Chim Acta 737:22-28.
87. Cao Z, Suljak SW, Tan W (2005) Molecular Beacon Aptamers for Protein Monitoring in Real-Time and in Homogeneous Solutions. Current Proteomics 2 (1):31-40. doi:10.2174/1570164053507763
88. Stojanovic MN, Landry DW (2002) Aptamer-based colorimetric probe for cocaine. J Am Chem Soc 124 (33):9678-9679.
89. Ho H-A, Bera-Aberem M, Leclerc M (2005) Optical Sensors Based on Hybrid DNA/Conjugated Polymer Complexes. Chem-Eur J 11 (6):1718-1724.
90. Jin RC, Wu GS, Li Z, Mirkin CA, Schatz GC (2003) What controls the melting properties of DNA-linked gold nanoparticle assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 125 (6):1643-1654.
91. Rich A, Davies DR, Crick FHC, Watson JD (1961) The molecular structure of polyadenylic acid. Journal of Molecular Biology 3 (1):71-86.
92. Fresco JR (1959) Polynucleotides Ⅱ:The X-ray diffraction patterns of solutions of the randomly coiled and helical forms of polyriboadenylic acid. Journal of Molecular Biology 1 (2):106-110.
93. Ts'o POP, Helmkamp GK, Sander C (1962) INTERACTION OF NUCLEOSIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS WITH NUCLEIC ACIDS AS INDICATED BY THE CHANGE OF HELIX-COIL TRANSITION TEMPERATURE. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48 (4):686-698.
94. Bush CA, Scheraga HA (1969) Optical activity of single-stranded polydeoxyadenylic and polyriboadenylic acids; dependence of adenine chromophore cotton effects on polymer conformation. Biopolymers 7 (3):395-409.
95. Alderfer JL, Smith SL (1971) A proton magnetic resonance study of polydeoxyriboadenylic acid. J Am Chem Soc 93 (26):7305-7314.
96. Olsthoorn CS, Bostelaar LJ, Van Boom JH, Altona C (1980) Conformational characteristics of the trinucleoside diphosphate dApdApdA and its constituents from nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism studies. Extrapolation to the stacked conformers. Eur J Biochem 112 (1):95-110.
97. Ke C, Humeniuk M, H SG, Marszalek PE (2007) Direct measurements of base stacking interactions in DNA by single-molecule atomic-force spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 99 (1):5.
98. Chakraborty S, Sharma S, Maiti PK, Krishnan Y (2009) The poly dA helix:a new structural motif for high performance DNA-based molecular switches. Nucleic Acids Res 37 (9):2810-2817.
99. Yi JW, Park J, Kim KS, Kim BH (2011) pH-Responsive self-duplex of (Py)A-substituted oligodeoxyadenylate in graphene oxide solution as a molecular switch. Org Biomol Chem 9 (21):7434-7438.
100. Jin XH, Wang JA, Sun JK, Zhang HX, Zhang J (2011) Protonation-Triggered Conversion between Single- and Triple-Stranded Helices with a Visible Fluorescence Change. Angew Chem-Int Edit 50 (5):1149-1153.
101. Saha S, Chakraborty K, Krishnan Y (2012) Tunable, colorimetric DNA-based pH sensors mediated by A-motif formation. Chem Comm 48 (19):2513-2515
102. Zheng B, Cheng S, Liu W, Lam MHW, Liang HJ (2012) A simple colorimetric pH alarm constructed from DNA-gold nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 741:106-113.
103. Gehring K, Leroy JL, Gueron M (1993) A tetrameric DNA structure with protonated cytosine.cytosine base pairs. Nature 363 (6429):561-565.
104. Seela F, Budow S (2006) pH-dependent assembly of DNA-gold nanoparticles based on the i-motif:A switchable device with the potential of a nanomachine. Helv Chim Acta 89 (9):1978-1985.
105. Sharma J, Chhabra R, Yan H, Liu Y (2007) pH-driven conformational switch of "i-motif DNA for the reversible assembly of gold nanoparticles. Chemical Communications (5):477-479.
106. Zhao Y, Cao L, Ouyang J, Wang M, Wang K, Xia XH (2013) Reversible Plasmonic Probe Sensitive for pH in Micro/Nanospaces Based on i-Motif-Modulated Morpholino-Gold Nanoparticle Assembly. Anal Chem 85 (2):1053-1057.
107. Nam J, Won N, Jin H, Chung H, Kim S (2009) pH-Induced Aggregation of Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Cancer Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 131 (38):13639-13645.
108. Song L, Ho VHB, Chen C, Yang Z, Liu D, Chen R, Zhou D (2013) Efficient, pH-Triggered Drug Delivery Using a pH-Responsive DNA-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle. Adv Healthcare Mater 2 (2):275-280.
109. Pavlov V, Xiao Y, Shlyahovsky B, Willner 1 (2004) Aptamer-functionalized Au nanoparticles for the amplified optical detection of thrombin. J Am Chem Soc 126 (38):11768-11769.
110. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Fast Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine and Cocaine Based on a General Sensor Design Involving Aptamers and Nanoparticles. Angew Chem-Int Edit 45 (1):90-94.
111. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Smart Nanomaterials Responsive to Multiple Chemical Stimuli with Controllable Cooperativity. Adv Mater 18 (13):1667-1671.
112. Liu J, Lee JH, Lu Y (2007) Quantum dot encoding of aptamer-linked nanostructures for one-pot simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Anal Chem 79 (11):4120-4125.
113. Li H, Rothberg L (2004) Colorimetric detection of DNA sequences based on electrostatic interactions with unmodified gold nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101 (39):14036-14039.
114. Wang J, Wang L, Liu X, Liang Z, Song S, Li W, Li G, Fan C (2007) A Gold Nanoparticle-Based Aptamer Target Binding Readout for ATP Assay. Adv Mater 19 (22):3943-3946.
115. Zhang J, Wang L, Pan D, Song S, Boey FYC, Zhang H, Fan C (2008) Visual Cocaine Detection with Gold Nanoparticles and Rationally Engineered Aptamer Structures. Small 4 (8):1196-1200.
116. Liu J, Mazumdar D, Lu Y (2006) A Simple and Sensitive "Dipstick" Test in Serum Based on Lateral Flow Separation of Aptamer-Linked Nanostructures. Angew Chem-Int Edit 45 (47):7955-7959.
117. Schantz EJ, Mold JD, Stanger DW, Shavel J, Riel FJ, Bowden JP, Lynch JM, Wyler RS, Riegel B, Sommer H (1957) Paralytic Shellfish Poison. VI. A Procedure for the Isolation and Purification of the Poison from Toxic Clam and Mussel Tissues. J Am Chem Soc 79 (19):5230-5235.
118. Oshima Y, Blackburn SI, Hallegraeff GM (1993) Comparative study on paralytic shellfish toxin profiles of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum from three different countries. Mar Biol 116 (3):471-476.
119. Kao CY (1972) PHARMACOLOGY OF TETRODOTOXIN AND SAXITOXIN. Federation Proceedings 31 (3):1117.
120. Narahash.T (1972) MECHANISM OF ACTION OF TETRODOTOXIN AND SAXITOXIN ON EXCITABLE MEMBRANES. Federation Proceedings 31 (3):1124.
121. Wiese M, D'Agostino PM, Mihali TK, Moffitt MC, Neilan BA (2010) Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs. Mar Drugs 8 (7):2185-2211.
122. Macholz R (1985) Environmental Health Criteria 37. Aquatic (Marine and Freshwater) Biotoxins.95 Seiten,8 Abb.,12 Tab. World Health Organization, Genf 1984. Preis:10,-Sfr. Food/Nahrung 29 (10):1042-1042.
123. Rodrigue DC, Etzel RA, Hall S, de Porras E, Velasquez OH, Tauxe RV, Kilbourne EM, Blake PA (1990) Lethal paralytic shellfish poisoning in Guatemala. Am J Trop Med Hyg 42 (3):267-271.
124. Deeds J, Landsberg J, Etheridge S, Pitcher G, Longan S (2008) Non-Traditional Vectors for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning. Mar Drugs 6 (2):308-348.
125. Davio SR, Hewetson JF (1985) THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI-SAXITOXIN ANTIBODIES IN BALB/C MICE-ANTIGEN PREPARATION AND ANTIBODY DETECTION. Federation Proceedings 44 (5):1803-1803.
126. Usleber E, Schneider E, Terplan G (1991) DIRECT ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY IN MICROTITRATION PLATE AND TEST STRIP FORMAT FOR THE DETECTION OF SAXITOXIN IN SHELLFISH. Lett Appl Microbiol 13 (6):275-277.
127. Luckas B (1987) DETERMINATION OF SAXITOXIN IN MUSSEL PRESERVES THROUGH HPLC WITH POST-COLUMN DERIVATIZATION AND FLUORESCENCE DETECTION. Dtsch Lebensm-Rundsch 83 (12):379-381.
128. Lawrence JF, Wong B, Menard C (1996) Determination of decarbamoyl saxitoxin and its analogues in shellfish by prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J AOAC Int 79 (5):1111-1115.
129. Thibault P, Pleasance S, Laycock MV (1991) ANALYSIS OF PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONS BY CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS. Journal of Chromatography 542 (2):483-501.
130. Pietsch J, Fichtner S, Imhof L, Schmidt W, Brauch HJ (2001) Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato-and neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Chromatographia 54 (5-6):339-344.
131. Chan IOM, Lam PKS, Cheung RHY, Lam MHW, Wu RSS (2005) Application of solid phase microextraction in the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Analyst 130 (11):1524-1529.
132. Gallacher S, Birkbeck TH (1992)A tissue culture assay for direct detection of sodium channel blocking toxins in bacterial culture supernates. FEMS Microbiology Letters 92 (1):101-107.
133. Burns JM, Hall S, Ferry JL (2009) The adsorption of saxitoxin to clays and sediments in fresh and saline waters. Water Res 43 (7):1899-1904.
134. Gawley RE, Pinet S, Cardona CM, Datta PK, Ren T, Guida WC, Nydick J, Leblanc RM (2002) Chemosensors for the marine toxin saxitoxin. J Am Chem Soc 124 (45):13448-13453.
135. Handy SM, Yakes BJ, DeGrasse JA, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Kanyuck KM, Degrasse SL (2013) First report of the use of a saxitoxin-protein conjugate to develop a DNA aptamer to a small molecule toxin. Toxicon 61:30-37.
136. Dahm R (2008) Discovering DNA:Friedrich Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research. Hum Genet 122 (6):565-581.
137. Elbaz J, Wang FA, Remade F, Willner Ⅰ (2012) pH-Programmable DNA Logic Arrays Powered by Modular DNAzyme Libraries. Nano Lett 12 (12):6049-6054.
138. Elbaz J, Wang ZG, Orbach R, Willner Ⅰ (2009) pH-Stimulated Concurrent Mechanical Activation of Two DNA "Tweezers". A "SET-RESET" Logic Gate System. Nano Lett 9 (12):4510-4514.
139. Muscat RA, Bath J, Turberfield AJ (2012) Small Molecule Signals that Direct the Route of a Molecular Cargo. Small 8 (23):3593-3597.
140. Liu DS, Balasubramanian S (2003) A proton-fuelled DNA nanomachine. Angew Chem-Int Edit 42 (46):5734-5736.
141. Henderson E, Hardin CC, Walk SK, Tinoco I, Jr., Blackburn EH (1987) Telomeric DNA oligonucleotides form novel intramolecular structures containing guanine-guanine base pairs. Cell 51 (6):899-908.
142. Sundquist WI, Klug A (1989) Telomeric DNA dimerizes by formation of guanine tetrads between hairpin loops. Nature 342 (6251):825-829.
143. Murchie AI, Lilley DM (1992) Retinoblastoma susceptibility genes contain 5' sequences with a high propensity to form guanine-tetrad structures. Nucleic Acids Res 20 (1):49-53.
144. Simonsson T, Kubista M, Pecinka P (1998) DNA tetraplex formation in the control region of c-myc. Nucleic Acids Res 26 (5):1167-1172.
145. Simonsson T, Sjoback R (1999) DNA tetraplex formation studied with fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Biol Chem 274 (24):17379-17383.
146. Hammond-Kosack MC, Kilpatrick MW, Docherty K (1992) Analysis of DNA structure in the human insulin gene-linked polymorphic region in vivo. J Mol Endocrinol 9 (3):221-225.
147. Guschlbauer W, Chantot J-F, Thiele D (1990) Four-Stranded Nucleic Acid Structures 25 Years Later:From Guanosine Gels to Telomer DNA. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 8 (3):491-511.
148. Sen D, Gilbert W (1988) Formation of parallel four-stranded complexes by guanine-rich motifs in DNA and its implications for meiosis. Nature 334 (6180):364-366.
149. Shukla AK, Roy KB (2006) Rec A-independent homologous recombination induced by a putative fold-back tetraplex DNA. Biol Chem 387 (3):251-256.
150. Qin Y, Hurley LH (2008) Structures, folding patterns, and functions of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes found in eukaryotic promoter regions. Biochimie 90 (8):1149-1171.
151. Maizels N (2006) Dynamic roles for G4 DNA in the biology of eukaryotic cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13(12):1055-1059.
152. Oganesian L, Bryan TM (2007) Physiological relevance of telomeric G-quadruplex formation:a potential drug target. Bioessays 29 (2):155-165.
153. Luedtke NW (2009) Targeting G-Quadruplex DNA with Small Molecules. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 63 (3):134-139.
154. Takahama K, Kino K, Arai S, Kurokawa R, Oyoshi T (2011) Identification of Ewing's sarcoma protein as a G-quadruplex DNA- and RNA-binding protein. Febs J 278 (6):988-998.
155. Takahama K, Sugimoto C, Arai S, Kurokawa R, Oyoshi T (2011) Loop Lengths of G-Quadruplex Structures Affect the G-Quadruplex DNA Binding Selectivity of the RGG Motif in Ewing's Sarcoma. Biochemistry 50 (23):5369-5378.
156. Macaya RF, Schultze P, Smith FW, Roe JA, Feigon J (1993) THROMBIN-BINDING DNA APTAMER FORMS A UNIMOLECULAR QUADRUPLEX STRUCTURE IN SOLUTION. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90 (8):3745-3749.
157. Wang KY, Krawczyk SH, Bischofberger N, Swaminathan S, Bolton PH (1993) THE TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF A DNA APTAMER WHICH BINDS TO AND INHIBITS THROMBIN DETERMINES ACTIVITY. Biochemistry 32 (42):11285-11292.
158. Bock LC, Griffin LC, Latham JA, Vermaas EH, Toole JJ (1992) SELECTION OF SINGLE-STRANDED-DNA MOLECULES THAT BIND AND INHIBIT HUMAN THROMBIN. Nature 355 (6360):564-566.
159. Miyoshi D, Matsumura S, Li W, Sugimoto N (2003) Structural polymorphism of telomeric DNA regulated by pH and divalent cation. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 22 (2):203-221
160. Balagurumoorthy P, Brahmachari SK, Mohanty D, Bansal M, Sasisekharan V (1992) Hairpin and parallel quartet structures for telomeric sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 20 (15):4061-4067.
161. Jin R, Gaffney BL, Wang C, Jones RA, Breslauer KJ (1992) Thermodynamics and structure of a DNA tetraplex:a spectroscopic and calorimetric study of the tetramolecular complexes of d(TG3T) and d(TG3T2G3T). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (18):8832-8836.
162. Wang C, Ren J, Qu X (2011) A stimuli responsive DNA walking device. Chem Commun 47 (5):1428-1430.
163. Mergny JL, Maurizot JC (2001) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer as a probe for G-quartet formation by a telomeric repeat. Chembiochem 2 (2):124-132.
164. Mergny JL (1999) Fluorescence energy transfer as a probe for tetraplex formation:the i-motif. Biochemistry 38 (5):1573-1581.
165. Bernacchi S, Stoylov S, Piemont E, Ficheux D, Roques BP, Darlix JL, Mely Y (2002) HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein activates transient melting of least stable parts of the secondary structure of TAR and its complementary sequence. J Mol Biol 317 (3):385-399.
166. Mendez MA, Szalai VA (2009) Fluorescence of unmodified oligonucleotides:A tool to probe G-quadruplex DNA structure. Biopolymers 91 (10):841-850.
167. Miannay Fo-A, Banyasz A, Gustavsson T, Markovitsi D (2009) Excited States and Energy Transfer in G-Quadruplexes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (27):11760-11765.
168. Mendez MA, Szalai VA (2009) Fluorescence of unmodified oligonucleotides:A tool to probe G-quadruplex DNA structure. Biopolymers 91 (10):841-850.
169. Dao NT, Haselsberger R, Michel-Beyerle M-E, Phan AT (2011) Following G-quadruplex formation by its intrinsic fluorescence. FEBS letters 585 (24):3969-3977.
170. Palumbo SL, Memmott RM, Uribe DJ, Krotova-Khan Y, Hurley LH, Ebbinghaus SW (2008) A novel G-quadruplex-forming GGA repeat region in the c-myb promoter is a critical regulator of promoter activity. Nucleic Acids Res 36 (6):1755-1769.
171. Siddiqui-Jain A, Grand CL, Bearss DJ, Hurley LH (2002) Direct evidence for a G-quadruplex in a promoter region and its targeting with a small molecule to repress c-MYC transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 (18):11593-11598.
172. Zahler AM, Williamson JR, Cech TR, Prescott DM (1991) Inhibition of telomerase by G-quartet DNA structures. Nature 350 (6320):718-720.
173. Mergny J-L, Riou J-F, Mailliet P, Teulade-Fichou M-P, Gilson E (2002) Natural and pharmacological regulation of telomerase. Nucleic Acids Res 30 (4):839-865.
174. Bhasikuttan AC, Mohanty J, Pal H (2007) Interaction of Malachite Green with Guanine-Rich Single-Stranded DNA:Preferential Binding to a G-Quadruplex. Angew Chem-Int Edit 46 (48):9305-9307.
175. Mergny J-L, Lacroix L, Teulade-Fichou M-P, Hounsou C, Guittat L, Hoarau M, Arimondo PB, Vigneron J-P, Lehn J-M, Riou J-F, Garestier T, Helene C (2001) Telomerase inhibitors based on quadruplex ligands selected by a fluorescence assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (6):3062-3067.
176. Paramasivan S, Rujan I, Bolton PH (2007) Circular dichroism of quadruplex DNAs: Applications to structure, cation effects and ligand binding. Methods 43 (4):324-331.
177. Bugaut A, Balasubramanian S (2008) A sequence-independent study of the influence of short loop lengths on the stability and topology of intramolecular DNA G-quadruplexes. Biochemistry 47 (2):689-697.
178. Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249 (4968):505-510.
179. Herr JK, Smith JE, Medley CD, Shangguan D, Tan W (2006) Aptamer-Conjugated Nanoparticles for Selective Collection and Detection of Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 78 (9):2918-2924.
180. Nutiu R, Li YF (2003) Structure-switching signaling aptamers. J Am Chem Soc 125 (16):4771-4778.
181. Liu J, Lu Y (2006) Preparation of aptamer-linked gold nanoparticle purple aggregates for colorimetric sensing of analytes. Nat Protoc 1 (1):246-252.
182. Zayats M, Huang Y, Gill R, Ma C-a, Willner Ⅰ (2006) Label-Free and Reagentless Aptamer-Based Sensors for Small Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 128 (42):13666-13667.
183. Numnuam A, Chumbimuni-Torres KY, Xiang Y, Bash R, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Pretsch E, Wang J, Bakker E (2008) Aptamer-Based Potentiometric Measurements of Proteins Using Ion-Selective Microelectrodes. Anal Chem 80 (3):707-712.
184. Lee SJ, Youn B-S, Park JW, Niazi JH, Kim YS, Gu MB (2008) ssDNA Aptamer-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for the Detection of Retinol Binding Protein 4 for the Early Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes. Anal Chem 80 (8):2867-2873.
185. Chen Q, Tang W, Wang D, Wu X, Li N, Liu F (2010) Amplified QCM-D biosensor for protein based on aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 26 (2):575-579.
186. Sauerbrey G (1959) Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wagung dunner Schichten und zur Mikrowagung. Z Physik 155 (2):206-222.
187. Stavila V, Volponi J, Katzenmeyer AM, Dixon MC, Allendorf MD (2012) Kinetics and mechanism of metal-organic framework thin film growth:systematic investigation of HKUST-1 deposition on QCM electrodes. Chem Sci 3 (5):1531-1540.
188. Keller CA, Kasemo B (1998) Surface Specific Kinetics of Lipid Vesicle Adsorption Measured with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance. Biophys J 75 (3):1397-1402.
189. Chen Q, Wu X, Wang D, Tang W, Li N, Liu F (2011) Oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticles-enhanced QCM-D sensor for mercury(ii) ions with high sensitivity and tunable dynamic range. Analyst 136 (12):2572-2577.
190. McMillan MR, Burnstock G, Haworth SG (1999) Vasodilatation of intrapulmonary arteries to P2-receptor nucleotides in normal and pulmonary hypertensive newborn piglets. Brit J Pharmacol 128(3):543-548.
191. Porkka-Heiskanen T (1999) Adenosine in sleep and wakefulness. Ann Med 31 (2):125-129.
192. Dale N, Pearson T, Frenguelli BG (2000) Direct measurement of adenosine release during hypoxia in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampal slice. J Physiol 526 (1):143-155.
193. Patolsky F, Lichtenstein A, Willner I (1999) Amplified Microgravimetric Quartz-Crystal-Microbalance Assay of DNA Using Oligonucleotide-Functionalized Liposomes or Biotinylated Liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 122 (2):418-419.
194. Kleo K, Schafer D, Klar S, Jacob D, Grunow R, Lisdat F (2012) Immunodetection of inactivated Francisella tularensis bacteria by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 404 (3):843-851.
195. Tang W, Wang D, Xu Y, Li N, Liu F (2012) A self-assembled DNA nanostructure-amplified quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation biosensing platform for nucleic acids. Chem Commu 48 (53):6678-6680.
196. Ye M, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Tan P, Tang H, Yao S (2009) A novel method for the detection of point mutation in DNA using single-base-coded CdS nanoprobes. Biosens Bioelectron 24 (8):2339-2345.
197. Chen S-H, Wu VCH, Chuang Y-C, Lin C-S (2008) Using oligonucleotide-functionalized Au nanoparticles to rapidly detect foodborne pathogens on a piezoelectric biosensor. J Microbiol Meth 73(1):7-17.
198. Huizenga DE, Szostak JW (1995) A DNA Aptamer That Binds Adenosine and ATP. Biochemistry 34 (2):656-665.
199. Liu J, Lu Y (2007) Non-Base Pairing DNA Provides a New Dimension for Controlling Aptamer-Linked Nanoparticles and Sensors. J Am Chem Soc 129 (27):8634-8643.
200. Liu T, Tang Ja, Zhao H, Deng Y, Jiang L (2002) Particle Size Effect of the DNA Sensor Amplified with Gold Nanoparticles. Langmuir 18 (14):5624-5626.
201. Du Y, Li BL, Wei H, Wang YL, Wang EK (2008) Multifunctional label-free electrochemical biosensor based on an integrated aptamer. Anal Chem 80 (13):5110-5117.
202. Li B, Du Y, Wei H, Dong S (2007) Reusable, label-free electrochemical aptasensor for sensitive detection of small molecules. Chem Comm 0 (36):3780-3782
203. Shen L, Chen Z, Li Y, Jing P, Xie S, He S, He P, Shao Y (2007) A chronocoulometric aptamer sensor for adenosine monophosphate. Chem Comm 0 (21):2169-2171
204. Xiang Y, Tong AJ, Lu Y (2009) Abasic Site-Containing DNAzyme and Aptamer for Label-Free Fluorescent Detection of Pb2+ and Adenosine with High Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Tunable Dynamic Range. J Am Chem Soc 131 (42):15352-15357.
205. Eltzschig HK, Ibla JC, Furuta GT, Leonard MO, Jacobson KA, Enjyoji K, Robson SC, Colgan SP (2003) Coordinated adenine nucleotide phosphohydrolysis and nucleoside signaling in posthypoxic endothelium:role of ectonucleotidases and adenosine A2B receptors. J Exp Med 198 (5):783-796.
206. Eltzschig HK, Eckle T, Mager A, Kuper N, Karcher C, Weissmuller T, Boengler K, Schulz R, Robson SC, Colgan SP (2006) ATP release from activated neutrophils occurs via connexin 43 and modulates adenosine-dependent endothelial cell function. Circ Res 99 (10):1100-1108.
207. Kitakaze M, Hori M, Morioka T, Minamino T, Takashima S, Sato H, Shinozaki Y, Chujo M, Mori H, Inoue M, et al. (1994) Infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning is blunted by inhibition of 5' -nucleotidase activity and attenuation of adenosine release. Circulation 89 (3):1237-1246.
208. Latini S, Pedata F (2001) Adenosine in the central nervous system:release mechanisms and extracellular concentrations. J Neurochem 79 (3):463-484.
209. Botes DP, Tuinman AA, Wessels PL, Viljoen CC, Kruger H, Williams DH, Santikam S, Smith RJ, Hammond SJ (1984) The structure of cyanoginosin-LA, a cyclic heptapeptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J Chem Soc, Perkin Transactions 1:2311-2318.
210. Carmichael WW (1992) Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites-the Cyanotoxins. J Appl Bacteriol 72 (6):445-459.
211. Dawson RM (1998) The toxicology of microcystins. Toxicon 36 (7):953-962.
212. Mackintosh C, Beattie KA, Klumpp S, Cohen P, Codd GA (1990) Cyanobacterial Microcystin-Lr Is a Potent and Specific Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase-1 and Phosphatase-2a from Both Mammals and Higher-Plants. Febs Lett 264 (2):187-192.
213. Nishiwakimatsushima R, Ohta T, Nishiwaki S, Suganuma M, Kohyama K, Ishikawa T, Carmichael WW, Fujiki H (1992) Liver-Tumor Promotion by the Cyanobacterial Cyclic Peptide Toxin Microcystin-Lr. J Cancer Res Clin 118 (6):420-424.
214. Paerl HW, Fulton RS,3rd, Moisander PH, Dyble J (2001) Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria. Scientific World Journal 1:76-113.
215. Svrcek C, Smith DW (2004) Cyanobacteria toxins and the current state of knowledge on water treatment options: a review. J Environ Eng Sci 3 (3):155-185.
216. Huang WJ, Cheng BL, Cheng YL (2007) Adsorption of microcystin-LR by three types of activated carbon. J Hazard Mater 141 (1):115-122.
217. Nicholson BC, Rositano J, Burch MD (1994) Destruction of Cyanobacterial Peptide Hepatotoxins by Chlorine and Chloramine. Water Res 28 (6):1297-1303.
218. Rositano J, Nicholson BC, Pieronne P (1998) Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by ozone. Ozone-Sci Eng 20 (3):223-238.
219. Teixeira MR, Rosa MJ (2005) Microcystins removal by nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol46(3):192-201.
220. Hyenstrand P, Metcalf JS, Beattie KA, Codd GA (2001) Losses of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR from aqueous solution by adsorption during laboratory manipulations. Toxicon 39 (4):589-594.
221. Tsuji K, Watanuki T, Kondo F, Watanabe MF, Suzuki S, Nakazawa H, Suzuki M, Uchida H, Harada KI (1995) Stability of microcystins from cyanobacteria--II. Effect of UV light on decomposition and isomerization. Toxicon 33 (12):1619-1631.
222. Mohamed ZA, El-Sharouny HM, Ali WS (2007) Microcystin concentrations in the nile river sediments and removal of Microcystin-LR by sediments during batch experiments. Arch Environ Con Tox 52 (4):489-495.
223. Considine R, Denoyel R, Pendleton P, Schumann R, Wong SH (2001) The influence of surface chemistry on activated carbon adsorption of 2-methylisoborneol from aqueous solution. Colloid Surface A 179 (2-3):271-280.
224. Germain J, Hradil J, Frechet JMJ, Svec F (2006) High surface area nanoporous polymers for reversible hydrogen storage. Chem Mater 18 (18):4430-4435.
225. Parrish JR (1977) MACROPOROUS RESINS AS SUPPORTS FOR A CHELATING LIQUID ION-EXCHANGER IN EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY. Anal Chem 49 (8):1189-1192.
226. Petro M, Svec F, Gitsov I, Frechet JMJ (1996) Molded monolithic rod of macroporous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) as a separation medium for HPLC of synthetic polymers: "On-column" precipitation-redissolution chromatography as an alternative to size exclusion chromatography of styrene oligomers and polymers. Anal Chem 68 (2):315-321.
227. Gode F, Pehlivan E (2003) A comparative study of two chelating ion-exchange resins for the removal of chromium(III) from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 100 (1-3):231-243.
228. Glasmastar K, Larsson C, Hook F, Kasemo B (2002) Protein adsorption on supported phospholipid bilayers. J Colloid Interf Sci 246 (1):40-47.
229. Larsson C, Rodahl M, Hook F (2003) Characterization of DNA immobilization and subsequent hybridization on a 2D arrangement of streptavidin on a biotin-modified lipid bilayer supported on SiO2. Anal Chem 75 (19):5080-5087.
230. Reimhult E, Hook F, Kasemo B (2003) Intact vesicle adsorption and supported biomembrane formation from vesicles in solution:Influence of surface chemistry, vesicle size, temperature, and osmotic pressure. Langmuir 19 (5):1681-1691.
231. Richter R, Mukhopadhyay A, Brisson A (2003) Pathways of lipid vesicle deposition on solid surfaces:A combined QCM-D and AFM study. Biophys J 85 (5):3035-3047.
232. Jin Chuan Y, Jablonsky MJ, Mays JW (2002) NMR and FT-1R studies of sulfonated styrene-based homopolymers and copolymers. Polymer 43 (19):5125-51325132.
233. Xu MC, Ou ZZ, Shi ZQ, Xu MC, Li HT, Yu SX, He BL (2001) Combinatorial synthesis and screening of polystyrene-supported quaternary ammonium salt phase transfer catalysts. React Funct Polym 48 (1-3):85-95.
234. Chen X, Chen ZM, Cui ZC, Zhang K, Zhang G, Yang B (2003) Synthesis and characterizations of cross-linked polystyrene microspheres with quarternary ammonium on the surface and studies on their swelling behavior. Acta Polym Sin (2):293-297.
235. Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (2005) Frontmatter. In:Environmental Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp i-xiii.
236. De Maagd PGJ, Hendriks AJ, Seinen W, Sijm DTHM (1999) pH-dependent hydrophobicity of the cyanobacteria toxin microcystin-LR. Water Res 33 (3):677-680.
237. Miyake Y, Togashi H, Tashiro M, Yamaguchi H, Oda S, Kudo M, Tanaka Y, Kondo Y, Sawa R, Fujimoto T, Machinami T, Ono A (2006) Mercuryll-Mediated Formation of Thymine-hymine Base Pairs in DNA Duplexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 128 (7):2172-2173.
238. Li T, Shi L, Wang E, Dong S (2009) Silver-Ion-Mediated DNAzyme Switch for the Ultrasensitive and Selective Colorimetric Detection of Aqueous Ag+ and Cysteine. Chem -Euro J 15 (14):3347-3350.
239. Zhou TY, Chen GS, Wang YF, Zhang Q, Yang M, Li TH (2004) Synthesis of unimolecularly circular G-quadruplexes as prospective molecular probes. Nucleic Acids Res 32 (21):el 73.
240. Miyamoto D, Tang ZL, Takarada T, Maeda M (2007) Turbidimetric detection of ATP using polymeric micelles and DNA aptamers. Chem Comm (45):4743-4745.
241. Seelig G, Yurke B, Winfree E (2006) Catalyzed Relaxation of a Metastable DNA Fuel. J Am Chem Soc 128 (37):12211-12220.
242. Zhang DY, Winfree E (2008) Dynamic Allosteric Control of Noncovalent DNA Catalysis Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 130 (42):13921-13926.
243. Zhang DY, Turberfleld AJ, Yurke B, Winfree E (2007) Engineering Entropy-Driven Reactions and Networks Catalyzed by DNA. Science 318 (5853):1121-1125.
244. Uchiyama S, Kawai N, de Silva AP, Iwai K (2004) Fluorescent Polymeric AND Logic Gate with Temperature and pH as Inputs. J Am Chem Soc 126 (10):3032-3033.
245. Freeman R, Finder T, Willner I (2009) Multiplexed Analysis of Hg2+ and Ag+ Ions by Nucleic Acid Functionalized CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots and Their Use for Logic Gate Operations. Angew Chem-Int Edit 48 (42):7818-7821.
246. Xue X, Wang F, Liu X (2008) One-Step, Room Temperature, Colorimetric Detection of Mercury (Hg2+) Using DNA/Nanoparticle Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 130 (11):3244-3245.
247. Lin YW, Ho HT, Huang CC, Chang HT (2008) Fluorescence detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms using a universal molecular beacon. Nucleic Acids Res 36 (19):e123.
248. Ono A, Togashi H (2004) Highly Selective Oligonucleotide-Based Sensor for Mercury(Ⅱ) in Aqueous Solutions. Angewandte Chemie 116 (33):4400-4402.
249. Liu X, Tang Y, Wang L, Zhang J, Song S, Fan C, Wang S (2007) Optical Detection of Mercury(Ⅱ) in Aqueous Solutions by Using Conjugated Polymers and Label-Free Oligonucleotides. Adv Mater 19 (11):1471-1474.
250. Dapic V, Abdomerovic V, Marrington R, Peberdy J, Rodger A, Trent JO, Bates PJ (2003) Biophysical and biological properties of quadruplex oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 31 (8):2097-2107.
251. He F, Tang Y, Wang S, Li Y, Zhu D (2005) Fluorescent Amplifying Recognition for DNA G-Quadruplex Folding with a Cationic Conjugated Polymer:A Platform for Homogeneous Potassium Detection. J Am Chem Soc 127 (35):12343-12346.
252. Ueyama H, Takagi M, Takenaka S (2002) A Novel Potassium Sensing in Aqueous Media with a Synthetic Oligonucleotide Derivative. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Associated with Guanine Quartet-potassium Ion Complex Formation. J Am Chem Soc 124 (48):14286-14287.
253. Shu W, Liu D, Watari M, Riener CK, Strunz T, Welland ME, Balasubramanian S, McKendry RA (2005) DNA Molecular Motor Driven Micromechanical Cantilever Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 127 (48):17054-17060.
254. Liu H, Xu Y, Li F, Yang Y, Wang W, Song Y, Liu D (2007) Light-Driven Conformational Switch of i-Motif DNA. Angew Chem-Int Edit 46 (14):2515-2517.
255. Cheng E, Xing Y, Chen P, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zhou D, Xu L, Fan Q, Liu D (2009) A pH-Triggered, Fast-Responding DNA Hydrogel. Angewandte Chemie 121 (41):7796-7799.
256. Liu D, Balasubramanian S (2003) A Proton-Fuelled DNA Nanomachine. Angew Chem-Int Edit 42 (46):5734-5736.
257. Liu D, Bruckbauer A, Abell C, Balasubramanian S, Kang D-J, Klenerman D, Zhou D (2006) A Reversible pH-Driven DNA Nanoswitch Array. J Am Chem Soc 128 (6):2067-2071.
258. Elghanian R, Storhoff JJ, Mucic RC, Letsinger RL, Mirkin CA (1997) Selective Colorimetric Detection of Polynucleotides Based on the Distance-Dependent Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles. Science 277 (5329):1078-1081.
259. Storhoff JJ, Elghanian R, Mucic RC, Mirkin CA, Letsinger RL (1998) One-pot colorimetric differentiation of polynucleotides with single base imperfections using gold nanoparticle probes. J Am Chem Soc 120 (9):1959-1964.
260. Liu J, Lu Y (2007) Colorimetric Cu2+ detection with a ligation DNAzyme and nanoparticles. Chem Commun (46):4872-4874
261. Liu JW, Lu Y (2006) Fast colorimetric sensing of adenosine and cocaine based on a general sensor design involving aptamers and nanoparticles. Angew Chem-Int Edit 45 (1):90-94.
262. Lee JH, Wang Z, Liu J, Lu Y (2008) Highly Sensitive and Selective Colorimetric Sensors for Uranyl (UO22+):Development and Comparison of Labeled and Label-Free DNAzyme-Gold Nanoparticle Systems. J Am Chem Soc 130 (43):14217-14226.
263. Li, Rothberg LJ (2004) Label-Free Colorimetric Detection of Specific Sequences in Genomic DNA Amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 126 (35):10958-10961.
264. Xu XW, Wang J, Jiao K, Yang XR (2009) Colorimetric detection of mercury ion (Hg2+) based on DNA oligonucleotides and unmodified gold nanoparticles sensing system with a tunable detection range. Biosens Bioelectron 24 (10):3153-3158.
265. Liu C-W, Hsieh Y-T, Huang C-C, Lin Z-H, Chang H-T (2008) Detection of mercury(ii) based on Hg2+-DNA complexes inducing the aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Chem Comm (19):2242-2244.
266. Wang J, Wang LH, Liu XF, Liang ZQ, Song SP, Li WX, Li GX, Fan CH (2007) A gold nanoparticle-based aptamer target binding readout for ATP assay. Adv Mater 19 (22):3943-3946.
267. Chen C, Song GT, Ren JS, Qu XG (2008) A simple and sensitive colorimetric pH meter based on DNA conformational switch and gold nanoparticle aggregation. Chem Commun (46):6149-6151.
268. Wang LH, Liu XF, Hu XF, Song SP, Fan CH (2006) Unmodified gold nanoparticles as a colorimetric probe for potassium DNA aptamers. Chem Commun (36):3780-3782.
269. Ohmichi T, Kawamoto Y, Wu P, Miyoshi D, Karimata H, Sugimoto N (2005) DNA-Based Biosensor for Monitoring pH in Vitro and in Living Cell. Biochemistry 44 (19):7125-7130.
270. Navarro RR, Ichikawa H, Iimura Y, Tatsumi K (2007) Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soil by Aqueous DNA Solution. Environ Sci Technol 41 (12):4240-4245.
271. Yamada M, Hashimoto K (2008) DNA-Cyclodextrin Composite Material for Environmental Applications. Biomacromolecules 9 (12):3341-3345.
272. Kwon YW, Lee CH, Choi DH, Jin JI (2009) Materials science of DNA. J Mater Chem 19 (10):1353-1380.
273. Seeman NC (2003) DNA in a material world. Nature 421 (6921):427-431.
274. Turberfield AJ, Mitchell JC, Yurke B, Mills AP, Jr., Blakey MI, Simmel FC (2003) DNA Fuel for Free-Running Nanomachines. Phys Rev Lett 90 (11):118102.
275. Buerge IJ, Hug SJ (1997) Kinetics and pH Dependence of Chromium(VI) Reduction by Iron(II). Environ Sci Technol 31 (5):1426-1432.
276. Larsen MJ, Nyvad B (1999) Enamel erosion by some soft drinks and orange juices relative to their pH, buffering effect and contents of calcium phosphate. Caries Research 33 (1):81-87.
277. Cama J, Metz V, Ganor J (2002) The effect of pH and temperature on kaolinite dissolution rate under acidic conditions. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 66 (22):3913-3926.
278. Lv Z, Wei H, Li B, Wang E (2009) Colorimetric recognition of the coralyne-poly(dA) interaction using unmodified gold nanoparticle probes, and further detection of coralyne based upon this recognition system. Analyst 134 (8):1647-1651.
279. Lim JK, Joo S-W (2006) Gold Nanoparticle-Based pH Sensor in Highly Alkaline Region at pH> 11:Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Study. Appl Spectrosc 60 (8):847-852.
280. Adler AJ, Grossman L, Fasman GD (1969) Polyriboadenylic and Polydeoxyriboadenylic Acids. Optical Rotatory Studies of Ph-Dependent Conformations and Their Relative Stability. Biochemistry 8 (9):3846-3859.
281. Zhou K, Wang Y, Huang X, Luby-Phelps K, Sumer BD, Gao J (2011) Tunable, Ultrasensitive pH-Responsive Nanoparticles Targeting Specific Endocytic Organelles in Living Cells. Angew Chem-Int Edit 50 (27):6109-6114.
282. Lin H-J, Herman P, Kang JS, Lakowicz JR (2001) Fluorescence Lifetime Characterization of Novel Low-pH Probes. Anal Biochem 294 (2):118-125.
283. Safavi A, Pakniat M (1996) Dipicrylamine-modified triacetylcellulose membrane for optical pH and potassium ion measurement. Anal Chim Acta 335 (3):227-233.
[1]Gellert M, Lipsett MN, Davies DR. (1962) Helix formation by guanylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 48:2013-2018.
[2]Huang CC, Chang HT (2008) Aptamer-based fluorescence sensor for rapid detection of potassium ions in urine. Chem Commun 28 (12):1461-1463.
[3]Gehring K, Leroy JL, Gueron M (1993) A tetrameric DNA.structure with protonated cytosine.cytosine base pairs. Nature 363 (6429):561-565.
[4]Chakraborty S, Sharma S, Maiti PK, Krishnan Y (2009) The poly dA helix:a new structural motif for high performance DNA-based molecular switches. Nucleic Acids Res 37 (9):2810-2817.
[5]Robertson DL, Joyce GF (1990) Selection in vitro of an RNA enzyme that specifically cleaves single-stranded DNA. Nature 344 (6265):467-468.
[6]Tuerk C, Gold L (1990) Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment:RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. Science 249 (4968):505-510.
[7]Ellington AD, Szostak JW (1990) In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature 346 (6287):818-822.
[8]Wilson DS, Szostak JW (1999) IN VITRO SELECTION OF FUNCTIONAL NUCLEIC ACIDS. Annual Review of Biochemistry 68 (1):611-647.
[9]Gold L, Polisky B, Uhlenbeck O, Yarus M (1995) Diversity of oligonucleotide functions. Annu Rev Biochem 64:763-797.
[10]Bunka DH, Stockley PG (2006) Aptamers come of age-at last. Nat Rev Microbiol 4 (8):588-596
[11]O' Sullivan CK (2002) Aptasensors--the future of biosensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 372 (l):44-48.
[12]Lee JP, Hesselberth JR, Meyers LA, Ellington AD (2004) Aptamer Database. Nucleic Acids Research 32 (suppl 1):D95-D100.
[13]Le Floch F, Ho HA, Leclerc M (2006) Label-free electrochemical detection of protein based on a ferrocene-bearing cationic polythiophene and aptamer. Anal Chem 78 (13):4727-4731.
[14]Dapic V, Abdomerovic V, Marrington R, Peberdy J, Rodger A, Trent JO and Bates PJ (2003) Biophysical and biological properties of quadruplex oligodeoxyribonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 31,2097-2107.
[15]Kypr J, Fialova M, Chladkova J, Tumova M, Vorlickova M (2001) Conserved guanine-guanine stacking in tetraplex and duplex DNA. Eur. Biophys. J. Biophys. Lett.,30, 555-558.
[16]Jin R, Gaffney BL, Wang C, Jones RA, Breslauer KJ (1992) Thermodynamics and structure of a DNA tetraplex:a spectroscopic and calorimetric study of the tetramolecular complexes of d(TG3T) and d(TG3T2G3T). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (18):8832-8836
[17]Balagurumoorthy P, Brahmachari SK, Mohanty D, Bansal M, Sasisekharan V (1992) Hairpin and parallel quartet structures for telomeric sequences. Nucleic Acids Research 20 (15):4061-4067.
[18]Adler AJ, Grossman L, Fasman GD (1969) Polyriboadenylic and Polydeoxyriboadenylic Acids. Optical Rotatory Studies of Ph-Dependent Conformations and Their Relative Stability. Biochemistry 8 (9):3846.