认知图理论及其在图像分析与理解中的应用
|
摘要
认知图是计算智能研究的一个热点，它是一种定性推理技术，其提供了一个有效的软计算工具来支持基于先验知识的自适应行为，但是认知图缺少学习及自适应能力，是一个封闭的系统。图像分析与理解是目前国内外的一个热点与难点问题，对它们的研究方法较多，但很多方法较少同时考虑图像物体与3D场景中的先验知识及计算智能。本文针对认知图理论及图像分析与理解中存在的问题，着重对认知图的学习、知识的自动获取与模型的扩展这些理论问题进行研究，积极探索如何应用认知图来解决目前图像分析与理解方法中存在的某些缺陷。
对于认知图理论的研究：本文在对认知图的国内外研究现状作了深入分析的基础上，首先对认知图的稳定性进行尝试性的讨论。对于认知图的学习，提出不平衡度的概念来度量认知图与真实世界存在的差异。对于认知图知识的自动获取，提出概型自适应环境变化的原理。对于复杂环境下认知图的相互合作与协调的不一致性，提出依据欲望概念与威胁概念节点状态值来使其协调一致的思想。
本文把条件概率、不确定性理论及知识库引入认知图中，提出“概率模糊认知图”、“基于信任知识库的概率模糊认知图”及“扩展动态认知网络”来表示事物间因果关系测度的不确定性、因果联系的时空特性及专家对知识的不确定性，从而扩展了认知图模拟现实世界的能力。本文也对概念间具有因果时间延迟及非因果关系认知图的推理进行了初步的讨论。
对于认知图在图像分析及理解中的应用：本文在认知图理论研究的基础上，把认知图应用到图像分析与图像理解中。实现了一种基于模糊认知图的线特征检测与形成方法、基于模糊认知图的基本形状识别方法、基于概率模糊认知图的目标识别方法及基于认知图的图像理解方法，并将图像理解与认知图应用到机器人的高层规划系统中。这些方法在一定程度上克服其他方法存在的某些缺陷，对发展新型的图像分析与理解方法具有一定的启迪作用。
Cognitive map is one of the hotspots in computing intelligence area. It is a qualitative inference technology, which provides a tool of soft computation to support self- adaptive behaviors that based on prior knowledge. However, cognitive map lacks of the capability of learning and self- adaptive. Image analysis and understanding are hotspots and difficult problems in image areas. Many methods have been proposed in research on image analysis and understanding, but few of them considered prior knowledge and computing intelligence simultaneously. Due to above problems, this dissertation discussed theory of cognitive map and its application in image analysis and understanding, whose mainly research is on learning of cognitive map, auto-knowledge acquiring of cognitive map and exploring cognitive map applications in image analysis and understanding, expecting to solve some drawbacks in the previous methods of image analysis and understanding.
About the cognitive map theory: The stability of cognitive map is discussed firstly. For the study capability of cognitive map, objective datum is emphasized and the degree of unequilibrium is proposed to measure the difference between the cognitive map and the real world, so the expert knowledge and the objective datum can be unified in cognitive map.
According to the values of the desire and theater concepts, a new idea is proposed which can acquire the knowledge of real world automatically.
For the extend model of cognitive map, conditional probability, theory of uncertainty and knowledge database are introduced to cognitive map, and fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map (PFCM), belief knowledge database based probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map (BKPFCM), "extended dynamic cognitive network" are presented. Therefore, those extended models can express the fuzzy and belief measure of uncertainty causal relationships and expert knowledge with uncertainty. Finally, the simulating capability of cognitive map is extended naturally.
About the applications of cognitive map: Line feature detection and form based on fuzzy cognitive map, basic shapes recognition based on fuzzy cognitive map, object recognition based on probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map, a new method of image understanding based on cognitive map and robot high-level planning based on fuzzy cognitive map have been realized in this dissertation. Those methods can also go over some defects in previous methods of image analysis and understanding to a certain extent, which may be beneficial to developing some new methods in this field.
对于认知图理论的研究：本文在对认知图的国内外研究现状作了深入分析的基础上，首先对认知图的稳定性进行尝试性的讨论。对于认知图的学习，提出不平衡度的概念来度量认知图与真实世界存在的差异。对于认知图知识的自动获取，提出概型自适应环境变化的原理。对于复杂环境下认知图的相互合作与协调的不一致性，提出依据欲望概念与威胁概念节点状态值来使其协调一致的思想。
本文把条件概率、不确定性理论及知识库引入认知图中，提出“概率模糊认知图”、“基于信任知识库的概率模糊认知图”及“扩展动态认知网络”来表示事物间因果关系测度的不确定性、因果联系的时空特性及专家对知识的不确定性，从而扩展了认知图模拟现实世界的能力。本文也对概念间具有因果时间延迟及非因果关系认知图的推理进行了初步的讨论。
对于认知图在图像分析及理解中的应用：本文在认知图理论研究的基础上，把认知图应用到图像分析与图像理解中。实现了一种基于模糊认知图的线特征检测与形成方法、基于模糊认知图的基本形状识别方法、基于概率模糊认知图的目标识别方法及基于认知图的图像理解方法，并将图像理解与认知图应用到机器人的高层规划系统中。这些方法在一定程度上克服其他方法存在的某些缺陷，对发展新型的图像分析与理解方法具有一定的启迪作用。
Cognitive map is one of the hotspots in computing intelligence area. It is a qualitative inference technology, which provides a tool of soft computation to support self- adaptive behaviors that based on prior knowledge. However, cognitive map lacks of the capability of learning and self- adaptive. Image analysis and understanding are hotspots and difficult problems in image areas. Many methods have been proposed in research on image analysis and understanding, but few of them considered prior knowledge and computing intelligence simultaneously. Due to above problems, this dissertation discussed theory of cognitive map and its application in image analysis and understanding, whose mainly research is on learning of cognitive map, auto-knowledge acquiring of cognitive map and exploring cognitive map applications in image analysis and understanding, expecting to solve some drawbacks in the previous methods of image analysis and understanding.
About the cognitive map theory: The stability of cognitive map is discussed firstly. For the study capability of cognitive map, objective datum is emphasized and the degree of unequilibrium is proposed to measure the difference between the cognitive map and the real world, so the expert knowledge and the objective datum can be unified in cognitive map.
According to the values of the desire and theater concepts, a new idea is proposed which can acquire the knowledge of real world automatically.
For the extend model of cognitive map, conditional probability, theory of uncertainty and knowledge database are introduced to cognitive map, and fuzzy cognitive map (FCM), probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map (PFCM), belief knowledge database based probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map (BKPFCM), "extended dynamic cognitive network" are presented. Therefore, those extended models can express the fuzzy and belief measure of uncertainty causal relationships and expert knowledge with uncertainty. Finally, the simulating capability of cognitive map is extended naturally.
About the applications of cognitive map: Line feature detection and form based on fuzzy cognitive map, basic shapes recognition based on fuzzy cognitive map, object recognition based on probabilistic fuzzy cognitive map, a new method of image understanding based on cognitive map and robot high-level planning based on fuzzy cognitive map have been realized in this dissertation. Those methods can also go over some defects in previous methods of image analysis and understanding to a certain extent, which may be beneficial to developing some new methods in this field.
引文
[1] B.Chaib-draa, J.desharnais. A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer, nj.nec.com/.
[2] Brahim Chaib-Draa.Cognitive Maps: Theory,Implementation and Practical Applications in Multiagent Environments.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[3] Zhi-Qiang Liu. Causation, Bayesian Networks, and Cognitive Maps.自动化学报, 2001, 27(4),
[4] W.R. Zhang, S.S Chen. A Logical Architecture for Cognitive Maps. Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference Neural Networks,1,231-238.
[5] Thierry Marchant.Theory and Methodology Cognitive Maps and Fuzzy Implications. European Journal of Operational Research 114,1999, 626-637.
[6] Verena Vanessa Hafner.Cognitive Maps for Navigation in Open Environments.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[7] Kim, Dong-Hwan, Rai, V.K. Cognitive Maps of Policy Makers on Financial Crises of South Korea and Malaysia:a Comparative Study.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[8] N.S.Satish Jamadagni. Dealing with Location Uncertainty in Mobile Networks using Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as Spatial Decision Support Systems. http://www.ieee.org/.
[9] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. The Challenge of Modeling Supervisory Systems using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 9, 1999, 339-345.
[10] Zhi-Qing Liu, R.satur. Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 10, 1999,5(10).
[11] R.satur, Zhi-Qing Liu. A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999,7(10).
[12] R.satur, Zhi-Qing Liu. Multi-layered Applied to Context Dependent Learning. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[13] Miao, Yuan, Liu Zhi-qiang. Dynamic Cognitive Network.IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems.
[14] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[15] N.S Satish Jamadagni.Object Oriented Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Network Modeling, http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[16] Takanobu Obata, Masafumi Hagiwara. Neural Cognitive Maps.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[17] Carvalho, J.P.Tome J.A.B. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Systems Dynamics.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[18] Carvalho.J.P.Tome J.A.B. Ruled Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps -Fuzzy Casual Relations,Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation:Evolutionary Computation & Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control,Knowledge Acquisition & Information Retrieval, Edited by M.Mohanunadian,IOS press, 1999
[19] Carvalho.J.P.Tome J.A.B. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Representing Time in Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive, Chapter of PHD Thesis, IST, 2000.
[20] Carvalho. J.P.Tome J.A.B. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps-A Comparison with Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Proceedings of the NAFIPS99, NY, USA, 1999.
[21] Eugene Santor Jr. Probabilistic Temporal Networks: A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[22] Athanasios K.Tsadiras,Konstantinos G.A New Balance for Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/
[23] D.E.Koulouriotis,I.E.Diakoulakis.Learning Fuzzy Cognitive Maps using Evolution Strategies: A Novel Schema for Modeling and Simulating High-level Behavior.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[24] Noel Bryson,Ayodele Mobolurin,et.al.Generating Consensus Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[25] Hyun Soo Kim, Kun Chang Lee. Fuzzy Implications of Fuzzy Cognitive Map with Emphasis on Fuzzy Causal R.elationship and Fuzzy Partially Causal Relationship. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 97,1998, 303-313.
[26] M.Schneider, E.Shnaider, A.Kandel, et.al. Constructing Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[27] Paulo Camargo Silva. New Forms of Combinated Matrices in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.http://citeseer, nj.nec.com/.
[28] Miao Yuan, Zhi-Qiang Liu. On Causal Inference in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. 2000, 8(1) 107-119.
[29] Zhi-qiang Liu, Miao Yuan. Fuzzy Cognitive Map and Its Causal Inferences. IEEE International Fuzzy Systems Conference Proceedings August 22-25,1999,Seoul, Korea.
[30] Karl Perusich. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Policy Analysis.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[31] Mei-En Chen,Yo-ping Huang. Dynamic Fuzzy Reasoning Model with Fuzzy Cognitive Map in Chinese Chess. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[32] D.Kardaras, B.Karakostas. The Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Simulate the Information Systems Strategic Planning Process.Information and Software Technology 41,1999,197-210.
[33] Jeremy S.Eccles, Julie A.Dickerson, etc. Evolving A Virtual Ecosystem with Genetic Algorithms.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[34] Mark Billinghurst, Suzanne Weghorst.The Use of Sketch Maps to Measure Cognitive Maps of Virtual Environments. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[35] Thomas D.Ndousse. Takashi Okuda.Computational Intelligence for Distributed Fault Management in Networks Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[36] N.S.Satish Jamadagni, Dealing with Location Uncertainty in Mobile Networks Using Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as Spatial Decision Support Systems.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[37] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control, Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[38] C.Enrique Pelaez, John B.Bowles.Applying Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Knowledge Representation to Failure Modes Effects Analysis.1995 Proceedings Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium. 450-456.
[39] Karl Perusich. Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Data Abstration and Synthesis in Decision-making http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[40] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. A Soft Computing Approach for Modeling the Supervisor of Manufacturing Systems. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems 26, 1999,389-403.
[41] P.P.Groumpos, C.D.Stylios.Modelling Supervisory Control Systems Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.Chaos Solitons and Fractals 11, 2000,329-336.
[42] C.D.Stylios, Voula C.Georgopoulos. The Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Modeling Systems.the 5th IEEE Mediterranean Conference on Control and Systems, paper 67(CD-ROM) paphos, Cyprus,July,21-23, 1997.
[43] J.A.Dickerson, Bart Kosko. Virtual Worlds as Fuzzy Dynamical Systems.Presence, 3(2), Spring,1994,173-189.
[44] Christer Carlsson. Adaptive Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Hyper Knowledge Representation in Strategy Formation Process. Proceeding of International Panel Conference on Soft and Intelligent Computing, Technical University of Budapest, 1996,43-50.
[45] C.D.Stylios, P.P.Groumpos, Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Model for Intelligent Supervisory Control Systems. Computers in Industry 39, 1999, 229-238
[46] Carvalho. J.P, Tome J.A.B. Fuzzy Mechanisms for Causal Relations. Processings of the IFSA99, 8th International Fuzzy System Association World Wongress,Taiwan 1999.
[47] Paulo Camargo Silva, Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Possible Worlds.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[48] Dimitris Kardaras, Gregory Mentzas.Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Model and Analyze Business Performance Assessment.Advances in Industrial Engineering Applications and Practice Ⅱ,63-68,published in Jacob Chen Anil Mital (eds), 1997.
[49] Marc Parenthoen, Patrick Reignier. Put Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Work in Virtual Worlds.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[50] C.D.Stylios, V.C.Georgopoulos. Introducing the Theory of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Distributed Systems.Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control 16-18,July 1997,Istanbul,Turkey.
[51] M.A.Styblinski, B.D.meyer.Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Signal Flow Graphs, and Qualitative Circuit Analysis. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[52] Ambareen Siraj, S.M.Bridges, et.al. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Decision Support in An Intelligent Intrusion Detection System. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[53] Michael D.Mcneese. Modeling, Measuring, and Mediating Teamwork: the Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Team Member Schema Similarity to Enhance BMC3I Decision-making,http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[54] J.A.Dickerson, Z.Cox, ec.al. Creating Metabolic and Regulatory Network Models Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer. nj.nec.com/.
[55] Bark Kosko著,黄崇福译，模糊工程,西安交通大学出版社,1996.
[1] Paulo Camargo Silva. New Forms of Combinated Matrices in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[2] Howard B.Demuth, Mark H.Beale著．戴葵,李伯民 译．神经网络设计．机械工业出版社．
[3] J.P. garques de Sá著.吴逸飞 译.模式识别——原理、方法及应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[1] Chaib-draa, B, J.Desharnais. A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.2001,12.
[2] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Engineering [M]. Prentice Hall, 1997.
[3] Zhi-qing Liu, Satur. R. Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999, 5(10), 495-502.
[4] Satur.R, Zhi-Qing Liu.A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999,7(10), 481-494.
[5] Takanobu Obata, Masafumi Hagiwara.Neural Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[6] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[7] Thierry Marchant. Theory and Methodology Cognitive Maps and Fuzzy Implications [J]. European Journal of Operational Research 114, 1999, 626-637.
[8] Zhi-qiang Liu Miao Yuan. Fuzzy Cognitive Map and Its Causal Inferences[C].IEEE International Fuzzy Systems Conference Proceedings August 22-25,1999,Seoul, Korea.
[9] Stylios. C.D,.Groumpos. P.P. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control[C], Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[10] R.satur, Zhi-Qing Liu. Multi-layered Applied to Context Dependent Learning.].http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[11] Miao, Yuan, Liu Zhi-qiang. Dynamic Cognitive Network. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems.
[12] Eugene Santor Jr. Probabilistic Temporal Networks:A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.2001,12.
[13] Lozano-perz T, Wilson R H. Assembly Sequencing for Arbitrary Motion [J]. IEEE Proceeding of Robotics and Automation, 1993: 527-532.
[14] Tsaic. Kuo, Hong C. Zhang,Disassembly Analysis for Electromechanical Products:A Graph-based Heuristic Approach [J].International Journal of Production Research, 2000,38,993-1007.
[1] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Engineering [M]. Prentice Hall, 1997.
[2] Thierry Marchant. Theory and Methodology Cognitive Maps and Fuzzy Implications [J]. European Journal of Operational Research 1999, 114, 626-637.
[3] J.P.Carvalho, J.A.B. Tome. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Representing Time in Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive [D] Chapter of PHD Thesis, IST, 2000.
[4] J.P. Carvalho, J.A.B. Tome. Ruled Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps -Fuzzy Casual Relations,Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation: Evolutionary Computation & Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control [M]. Knowledge Acquisition & Information Retrieval, Edited by M. Mohanunadian, 1OS Press, 1999
[5] J.P. Carvalho, J.A.B Tome. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps-A Comparison with Fuzzy Cognitive Maps[C].Proceedings of the NAFIPS99, NY, USA 1999.
[6] J.P. Carvalho, J.A.B Tome. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Systems Dynamics [DB].http://www.ieee.org/.
[7] Zhi-Qing Liu, R.satur.Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999,5(10).
[8] R.satur,Zhi-Qing Liu.A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems [J].IEEE transactions on fuzzy systems, 1999,7(10).
[9] Chaib-draa, B,J.desharnais. A relational model of cognitive Maps[DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[10] Brahim Chaib-Draa.Cognitive Maps:Theory,Implementation and Practical Applications in Multiagent Environments [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/
[11] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. The Challenge of Modeling Supervisory Systems Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 9,1999,339-345.
[12] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. A Son Computing Approach for Modeling the Supervisor of Manufacturing Systems [J]. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems 26,1999,389-403.
[13] P.P. Groumpos, C.D.Stylios. Modelling Supervisory Control Systems Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [J]. Chaos Solitons and Fractals 2000, 11,329-336.
[14] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[15] Eugene Santor Jr.Probabilistic Temporal Networks: A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[16] C.D.Stylios, P.P.Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control[C].Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[1] 骆祥峰，高隽，概率模糊认知图，中国科技大学学报，2003，33(1)，26-33．
[2] Miao, Yuan, Liu Zhi-qiang. Dynamic Cognitive Network, http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[3] Eugene Santor Jr. Probabilistic Temporal Networks: A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.2001,12.
[4] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[5] C.D.Stylios, P.P.Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control, Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[1] 高隽，联想记忆及光电形状识别系统研究，中国科学技术大学博士论文，1999．
[2] 王润生，图像理解，国防科技大学出版社，1995．
[3] R Nevatia, K R Babu, Linear Feature Extraction and Description, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1980, 13,257-269.
[4] J B Burns, A R Hanson, et.al.Extraction Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1986,18(4) 425-455.
[5] J Princen et al, A Hierarchical Approach to Line Extraction Based on the Hough Transform, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 1990,52,55-77.
[6] M Boldt et al,Token-based Extraction of Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1989, 19,1581-1594.
[7] 郑南宁著，计算机视觉与模式识别，国防科技大学出版社，北京，1998．
[8] 贾云得编著，机器视觉，科学出版社，北京，2000，
[9] 骆祥峰，高隽．概率模糊认知图，中国科学技术大学学报．2003，33(1)，26-33．
[10] J．P．Marques de Sá著．吴逸飞 译．模式识别——原理、方法及应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[11] 梁栋，智能交通系统中车牌定位的研究，合肥工业大学硕士论文，2002．
[1] A.Grasselli,Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images. New York:Academic Press,1969.
[2] R. Narasimham, On the Description, Generation, and Recognition of Classes of Pictures. New York:Acadecmic Press,1969.
[3] R.A.Schowengerdt, Techniques for Image Processing and Classification in Remote Sensing. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
[4] Y. Ohta, Knowledge Based Interpretation of Outdoor Natural Color Scenes. Boston: Pitman, 1985.
[5] M. Nagao and T. Matsuyama, A Structural Analysis of Complex Aerial Photographs. New York:Plenum,1980.
[6] D.M. Jr. and W. Harvey, "Automation Knowledge Acquisition for Aerial Image Interpretation," in Image Understanding Workshop,1987.
[7] K. Schutte, Knowledge Based Recognition of Man-Made Objects. PhD Thesis, University of Twente,P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede the NetherlanDS, February 1994.
[8] T Binford, "Survey of Model Based Image Analysis Systems," Int.J. Robotics Res, 587-633, 1982.
[9] C. Smyrniotis and K. Dutta, "A Knowledge-based System for Recognizing Man-made Objects in Aerial Images," in Proc. Comp. Vis. and Patt. Recog. 111-117, 1988.
[10] P. Puliti and G.Tascini, "Knowledge-based Approach to Image Interpretation,"Image and Vision Computing, pp. 122-128, 1993.
[11] B. Draper, J. Brolio, R. Collins, A. Hanson, and E. Riseman, "Image Interpretation by Distributed Cooperative Processes," in Proc. Comp. Vis. and Patt. Recog. 1988.
[12] J.A. Modestino and J. Zhang, "A Markov Random Field Model Based Approach to Image Interpretation," IEEE Trans. on Patt. Anal. And Mach. Intell. 606-615, 1992.
[13] J. Pearl, "Fusion, Propagation and Structuring in Belief Networks," Artificial Intelligence, 245-257,1987.
[14] V.P. Kumar and U. B. Desai, "Image Interpretation Using Bayesian Networks," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Anal. And Machine Intell. 74-77, 1996.
[15] W.B. Mann and T. O. Binford, "An Example of 3-D Interpretation of Images Using Bayesian Networks," in Proceedings DARPA Image Understanding Workshop,, 1992.
[16] Sunil K. Kopparapu and Uday B. Desai. "Bayesian Approach to Image Interpretation," Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[17] Chaib-draa, B, J.desharnais. A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer, nj.nec.com/.
[18] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps:A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control, Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[19] Carvalho, J.P. Tome J.A.B.Ruled Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps -Fuzzy Casual Relations,Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation: Evolutionary Computation & Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control, Knowledge Acquisition & Iinformation Retrieval, Edited by M. Mohanunadian, IOS press, 1999
[20] Zhi-Qing Liu, R. Satur. Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 10, 1999, 5(10).
[21] R.satur,Zhi-Qing Liu. A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems.IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999, 7(10).
[22] T.Sawaragi, K. Shibata, O. Katai, S. Iwai, K. Tsukada. Integrated Cognitive Architecture for Image Understanding Using Fuzzy Clustering and Structured Neural Network. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[23] Ellen L.Walker. Knowledge-Based Image Understanding Using Incomplete and Generic Models..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[24] Carsten Schroder, Bernd Neumann. On the Logics of Images Interpretation: Model-Construction in A Formal Knowledge-Representation Framework. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[25] M.Fikret Ercan, Yu-fai Fung. Real-Time Image Interpretation on A Multi-Layer Architecture. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[26] Dong-Seok Jeong, P. M. Lapsa. Unified Approach for Early-Phase Image Understanding Using A General Decision Criterion. IEEE, Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989,11(4), 357-371.
[27] R. Mohan, R. Nevatia. Using Perceptual Organization to Extract-3D Structures. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989,11 (11):1121-1139.
[28] R. Mohan, R. Nevatia. Perceptual Organization for Scene Segmentation and Description. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1992, 14(6): 616-635.
[29] David M. Mckeown, JR.Wilson A.Harvey, L. E. Wixson. Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Aerial Image Interpretation. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 1989, 46:37-81.
[30] Philip H.S. Torr, Richard Szeliske, P. Anandan. An Integrated Bayesian Approach to Layer Extraction from Image Sequences. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2001, 23(3):297-303.
[31] J. Marti, J. Freixenet, J. Batlle, A. Casals. A New Approach to Outdoor Scene Description Based on Learning and Top-Down Segmentation. Image and Vision Compution 2001 (19): 1041-1055.
[32] B. Moghaddam, C. Nastar, A. Pentland. A Bayesian Similarity Measure for Deformable Image Matching.Image and Vision Computing 2001, 19:235-244.
[33] Staffan Truve. Image Interpretation Using Multi-Relational Grammars,http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[34] Bir Bhanu, Terry L. Jones. Image Understanding Research for Automatic Target Recognition. IEEE AES Systems Magazine. 1993, 10:15-22.
[35] C. Demko, E1-Hadi Zahzah, Avenue Marillac.Image Understanding Using Fuzzy Isomorphism of Fuzzy Structures..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[36] M. Chan, E. Levitan, G. T. Herman.Image-Modeling Gibbs Distributions for Bayesian Restoration. http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[37] A. Pinz, R. Bartl. Information Fusion in Image Understanding..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[38] Norbert B. Ebi.Frame-Based Modeling and Image Interpretation of Topographic Maps.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[39] J. W. Modestiino. J. Zhang. A Markov Random Field Model-based Approach to Image Interpretation.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[40] P.B. Cullen, J. J. Hull, Sargur N. Srihari. A Constraint Satisfaction Approach to the Resolution of Uncertainty in Image Interpretation. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[41] G.A. Fink, N. Jungclaus, F. Kummert, H. Ritter, G. Sagerer. A Sistributed System for Integrated Speech and Image Understanding. ITESM, 1996:117-126.
[42] N. Bianchi, P. Bottoni, C. Spinu, C. Garbay, P. Mussio. A Dynamical Organization for Situated Image Interpretation.IEEE Proceedings of ICPR:1996,228-232.
[43] A. Murni, A. K. Jain, J. Rais. A Framework for Multi-Date Multi-Sensor Image Interpretation. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[44] Desachy Jacky. A Knowledge-Based System for Satellite Image Interpretation..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[45] D.B. Shu, J. G. Nash, C. C. Weems. A Multiple-Level Heterogeneous Architecture for Image Understanding..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[46] H. Kopp-Borotschnig, A. Pinz. A New Concept for Active Fusion in Image Understanding Applying Fuzzy Set Theory.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[47] K. Hirota, Y. Nakagawa, K. Sakakibara, K. Tanaka, K. Kusanagi, Y. Yoshida. A Real Time Fuzzy Dynamic Image Understanding System on General Roads.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[48] R.M.Shubair, Y. L. Chow. A Simple and Accurate Complex Image Interpretation of Vertical Antennas Present in Contiguous Dielectric Half-Spaces.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[49] A.Ferworn, Wing-Hong Shiu, K. Plataniotis.Constrained Image Understanding for An Internet Robot Supporting Tlelpresence..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[50] C. Cracknell, A. C. Downton. Document Image Understanding of Handwritten Forms Using Rule-Trees. http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[51] Y. Nakagawa, K. Hirota.Fundamentals of Fuzzy Knowledge Base for Image Understanding.http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[52] M.M. Eshaghian, J. GNash, M. E. Shaaban, D. B. Shu. Heterogeneous Algorithms for Image Understanding Architecture.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[53] M.Marefat, R. L. Kashyap. Image Interpretation and Object Recognition in Manufacturing.. http://www. ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[54] 骆祥峰，高隽．概率模糊认知图．中国科学技术大学学报．2003，33(1)，26-33．
[55] 骆祥峰，高隽．基于知识库的模糊认知图．微电子学与计算机．(已录用)
[56] 骆祥峰，高隽．基于模糊认知图的机器人高层规划系统研究．电子学报．2002，30(12A)，1238-1241．
[57] Jun GAO, et al. Research on The Stability of The Generalized Associative Memory. Intel. Conf. on Neural Network and Brain, Beijing, 1998, pp. 98～101
[58] Jun GAO, et al. Detection of Defects on Weld Radiographs Using A Modified Radiation Projection Method. Proc. SPIE Vol. 3545, pp. 118～121, 1998.
[59] 王润生．图像理解．国防科技大学出版社，1995．
[60] R Nevatia, K R Babu, Linear Feature Extraction and Description, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1980, 13,257-269.
[61] J B Burns, A R Hanson, et.al.Extraction Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1986,18(4) 425-455.
[62] J Princen et al, A Hierarchical Approach to Line Extraction Based on the Hough Transform,Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 1990,52,55-77.
[63] M Boldt et al, Token-based Extraction of Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1989, 19, 1581-1594.
[64] Lawrence A. Klein.Sensor and Data Fusion Concepts and Applications. SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1999.
[1] 蔡自兴，徐光祜．人工智能及其应用[M]．北京：清华大学出版社．1996．
[2] 蔡自兴．一种用于机器人高层规划的专家系统[J]．高技术通信．1995．1 21-23．
[3] Brooks, R.A. A Robust Layered Control Systems for A Mobile Robot [J], IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, RA-2, 1996,14-23.
[4] 王洪燕等．基于生长神经网络的进化机器人行为研究[J]．电子学报．2000，28(12)，41-44．
[5] 王洪燕等．基于神经网络的进化机器人组合行为方法研究[J]．计算机研究与发展．2000，37(12)，1457-1464．
[6] Gomi,T.,Griffith,A. Evolution Robotics-An Overview [C].Invited Paper at International Conference on Evolutionary Compution (ICEC'96)Nagoya, Japan, 1996.
[7] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Engineering [M]. Prentice Hall, 1997.
[8] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control[C], Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,
2000, 97-102.
[9] Chaib-draa, B, J.Desharnais.A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[10] 骆祥峰，高隽．概率模糊认知图[J]．中国科学技术大学学报，2003，33(1)，26-33．
[2] Brahim Chaib-Draa.Cognitive Maps: Theory,Implementation and Practical Applications in Multiagent Environments.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[3] Zhi-Qiang Liu. Causation, Bayesian Networks, and Cognitive Maps.自动化学报, 2001, 27(4),
[4] W.R. Zhang, S.S Chen. A Logical Architecture for Cognitive Maps. Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference Neural Networks,1,231-238.
[5] Thierry Marchant.Theory and Methodology Cognitive Maps and Fuzzy Implications. European Journal of Operational Research 114,1999, 626-637.
[6] Verena Vanessa Hafner.Cognitive Maps for Navigation in Open Environments.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[7] Kim, Dong-Hwan, Rai, V.K. Cognitive Maps of Policy Makers on Financial Crises of South Korea and Malaysia:a Comparative Study.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[8] N.S.Satish Jamadagni. Dealing with Location Uncertainty in Mobile Networks using Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as Spatial Decision Support Systems. http://www.ieee.org/.
[9] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. The Challenge of Modeling Supervisory Systems using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 9, 1999, 339-345.
[10] Zhi-Qing Liu, R.satur. Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 10, 1999,5(10).
[11] R.satur, Zhi-Qing Liu. A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999,7(10).
[12] R.satur, Zhi-Qing Liu. Multi-layered Applied to Context Dependent Learning. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[13] Miao, Yuan, Liu Zhi-qiang. Dynamic Cognitive Network.IEEE Transaction on Fuzzy Systems.
[14] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[15] N.S Satish Jamadagni.Object Oriented Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Network Modeling, http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[16] Takanobu Obata, Masafumi Hagiwara. Neural Cognitive Maps.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[17] Carvalho, J.P.Tome J.A.B. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Systems Dynamics.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[18] Carvalho.J.P.Tome J.A.B. Ruled Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps -Fuzzy Casual Relations,Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation:Evolutionary Computation & Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control,Knowledge Acquisition & Information Retrieval, Edited by M.Mohanunadian,IOS press, 1999
[19] Carvalho.J.P.Tome J.A.B. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Representing Time in Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive, Chapter of PHD Thesis, IST, 2000.
[20] Carvalho. J.P.Tome J.A.B. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps-A Comparison with Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Proceedings of the NAFIPS99, NY, USA, 1999.
[21] Eugene Santor Jr. Probabilistic Temporal Networks: A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[22] Athanasios K.Tsadiras,Konstantinos G.A New Balance for Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/
[23] D.E.Koulouriotis,I.E.Diakoulakis.Learning Fuzzy Cognitive Maps using Evolution Strategies: A Novel Schema for Modeling and Simulating High-level Behavior.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[24] Noel Bryson,Ayodele Mobolurin,et.al.Generating Consensus Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[25] Hyun Soo Kim, Kun Chang Lee. Fuzzy Implications of Fuzzy Cognitive Map with Emphasis on Fuzzy Causal R.elationship and Fuzzy Partially Causal Relationship. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 97,1998, 303-313.
[26] M.Schneider, E.Shnaider, A.Kandel, et.al. Constructing Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[27] Paulo Camargo Silva. New Forms of Combinated Matrices in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.http://citeseer, nj.nec.com/.
[28] Miao Yuan, Zhi-Qiang Liu. On Causal Inference in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. 2000, 8(1) 107-119.
[29] Zhi-qiang Liu, Miao Yuan. Fuzzy Cognitive Map and Its Causal Inferences. IEEE International Fuzzy Systems Conference Proceedings August 22-25,1999,Seoul, Korea.
[30] Karl Perusich. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Policy Analysis.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[31] Mei-En Chen,Yo-ping Huang. Dynamic Fuzzy Reasoning Model with Fuzzy Cognitive Map in Chinese Chess. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[32] D.Kardaras, B.Karakostas. The Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Simulate the Information Systems Strategic Planning Process.Information and Software Technology 41,1999,197-210.
[33] Jeremy S.Eccles, Julie A.Dickerson, etc. Evolving A Virtual Ecosystem with Genetic Algorithms.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[34] Mark Billinghurst, Suzanne Weghorst.The Use of Sketch Maps to Measure Cognitive Maps of Virtual Environments. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[35] Thomas D.Ndousse. Takashi Okuda.Computational Intelligence for Distributed Fault Management in Networks Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[36] N.S.Satish Jamadagni, Dealing with Location Uncertainty in Mobile Networks Using Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Maps as Spatial Decision Support Systems.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[37] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control, Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[38] C.Enrique Pelaez, John B.Bowles.Applying Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Knowledge Representation to Failure Modes Effects Analysis.1995 Proceedings Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium. 450-456.
[39] Karl Perusich. Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Data Abstration and Synthesis in Decision-making http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[40] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. A Soft Computing Approach for Modeling the Supervisor of Manufacturing Systems. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems 26, 1999,389-403.
[41] P.P.Groumpos, C.D.Stylios.Modelling Supervisory Control Systems Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps.Chaos Solitons and Fractals 11, 2000,329-336.
[42] C.D.Stylios, Voula C.Georgopoulos. The Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Modeling Systems.the 5th IEEE Mediterranean Conference on Control and Systems, paper 67(CD-ROM) paphos, Cyprus,July,21-23, 1997.
[43] J.A.Dickerson, Bart Kosko. Virtual Worlds as Fuzzy Dynamical Systems.Presence, 3(2), Spring,1994,173-189.
[44] Christer Carlsson. Adaptive Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Hyper Knowledge Representation in Strategy Formation Process. Proceeding of International Panel Conference on Soft and Intelligent Computing, Technical University of Budapest, 1996,43-50.
[45] C.D.Stylios, P.P.Groumpos, Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Model for Intelligent Supervisory Control Systems. Computers in Industry 39, 1999, 229-238
[46] Carvalho. J.P, Tome J.A.B. Fuzzy Mechanisms for Causal Relations. Processings of the IFSA99, 8th International Fuzzy System Association World Wongress,Taiwan 1999.
[47] Paulo Camargo Silva, Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Possible Worlds.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[48] Dimitris Kardaras, Gregory Mentzas.Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Model and Analyze Business Performance Assessment.Advances in Industrial Engineering Applications and Practice Ⅱ,63-68,published in Jacob Chen Anil Mital (eds), 1997.
[49] Marc Parenthoen, Patrick Reignier. Put Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to Work in Virtual Worlds.http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[50] C.D.Stylios, V.C.Georgopoulos. Introducing the Theory of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Distributed Systems.Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control 16-18,July 1997,Istanbul,Turkey.
[51] M.A.Styblinski, B.D.meyer.Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Signal Flow Graphs, and Qualitative Circuit Analysis. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[52] Ambareen Siraj, S.M.Bridges, et.al. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps for Decision Support in An Intelligent Intrusion Detection System. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[53] Michael D.Mcneese. Modeling, Measuring, and Mediating Teamwork: the Use of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps and Team Member Schema Similarity to Enhance BMC3I Decision-making,http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[54] J.A.Dickerson, Z.Cox, ec.al. Creating Metabolic and Regulatory Network Models Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer. nj.nec.com/.
[55] Bark Kosko著,黄崇福译，模糊工程,西安交通大学出版社,1996.
[1] Paulo Camargo Silva. New Forms of Combinated Matrices in Fuzzy Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[2] Howard B.Demuth, Mark H.Beale著．戴葵,李伯民 译．神经网络设计．机械工业出版社．
[3] J.P. garques de Sá著.吴逸飞 译.模式识别——原理、方法及应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[1] Chaib-draa, B, J.Desharnais. A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.2001,12.
[2] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Engineering [M]. Prentice Hall, 1997.
[3] Zhi-qing Liu, Satur. R. Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999, 5(10), 495-502.
[4] Satur.R, Zhi-Qing Liu.A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999,7(10), 481-494.
[5] Takanobu Obata, Masafumi Hagiwara.Neural Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[6] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[7] Thierry Marchant. Theory and Methodology Cognitive Maps and Fuzzy Implications [J]. European Journal of Operational Research 114, 1999, 626-637.
[8] Zhi-qiang Liu Miao Yuan. Fuzzy Cognitive Map and Its Causal Inferences[C].IEEE International Fuzzy Systems Conference Proceedings August 22-25,1999,Seoul, Korea.
[9] Stylios. C.D,.Groumpos. P.P. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control[C], Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[10] R.satur, Zhi-Qing Liu. Multi-layered Applied to Context Dependent Learning.].http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[11] Miao, Yuan, Liu Zhi-qiang. Dynamic Cognitive Network. IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Systems.
[12] Eugene Santor Jr. Probabilistic Temporal Networks:A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.2001,12.
[13] Lozano-perz T, Wilson R H. Assembly Sequencing for Arbitrary Motion [J]. IEEE Proceeding of Robotics and Automation, 1993: 527-532.
[14] Tsaic. Kuo, Hong C. Zhang,Disassembly Analysis for Electromechanical Products:A Graph-based Heuristic Approach [J].International Journal of Production Research, 2000,38,993-1007.
[1] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Engineering [M]. Prentice Hall, 1997.
[2] Thierry Marchant. Theory and Methodology Cognitive Maps and Fuzzy Implications [J]. European Journal of Operational Research 1999, 114, 626-637.
[3] J.P.Carvalho, J.A.B. Tome. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Representing Time in Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive [D] Chapter of PHD Thesis, IST, 2000.
[4] J.P. Carvalho, J.A.B. Tome. Ruled Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps -Fuzzy Casual Relations,Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation: Evolutionary Computation & Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control [M]. Knowledge Acquisition & Information Retrieval, Edited by M. Mohanunadian, 1OS Press, 1999
[5] J.P. Carvalho, J.A.B Tome. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps-A Comparison with Fuzzy Cognitive Maps[C].Proceedings of the NAFIPS99, NY, USA 1999.
[6] J.P. Carvalho, J.A.B Tome. Rule Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps Systems Dynamics [DB].http://www.ieee.org/.
[7] Zhi-Qing Liu, R.satur.Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems [J]. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999,5(10).
[8] R.satur,Zhi-Qing Liu.A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems [J].IEEE transactions on fuzzy systems, 1999,7(10).
[9] Chaib-draa, B,J.desharnais. A relational model of cognitive Maps[DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[10] Brahim Chaib-Draa.Cognitive Maps:Theory,Implementation and Practical Applications in Multiagent Environments [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/
[11] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. The Challenge of Modeling Supervisory Systems Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 9,1999,339-345.
[12] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. A Son Computing Approach for Modeling the Supervisor of Manufacturing Systems [J]. Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems 26,1999,389-403.
[13] P.P. Groumpos, C.D.Stylios. Modelling Supervisory Control Systems Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [J]. Chaos Solitons and Fractals 2000, 11,329-336.
[14] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[15] Eugene Santor Jr.Probabilistic Temporal Networks: A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[16] C.D.Stylios, P.P.Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control[C].Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[1] 骆祥峰，高隽，概率模糊认知图，中国科技大学学报，2003，33(1)，26-33．
[2] Miao, Yuan, Liu Zhi-qiang. Dynamic Cognitive Network, http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[3] Eugene Santor Jr. Probabilistic Temporal Networks: A Unified Framework for Reasoning with Time and Uncertainty [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.2001,12.
[4] Masafumi Hagiwara. Extended Fuzzy Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[5] C.D.Stylios, P.P.Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control, Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[1] 高隽，联想记忆及光电形状识别系统研究，中国科学技术大学博士论文，1999．
[2] 王润生，图像理解，国防科技大学出版社，1995．
[3] R Nevatia, K R Babu, Linear Feature Extraction and Description, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1980, 13,257-269.
[4] J B Burns, A R Hanson, et.al.Extraction Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1986,18(4) 425-455.
[5] J Princen et al, A Hierarchical Approach to Line Extraction Based on the Hough Transform, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 1990,52,55-77.
[6] M Boldt et al,Token-based Extraction of Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1989, 19,1581-1594.
[7] 郑南宁著，计算机视觉与模式识别，国防科技大学出版社，北京，1998．
[8] 贾云得编著，机器视觉，科学出版社，北京，2000，
[9] 骆祥峰，高隽．概率模糊认知图，中国科学技术大学学报．2003，33(1)，26-33．
[10] J．P．Marques de Sá著．吴逸飞 译．模式识别——原理、方法及应用．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[11] 梁栋，智能交通系统中车牌定位的研究，合肥工业大学硕士论文，2002．
[1] A.Grasselli,Automatic Interpretation and Classification of Images. New York:Academic Press,1969.
[2] R. Narasimham, On the Description, Generation, and Recognition of Classes of Pictures. New York:Acadecmic Press,1969.
[3] R.A.Schowengerdt, Techniques for Image Processing and Classification in Remote Sensing. New York: Academic Press, 1983.
[4] Y. Ohta, Knowledge Based Interpretation of Outdoor Natural Color Scenes. Boston: Pitman, 1985.
[5] M. Nagao and T. Matsuyama, A Structural Analysis of Complex Aerial Photographs. New York:Plenum,1980.
[6] D.M. Jr. and W. Harvey, "Automation Knowledge Acquisition for Aerial Image Interpretation," in Image Understanding Workshop,1987.
[7] K. Schutte, Knowledge Based Recognition of Man-Made Objects. PhD Thesis, University of Twente,P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede the NetherlanDS, February 1994.
[8] T Binford, "Survey of Model Based Image Analysis Systems," Int.J. Robotics Res, 587-633, 1982.
[9] C. Smyrniotis and K. Dutta, "A Knowledge-based System for Recognizing Man-made Objects in Aerial Images," in Proc. Comp. Vis. and Patt. Recog. 111-117, 1988.
[10] P. Puliti and G.Tascini, "Knowledge-based Approach to Image Interpretation,"Image and Vision Computing, pp. 122-128, 1993.
[11] B. Draper, J. Brolio, R. Collins, A. Hanson, and E. Riseman, "Image Interpretation by Distributed Cooperative Processes," in Proc. Comp. Vis. and Patt. Recog. 1988.
[12] J.A. Modestino and J. Zhang, "A Markov Random Field Model Based Approach to Image Interpretation," IEEE Trans. on Patt. Anal. And Mach. Intell. 606-615, 1992.
[13] J. Pearl, "Fusion, Propagation and Structuring in Belief Networks," Artificial Intelligence, 245-257,1987.
[14] V.P. Kumar and U. B. Desai, "Image Interpretation Using Bayesian Networks," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Anal. And Machine Intell. 74-77, 1996.
[15] W.B. Mann and T. O. Binford, "An Example of 3-D Interpretation of Images Using Bayesian Networks," in Proceedings DARPA Image Understanding Workshop,, 1992.
[16] Sunil K. Kopparapu and Uday B. Desai. "Bayesian Approach to Image Interpretation," Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
[17] Chaib-draa, B, J.desharnais. A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps. http://citeseer, nj.nec.com/.
[18] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps:A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control, Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,2000,97-102.
[19] Carvalho, J.P. Tome J.A.B.Ruled Based Fuzzy Cognitive Maps -Fuzzy Casual Relations,Computational Intelligence for Modeling, Control and Automation: Evolutionary Computation & Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control, Knowledge Acquisition & Iinformation Retrieval, Edited by M. Mohanunadian, IOS press, 1999
[20] Zhi-Qing Liu, R. Satur. Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map for Decision Support in Geographic Information Systems. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 10, 1999, 5(10).
[21] R.satur,Zhi-Qing Liu. A Contextual Fuzzy Cognitive Map Framework for Geographic Information Systems.IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1999, 7(10).
[22] T.Sawaragi, K. Shibata, O. Katai, S. Iwai, K. Tsukada. Integrated Cognitive Architecture for Image Understanding Using Fuzzy Clustering and Structured Neural Network. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[23] Ellen L.Walker. Knowledge-Based Image Understanding Using Incomplete and Generic Models..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[24] Carsten Schroder, Bernd Neumann. On the Logics of Images Interpretation: Model-Construction in A Formal Knowledge-Representation Framework. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[25] M.Fikret Ercan, Yu-fai Fung. Real-Time Image Interpretation on A Multi-Layer Architecture. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[26] Dong-Seok Jeong, P. M. Lapsa. Unified Approach for Early-Phase Image Understanding Using A General Decision Criterion. IEEE, Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989,11(4), 357-371.
[27] R. Mohan, R. Nevatia. Using Perceptual Organization to Extract-3D Structures. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989,11 (11):1121-1139.
[28] R. Mohan, R. Nevatia. Perceptual Organization for Scene Segmentation and Description. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1992, 14(6): 616-635.
[29] David M. Mckeown, JR.Wilson A.Harvey, L. E. Wixson. Automating Knowledge Acquisition for Aerial Image Interpretation. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 1989, 46:37-81.
[30] Philip H.S. Torr, Richard Szeliske, P. Anandan. An Integrated Bayesian Approach to Layer Extraction from Image Sequences. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2001, 23(3):297-303.
[31] J. Marti, J. Freixenet, J. Batlle, A. Casals. A New Approach to Outdoor Scene Description Based on Learning and Top-Down Segmentation. Image and Vision Compution 2001 (19): 1041-1055.
[32] B. Moghaddam, C. Nastar, A. Pentland. A Bayesian Similarity Measure for Deformable Image Matching.Image and Vision Computing 2001, 19:235-244.
[33] Staffan Truve. Image Interpretation Using Multi-Relational Grammars,http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[34] Bir Bhanu, Terry L. Jones. Image Understanding Research for Automatic Target Recognition. IEEE AES Systems Magazine. 1993, 10:15-22.
[35] C. Demko, E1-Hadi Zahzah, Avenue Marillac.Image Understanding Using Fuzzy Isomorphism of Fuzzy Structures..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[36] M. Chan, E. Levitan, G. T. Herman.Image-Modeling Gibbs Distributions for Bayesian Restoration. http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[37] A. Pinz, R. Bartl. Information Fusion in Image Understanding..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[38] Norbert B. Ebi.Frame-Based Modeling and Image Interpretation of Topographic Maps.http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[39] J. W. Modestiino. J. Zhang. A Markov Random Field Model-based Approach to Image Interpretation.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[40] P.B. Cullen, J. J. Hull, Sargur N. Srihari. A Constraint Satisfaction Approach to the Resolution of Uncertainty in Image Interpretation. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[41] G.A. Fink, N. Jungclaus, F. Kummert, H. Ritter, G. Sagerer. A Sistributed System for Integrated Speech and Image Understanding. ITESM, 1996:117-126.
[42] N. Bianchi, P. Bottoni, C. Spinu, C. Garbay, P. Mussio. A Dynamical Organization for Situated Image Interpretation.IEEE Proceedings of ICPR:1996,228-232.
[43] A. Murni, A. K. Jain, J. Rais. A Framework for Multi-Date Multi-Sensor Image Interpretation. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[44] Desachy Jacky. A Knowledge-Based System for Satellite Image Interpretation..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[45] D.B. Shu, J. G. Nash, C. C. Weems. A Multiple-Level Heterogeneous Architecture for Image Understanding..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[46] H. Kopp-Borotschnig, A. Pinz. A New Concept for Active Fusion in Image Understanding Applying Fuzzy Set Theory.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[47] K. Hirota, Y. Nakagawa, K. Sakakibara, K. Tanaka, K. Kusanagi, Y. Yoshida. A Real Time Fuzzy Dynamic Image Understanding System on General Roads.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[48] R.M.Shubair, Y. L. Chow. A Simple and Accurate Complex Image Interpretation of Vertical Antennas Present in Contiguous Dielectric Half-Spaces.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[49] A.Ferworn, Wing-Hong Shiu, K. Plataniotis.Constrained Image Understanding for An Internet Robot Supporting Tlelpresence..http://www.ieee.org/.2001,12.
[50] C. Cracknell, A. C. Downton. Document Image Understanding of Handwritten Forms Using Rule-Trees. http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[51] Y. Nakagawa, K. Hirota.Fundamentals of Fuzzy Knowledge Base for Image Understanding.http://www.ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[52] M.M. Eshaghian, J. GNash, M. E. Shaaban, D. B. Shu. Heterogeneous Algorithms for Image Understanding Architecture.. http://www.ieee.org/.2001,3.
[53] M.Marefat, R. L. Kashyap. Image Interpretation and Object Recognition in Manufacturing.. http://www. ieee.org/. 2001,3.
[54] 骆祥峰，高隽．概率模糊认知图．中国科学技术大学学报．2003，33(1)，26-33．
[55] 骆祥峰，高隽．基于知识库的模糊认知图．微电子学与计算机．(已录用)
[56] 骆祥峰，高隽．基于模糊认知图的机器人高层规划系统研究．电子学报．2002，30(12A)，1238-1241．
[57] Jun GAO, et al. Research on The Stability of The Generalized Associative Memory. Intel. Conf. on Neural Network and Brain, Beijing, 1998, pp. 98～101
[58] Jun GAO, et al. Detection of Defects on Weld Radiographs Using A Modified Radiation Projection Method. Proc. SPIE Vol. 3545, pp. 118～121, 1998.
[59] 王润生．图像理解．国防科技大学出版社，1995．
[60] R Nevatia, K R Babu, Linear Feature Extraction and Description, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 1980, 13,257-269.
[61] J B Burns, A R Hanson, et.al.Extraction Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1986,18(4) 425-455.
[62] J Princen et al, A Hierarchical Approach to Line Extraction Based on the Hough Transform,Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 1990,52,55-77.
[63] M Boldt et al, Token-based Extraction of Straight Lines, IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1989, 19, 1581-1594.
[64] Lawrence A. Klein.Sensor and Data Fusion Concepts and Applications. SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1999.
[1] 蔡自兴，徐光祜．人工智能及其应用[M]．北京：清华大学出版社．1996．
[2] 蔡自兴．一种用于机器人高层规划的专家系统[J]．高技术通信．1995．1 21-23．
[3] Brooks, R.A. A Robust Layered Control Systems for A Mobile Robot [J], IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation, RA-2, 1996,14-23.
[4] 王洪燕等．基于生长神经网络的进化机器人行为研究[J]．电子学报．2000，28(12)，41-44．
[5] 王洪燕等．基于神经网络的进化机器人组合行为方法研究[J]．计算机研究与发展．2000，37(12)，1457-1464．
[6] Gomi,T.,Griffith,A. Evolution Robotics-An Overview [C].Invited Paper at International Conference on Evolutionary Compution (ICEC'96)Nagoya, Japan, 1996.
[7] Bart Kosko. Fuzzy Engineering [M]. Prentice Hall, 1997.
[8] C.D.Stylios, P.P. Groumpos. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps: A Soft Computing Technique for Intelligent Control[C], Proc.2000 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control, Patras, July 17-19,
2000, 97-102.
[9] Chaib-draa, B, J.Desharnais.A Relational Model of Cognitive Maps [DB]. http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/.
[10] 骆祥峰，高隽．概率模糊认知图[J]．中国科学技术大学学报，2003，33(1)，26-33．