代理模型方法在轿车乘员约束系统仿真优化中的应用研究
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摘要
汽车工业是我国的支柱产业。我国的汽车工业正在持续快速的发展,车辆的保有量也会快速增加。汽车碰撞安全性的提高不仅可以有效减少汽车交通事故中的人员伤亡和生命财产损失,还将有助于交通运输环境的畅通以及社会和人们生活的和谐安定。提高汽车被动安全性,要从汽车结构设计和乘员保护系统两个方面入手,因此开展汽车乘员约束系统方面的研究,将为我国汽车企业的自主研发提供有益的经验和借鉴,增强汽车企业的竞争力,从社会的角度来说,有利于从整体上来提高我国汽车的碰撞安全性。
仿真技术可用来分析、优化汽车的碰撞性能。随着数值碰撞仿真技术的不断发展,寻求更加适用于汽车碰撞安全性仿真优化设计的方法,具有十分重要的工程意义和学术价值。荷兰TNO开发的软件MADYMO是目前最常用的碰撞模拟软件之一,国外的许多汽车公司都采用MADYMO软件进行乘员约束系统性能的评价和优化。
本文将MADYMO进行了消化、吸收,剖析了MADYMO软件的多刚体理论,掌握了利用MADYMO软件建立乘员约束系统模型,研究乘员约束系统保护性能的一般过程。根据某国产轿车的有限元模型,利用MADYMO软件建立了包括安全带、安全气囊、座椅、转向系和内饰件等的正面碰撞乘员约束系统仿真模型和侧面碰撞MADYMO子结构模型,并通过实车碰撞试验验证了模型的正确性。在此基础上,本文运用代理模型技术和优化方法对乘员约束系统进行了仿真优化研究,首先针对正面碰撞乘员约束系统模型,运用Kriging代理模型方法,分别结合可行方向法Commin和多目标遗传算法NSGA-II,对乘员约束系统的多目标优化问题进行研究,得到了较为理想的结果,并对两种优化方法在代理模型中的优化效率做出了比较;然后针对侧面碰撞MADYMO子结构模型,加入侧面碰撞安全气囊,运用响应表面代理模型方法和可行方向优化方法结合,对侧面碰撞安全气囊参数进行了优化。
结果表明,将代理模型技术和优化算法结合运用于乘员约束系统的优化能够快速、经济、准确地解决乘员约束系统优化难题,这对乘员约束系统的优化设计具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。
The automobile industry is an important industry in our country, it develops continuativly and fastly, and the tenure of vehicles also increases fastly. The improvement of automobile safety not only reduce the casualty and the property in the traffic accident efficiently, but also be helpful to the expedite transportation、the stability society and the harmonious lives. To enhance the vehicle passive safety, the structural design and the occupant protective system are the two aspects that we must consider. Therefore, the development of vehicle occupant restrains system will provide the experience to the automobile enterprises, and also will enhance the competition of automobile enterprises, adivese it will be advantageous to enhance automobile safety in our country just from the society.
The simulation technology was used to analyze and optimize the performance of automobile safety. With the development of automobile simulation technology, to find a new method which is more suitable for the automobile crashworthiness simulation optimization design is very important. MADYMO is one of the softwares which are popular for collision simulates in the present, it is used by many vehicle company to estimate and optimize the performance of occupant restraint system oversea.
This paper has done some works for digestion and absorption of MADYMO, analyzed the multi-body theory, mastered the method of setting up occupant restraint system through MADYMO, and researched the general process of passenger protection. According to a domestic car’s finite element model, established the seat belts、airbags、seats、steering and interior parts of the frontal impact occupant restraint system simulation models and PSM model by the software. Through real car collision test verified the correctness of the model.Then, based on surrogate model technology and optimization techniques, at first aim at the front impact passenger protection, combining Kriging surrogate model methods, with the feasible direction COMMIN and multi-objective Genetic Algorithms NSGA-II, using MADYMO to study the multi-objective optimization of occupant restraint system, the result shows that it is is satisfactory; then, aim at side impact PSM model, adding side airbag, using the combination of response surface methods and optimization COMMIN, optimizing the parameter of airbag.
The results show that the method in this paper can rapidly, economically and accurately solve the problems of occupant restraint system optimization, which are refered by the passenger restraint system optimization.
仿真技术可用来分析、优化汽车的碰撞性能。随着数值碰撞仿真技术的不断发展,寻求更加适用于汽车碰撞安全性仿真优化设计的方法,具有十分重要的工程意义和学术价值。荷兰TNO开发的软件MADYMO是目前最常用的碰撞模拟软件之一,国外的许多汽车公司都采用MADYMO软件进行乘员约束系统性能的评价和优化。
本文将MADYMO进行了消化、吸收,剖析了MADYMO软件的多刚体理论,掌握了利用MADYMO软件建立乘员约束系统模型,研究乘员约束系统保护性能的一般过程。根据某国产轿车的有限元模型,利用MADYMO软件建立了包括安全带、安全气囊、座椅、转向系和内饰件等的正面碰撞乘员约束系统仿真模型和侧面碰撞MADYMO子结构模型,并通过实车碰撞试验验证了模型的正确性。在此基础上,本文运用代理模型技术和优化方法对乘员约束系统进行了仿真优化研究,首先针对正面碰撞乘员约束系统模型,运用Kriging代理模型方法,分别结合可行方向法Commin和多目标遗传算法NSGA-II,对乘员约束系统的多目标优化问题进行研究,得到了较为理想的结果,并对两种优化方法在代理模型中的优化效率做出了比较;然后针对侧面碰撞MADYMO子结构模型,加入侧面碰撞安全气囊,运用响应表面代理模型方法和可行方向优化方法结合,对侧面碰撞安全气囊参数进行了优化。
结果表明,将代理模型技术和优化算法结合运用于乘员约束系统的优化能够快速、经济、准确地解决乘员约束系统优化难题,这对乘员约束系统的优化设计具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。
The automobile industry is an important industry in our country, it develops continuativly and fastly, and the tenure of vehicles also increases fastly. The improvement of automobile safety not only reduce the casualty and the property in the traffic accident efficiently, but also be helpful to the expedite transportation、the stability society and the harmonious lives. To enhance the vehicle passive safety, the structural design and the occupant protective system are the two aspects that we must consider. Therefore, the development of vehicle occupant restrains system will provide the experience to the automobile enterprises, and also will enhance the competition of automobile enterprises, adivese it will be advantageous to enhance automobile safety in our country just from the society.
The simulation technology was used to analyze and optimize the performance of automobile safety. With the development of automobile simulation technology, to find a new method which is more suitable for the automobile crashworthiness simulation optimization design is very important. MADYMO is one of the softwares which are popular for collision simulates in the present, it is used by many vehicle company to estimate and optimize the performance of occupant restraint system oversea.
This paper has done some works for digestion and absorption of MADYMO, analyzed the multi-body theory, mastered the method of setting up occupant restraint system through MADYMO, and researched the general process of passenger protection. According to a domestic car’s finite element model, established the seat belts、airbags、seats、steering and interior parts of the frontal impact occupant restraint system simulation models and PSM model by the software. Through real car collision test verified the correctness of the model.Then, based on surrogate model technology and optimization techniques, at first aim at the front impact passenger protection, combining Kriging surrogate model methods, with the feasible direction COMMIN and multi-objective Genetic Algorithms NSGA-II, using MADYMO to study the multi-objective optimization of occupant restraint system, the result shows that it is is satisfactory; then, aim at side impact PSM model, adding side airbag, using the combination of response surface methods and optimization COMMIN, optimizing the parameter of airbag.
The results show that the method in this paper can rapidly, economically and accurately solve the problems of occupant restraint system optimization, which are refered by the passenger restraint system optimization.
引文
[1] 王 金 彪 . 公 安 部 通 报 2005 年 全 国 道 路 交 通 事 故 统 计 分 析 安 全 情 况 . 中国网.http://www.mps.gov.cn.
[2] 钟志华,张维刚,曹立波等.汽车碰撞安全技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[3] http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/
[4] Rainer Hoffmann ,Dirk Uirich ,Jean-Baptiste Protard ,Harald Wester ,Norbert Jaehn ,Thomas Scharnhorst ,Finite Element Analysis of Occupant Restraint System Interaction with PAM-CRASH ,SAE Paper No.902325
[5] 林逸,王望予,郭九大,刘锡国.汽车碰撞的二维人体运动学仿真及其在交通安全研究中的应用,中国公路学报,Vol.8,No.3, 1995
[6] 郭九大,林逸,靳春宁,王望予,方传流.汽车碰撞仿真的三维人体模型及应用,中国汽车工程学会第十届学术年会论文集,C960007
[7] Remensperger R, Klamser H, Schelkle E. Digital prototyping: a successful development strategy applied in the design of the Boxster body structure, First European LS-DYNA Conference, 1997
[8] 朱西产.应用计算机模拟技术研究汽车碰撞安全性.世界汽车,1997,3:15-16
[9] R.A.Morris, J.R.Crandall, W.D.Pilkey. Multibody modeling of a side impact test apparatus. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 1999,4(1), 1999
[10] Jones N. Quasi-static analysis of structural impact damage. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,1995,33(3):151-77
[11] Jones N. Some recent development and future trends in thin-walled sections for structural crashworthiness. Thin-Walled Structures,1998,32:231-233
[12] J.D. Reid. Admissible modeling errors or modeling simplification, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design,1998,29:49-63
[13] S.-Y. Chen. An approach for impact structure optimization using the robust genetic algorithm, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design,2001,37:431-446.
[14] L. Knap, J. Holnicki-Szulc. Optimal design of adaptive structures for the best crashworthiness, Paper of the 3rd World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1999
[15] A.R. Diaz, C.A. Soto. Lattice models for crash resistant design and optimization, Paper of the 3rd World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1999
[16] K. Yamazaki, J. Han. Maximization of the crushing energy absorption ofstiffened and unstiffened square tubes, Paper of the 3rd World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1999
[17] Yajima H, Yu Q, Shiratori M, Dokko Y,et al. Application of the statistical design support system toward optimization of vehicle safety equipment, JSME International Journal Series A-Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering, 2000,43 (3):227-233
[18] Dias JP, Pereira MS. Design for vehicle crashworthiness using multibody dynamics, International Journal of Vehicle Design ,1994,15 (6): 563-577
[19] Yamazaki K, Han J. Maximization of the crushing energy absorption of tubes, Structural Optimization,1998,16(1):37-46
[20] Yamazaki K, Han J. Maximization of the crushing energy absorption of cylindrical shells, Advances in Engineering Software ,2000, 31(6): 425-432
[21] Pickett A K. Optimization of the Crashworthiness of a Passenger Car Using Iterative Simulations, 1993, SAE Transaction, 931977
[22] L.T.Kisielewic , S.Goto,Y.Matsuoka, et al. Structural crashworthiness optimization of large vehicles using detailed models, PUCA’98, 193-205
[23] Dickson K.R., Afzal M.. Airbag restraint system design by mathematical crash simulation and design of experiment. 1990, SAE paper 901717
[24] Hou J.F, Tomas J.. Optimization of driver-side airbag and restraint system by occupant dynamic simulation. 1995, SAE paper 952703
[25] Rajiv P., James C.. Integration of vehicle interior models into crash up-front process with optimization. 1995,SAE paper 951107
[26] J.H. Hong, M.S.Mun, S.H.Song. An optimum design methodology development using a statistical technique for vehicle occupant safety, Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs.2001, 215 Part D.795-801
[27] Myers R H, Montgomery D C. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. New York: John. Wiley, 2002.
[28] Anthony A. Giuma. Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Using Design of Experiments Theory and Response Surface Modeling Methods.PhD dissertation,Virginia Polytechnic Institute,1997
[29] 白金泽.LS–DYNA理论基础与实例分析.北京:科学出版社,2005
[30] J 维藤伯格.多刚体系统动力学.北京:北京航空航天出版.1986,1-67
[31] 刘惟信.机械最优化技术.北京:清华大学出版社,1994
[32] Deb K,Pratap A,etc.A fast and Elitist Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm:NSGA-II.KanGAL Report No.200001,2000
[33] Srinivas N , Deb K . Multi-Objective Function Optimization Using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetical Algorithms.Evolutionary Computation,1995,2(3)
[34] 刘文卿.实验设计.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[35] 杨德.试验设计与分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2002
[36] Simpson T, Peplinsk J, Koch P, et al. Metamodels for computer-based engineering design: survey andrecommendations. Engineering with Computers, 2001, 17: 129-150
[37] Rajiv, P. and James C.. Integration of vehicle interior models into crash up-front process with optimization. 1995,SAE paper 951107
[38] Meckesheimer M.,Barton R.R., Simpson T.W., et al. Metamodeling of Combined Discrete/Continuous Responses.AIAA, 2001,39:1950-1959
[39] Anthony A. Giunta, Layne T. Watson. A comarison of approximation modeling techniques: polynomial versus interpolating models. AIAA,1998,4758
[40] TW Simpson, TM Mauery, JJ Korte. Comparison of response surface and kriging models for multidisciplinary design optimization, AIAA,1998,4755
[41] R Jin, W Chen, TW Simpson. Comparative studies of metamodeling techniques under multiple modeling criteria. Journal of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization,2001,23(1):1-13
[42] 张健,李为吉.飞机多学科设计优化中的近似方法分析.航空计算技术,Vol.35,No.3,2005
[43] 马春生,黄世霖等.汽车正面碰撞法规中乘员保护指标探讨,第七届汽车安全技术会议会议论文集,2002
[44] 刘元林,李勤.汽车交通事故,人民公安报,2001
[45] 林逸,孙立清,李宏光,朱西产.三维汽车乘员系统碰撞模拟研究,中国汽车工程学会第三届安全技术年会,1997,5
[46] Gert Nilson etc. The Potential Injury-Reducing Benefits of a Well Designed Car Seat, Proceedings of 4th International MADYMO User’s Meeting, 1993
[47] 程秀生.模拟汽车侧面碰撞的人体骨盆损伤的试验研究.汽车工程,1998,20 (5):266-271
[48] 王瑄,李宏光,赵航.现代汽车安全.北京:人民交通出版社,1997
[49] MADYMO Theory Manual, Version 5.4, TNO Road-Vehicle Research Institute, 1999
[50] 朱航彬,刘学军.MADYMO正面碰撞模型开发与验证.MADYMO大中华用户大会,2005,Paper No.2005-03
[51] MADYMO Version6.2.1. Theory Manual.TNO Road-vehicles Research Institute,2004
[52] H.A. Lupker, P.J.A. de Coo, J.J. Nieboer, J. Wismans, Advances in MADYMO Crash Simulation, SAE Paper No.910879
[53] MADYMO Version6.2.1. Application Manual. TNO Road-vehicles Research Institute,2004
[54] 廖兴涛.基于代理模型的汽车碰撞安全性仿真优化研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学,2006
[55] Viano D C,Arepally S. Assessing the Safety Performance of Occupant Restraint System. SAE Paper No.902328
[56] 范体强.基于虚拟试验技术的汽车侧面碰撞安全性研究:[湖南大学硕士学位论文].长沙:湖南大学,2007
[57] RANDA R S, DANIEL S E. NHTSA Side Impact Research: Motivation for upgraded Test Procedures. [J] The 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Proceedings. Nagoya, Japan, 2003:1-17
[2] 钟志华,张维刚,曹立波等.汽车碰撞安全技术.北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[3] http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/
[4] Rainer Hoffmann ,Dirk Uirich ,Jean-Baptiste Protard ,Harald Wester ,Norbert Jaehn ,Thomas Scharnhorst ,Finite Element Analysis of Occupant Restraint System Interaction with PAM-CRASH ,SAE Paper No.902325
[5] 林逸,王望予,郭九大,刘锡国.汽车碰撞的二维人体运动学仿真及其在交通安全研究中的应用,中国公路学报,Vol.8,No.3, 1995
[6] 郭九大,林逸,靳春宁,王望予,方传流.汽车碰撞仿真的三维人体模型及应用,中国汽车工程学会第十届学术年会论文集,C960007
[7] Remensperger R, Klamser H, Schelkle E. Digital prototyping: a successful development strategy applied in the design of the Boxster body structure, First European LS-DYNA Conference, 1997
[8] 朱西产.应用计算机模拟技术研究汽车碰撞安全性.世界汽车,1997,3:15-16
[9] R.A.Morris, J.R.Crandall, W.D.Pilkey. Multibody modeling of a side impact test apparatus. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 1999,4(1), 1999
[10] Jones N. Quasi-static analysis of structural impact damage. Journal of Constructional Steel Research,1995,33(3):151-77
[11] Jones N. Some recent development and future trends in thin-walled sections for structural crashworthiness. Thin-Walled Structures,1998,32:231-233
[12] J.D. Reid. Admissible modeling errors or modeling simplification, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design,1998,29:49-63
[13] S.-Y. Chen. An approach for impact structure optimization using the robust genetic algorithm, Finite Elements in Analysis and Design,2001,37:431-446.
[14] L. Knap, J. Holnicki-Szulc. Optimal design of adaptive structures for the best crashworthiness, Paper of the 3rd World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1999
[15] A.R. Diaz, C.A. Soto. Lattice models for crash resistant design and optimization, Paper of the 3rd World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1999
[16] K. Yamazaki, J. Han. Maximization of the crushing energy absorption ofstiffened and unstiffened square tubes, Paper of the 3rd World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, Buffalo, NY, USA, 1999
[17] Yajima H, Yu Q, Shiratori M, Dokko Y,et al. Application of the statistical design support system toward optimization of vehicle safety equipment, JSME International Journal Series A-Solid Mechanics and Material Engineering, 2000,43 (3):227-233
[18] Dias JP, Pereira MS. Design for vehicle crashworthiness using multibody dynamics, International Journal of Vehicle Design ,1994,15 (6): 563-577
[19] Yamazaki K, Han J. Maximization of the crushing energy absorption of tubes, Structural Optimization,1998,16(1):37-46
[20] Yamazaki K, Han J. Maximization of the crushing energy absorption of cylindrical shells, Advances in Engineering Software ,2000, 31(6): 425-432
[21] Pickett A K. Optimization of the Crashworthiness of a Passenger Car Using Iterative Simulations, 1993, SAE Transaction, 931977
[22] L.T.Kisielewic , S.Goto,Y.Matsuoka, et al. Structural crashworthiness optimization of large vehicles using detailed models, PUCA’98, 193-205
[23] Dickson K.R., Afzal M.. Airbag restraint system design by mathematical crash simulation and design of experiment. 1990, SAE paper 901717
[24] Hou J.F, Tomas J.. Optimization of driver-side airbag and restraint system by occupant dynamic simulation. 1995, SAE paper 952703
[25] Rajiv P., James C.. Integration of vehicle interior models into crash up-front process with optimization. 1995,SAE paper 951107
[26] J.H. Hong, M.S.Mun, S.H.Song. An optimum design methodology development using a statistical technique for vehicle occupant safety, Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs.2001, 215 Part D.795-801
[27] Myers R H, Montgomery D C. Response surface methodology: process and product optimization using designed experiments. New York: John. Wiley, 2002.
[28] Anthony A. Giuma. Aircraft Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Using Design of Experiments Theory and Response Surface Modeling Methods.PhD dissertation,Virginia Polytechnic Institute,1997
[29] 白金泽.LS–DYNA理论基础与实例分析.北京:科学出版社,2005
[30] J 维藤伯格.多刚体系统动力学.北京:北京航空航天出版.1986,1-67
[31] 刘惟信.机械最优化技术.北京:清华大学出版社,1994
[32] Deb K,Pratap A,etc.A fast and Elitist Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm:NSGA-II.KanGAL Report No.200001,2000
[33] Srinivas N , Deb K . Multi-Objective Function Optimization Using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetical Algorithms.Evolutionary Computation,1995,2(3)
[34] 刘文卿.实验设计.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[35] 杨德.试验设计与分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2002
[36] Simpson T, Peplinsk J, Koch P, et al. Metamodels for computer-based engineering design: survey andrecommendations. Engineering with Computers, 2001, 17: 129-150
[37] Rajiv, P. and James C.. Integration of vehicle interior models into crash up-front process with optimization. 1995,SAE paper 951107
[38] Meckesheimer M.,Barton R.R., Simpson T.W., et al. Metamodeling of Combined Discrete/Continuous Responses.AIAA, 2001,39:1950-1959
[39] Anthony A. Giunta, Layne T. Watson. A comarison of approximation modeling techniques: polynomial versus interpolating models. AIAA,1998,4758
[40] TW Simpson, TM Mauery, JJ Korte. Comparison of response surface and kriging models for multidisciplinary design optimization, AIAA,1998,4755
[41] R Jin, W Chen, TW Simpson. Comparative studies of metamodeling techniques under multiple modeling criteria. Journal of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization,2001,23(1):1-13
[42] 张健,李为吉.飞机多学科设计优化中的近似方法分析.航空计算技术,Vol.35,No.3,2005
[43] 马春生,黄世霖等.汽车正面碰撞法规中乘员保护指标探讨,第七届汽车安全技术会议会议论文集,2002
[44] 刘元林,李勤.汽车交通事故,人民公安报,2001
[45] 林逸,孙立清,李宏光,朱西产.三维汽车乘员系统碰撞模拟研究,中国汽车工程学会第三届安全技术年会,1997,5
[46] Gert Nilson etc. The Potential Injury-Reducing Benefits of a Well Designed Car Seat, Proceedings of 4th International MADYMO User’s Meeting, 1993
[47] 程秀生.模拟汽车侧面碰撞的人体骨盆损伤的试验研究.汽车工程,1998,20 (5):266-271
[48] 王瑄,李宏光,赵航.现代汽车安全.北京:人民交通出版社,1997
[49] MADYMO Theory Manual, Version 5.4, TNO Road-Vehicle Research Institute, 1999
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[51] MADYMO Version6.2.1. Theory Manual.TNO Road-vehicles Research Institute,2004
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