生物反应器填埋场系统的仿真研究
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摘要
生活垃圾的处理方法主要有堆肥法、填埋法、焚烧法、蚯蚓床法和热解法等，其中卫生填埋法具有成本低廉(是焚烧法的1／15-1／8，是堆肥处置法的1／5-1／3)、适用范围广、环保效果显著和处置彻底等优点，仍是世界各国一直普遍应用的一种处置方法，即使在发达国家，其填埋处理率也很高。作为发展中国家的中国，在今后相当长一段时间内，卫生填埋法仍然是生活垃圾的主要处理技术。
但现行的卫生填埋技术存在着①垃圾降解缓慢，填埋场稳定时间长；②渗滤液难处理、成本高；③填埋场爆炸、沼气不回收利用、就地排放污染大气等问题。虽然新型的渗滤液直接回流生物反应器填埋场有利于垃圾的加速降解，但渗滤液回流的产物抑制问题未能充分发挥填埋场加速垃圾降解的效能。本研究以传统的卫生填埋场(R1)及渗滤液直接回流的填埋场(R2)作为对比实验，进行了生物反应器填埋场系统(R3、R4)和接种生物反应器填埋场系统(R5、R6)的研究。
实验表明，传统的填埋场(R1)垃圾降解缓慢，达到稳定所需时间长，在实验结束时稳定进程仍然在进行之中。渗滤液直接回灌的填埋场(R2)降解速度较R1速度快，但当回灌渗滤液水量多、有机负荷高时，在填埋场内部尤其是初期会产生有机酸的积累，而高的H_2分压，破坏了垃圾降解微生物种群间的互营联合代谢，造成填埋场垃圾降解的停止，未能充分发挥微生物的降解作用。R3、R4、R5及R6系统中由于增加了产甲烷反应器，渗滤液是经过产甲烷反应器的处理后回灌至填埋场，解决了酸积累等产物抑制问题，但R3及R5系统由于是采用渗滤液的部分回流因而垃圾的含水率不到45％，微生物的活性受到抑制。而R4、R6系统中由于渗滤液全量回流，垃圾的含水率在60％左右，垃圾的降解速度明显加快，尤其是R6系统填埋场接种了垃圾高效降解菌剂，在150天时填埋场已基本稳定。
在对填埋场稳定机理的探讨中，研究了填埋场渗滤液分子量的分布情况以及垃圾中有机质的腐殖化系数。对各填埋场渗滤液分子量分布情况的分析表明，渗
滤液中大分子量的百分比越高，填埋场越稳定，而且大分子量的百分比随填埋时
间延长呈增大的趋势。通过对填埋场垃圾中有机质的腐殖化分析表明，＊＊几r的
变化不能完全准确描述有机质的腐殖化过程。本研究采用腐殖化系数表述垃圾中
有机质的腐殖化进程，研究表明，腐殖化系数越大，填埋场越稳定。运行数据表
明，R6系统的填埋场腐殖化系数最高，有机物降解得最彻底，R4系统的填埋场
次之，RZ、R3和 RS系统的填埋场相差不多，RI系统填埋场相比之下，其降解
效果最差。
在对填埋场沉降高度的研究中发现，R6系统的填埋场沉降量最大，R4系
统的填埋场沉降量次之，R3、RS及 RZ填埋场沉降高度相差不多，RI系统填
埋场沉降量最小。以第60天作为数据处理起点，对垃圾的沉降高度用半对数口
归，口归结果表明，R6系统的填埋场己基本沉降完毕，而其它填埋场还有沉降
的趋势。
对R6系统建立了以平均停留时间为主的简单的有机物降解（以COD。r计）
动力学模型1及以数学模拟为主模型2。模型的预测值与实测值基本一致，由此
表明，模型基本上表达了生物反应器填埋场系统的运行情况，可以预测系统的运
行趋势。
The main disposal methods for municipal solid waste were compost, landfill, incineration, earthworm bed and heat degrading, and so on. With the low cost and no secondary pollution, landfill was a popular disposal methods for municipal solid waste in the world. And it would be used in the near future years in China, a developing country, widely.
The existing landfilling method had some disadvantages: the municipal solid waste degraded slowly and landfill field needed long time to be stable; the leachate was difficult to be treated and its cost was high; it might be lead to explode, the methane couldn't be reused and led to air -polluted. The novel bio-reactor landfill with leachate recycle was benefit to increase the degrading rate of municipal solid waste, but the leachate direct recycle was led to production restrain, so it couldn't make full use of microorganism degradation for increasing the degrading rate of municipal solid waste. The experiments of the bio-reactor landfill(R3 ^ R4) and the bio-reactor landfill with inoculability (R5, R6) were carried out in this paper. The traditional landfill (Rl) and the landfill with leachate cycled directly (R2) were also carried out as the contrast experiments.
The municipal solid waste degraded slowly in the traditional landfill (Rl), and it needed long time to be stable; the degraging rate for municipal solid waste in the landfill with direct recycling leachate (R2) was faster than Rl, but organic acid accumulated in the R2 landfill, especially in the initial stage when the flow of recycling leachate was large and the organic load was high, and the high pressure of H2 destoried the combined metabolizability of microorganism for degrading refuse, led to the ensiling . In R3 > R4, R5 and R6, because they all had reactor for producing methane, the leachate was treated in the reactor for producing methane, then circumfluenced to landfill, it solved the problem of organic acid accumulation; but in R3 and R5, the moisture of refuse was less than 45% ,because the leachate was recycled partly, the activity of microorganism restrained. While in R4 and R6, the moisture of refuse was about 60% because the leachate was recycled fully, the
VI
degrading rate of refuse increaseing, and the landfill of R6 system was stable when 145d passed because it was inoculated with high effected strain of microorganism.
In the study of stabilization mechanism of landfill, the distribution of molecular weight of leachate in landfill and the humic coefficient of organic substance in municipal solid waste were discussed. The result showed: the more the percent of high molecular weight of leachate in landfill, the more stabilization of landfill, and with the time passed, the percent of high molecular weight of leachate increase. By the analysis of humic coefficient of organic substance in municipal solid waste, the variation of CODcr couldn't described the humic process, but the humic coefficient. And the stabilization of landfill increased with the humic coefficient up. The experiment indicated : the humic coefficent in R6 landfill was the highest, R4 landfill followed, then of R2> R3 and R5 landfill, Rl landfill was the lowest, and the humic coefficents in R2> R3 , R5 landfill were almost the same.
The data of sedimentation height of municipal solid waste suggested : the sedimentation height of refuse in R6 landfill is the highest, R4 landfill followed, then ofR2> R3 and R5 landfill, Rl landfill is the lowest, and the sedimentation height of R2^ R3 , R5 landfill were almost the same .And the data from the time 60d passed were dealt with logarithm regression. The regression equation showed : the sedimentation of R6 landfill finished,others were still proceeding.
It was suggested that the CODcr degrading kinetic model 1 by average hydraulic retention time and the CODcr degrading kinetic model 2 by mathmatics somilation of R6 system. And the forecast data from models was almost the same as measured data. So the model could express the running situation of bio-reactor landfill
但现行的卫生填埋技术存在着①垃圾降解缓慢，填埋场稳定时间长；②渗滤液难处理、成本高；③填埋场爆炸、沼气不回收利用、就地排放污染大气等问题。虽然新型的渗滤液直接回流生物反应器填埋场有利于垃圾的加速降解，但渗滤液回流的产物抑制问题未能充分发挥填埋场加速垃圾降解的效能。本研究以传统的卫生填埋场(R1)及渗滤液直接回流的填埋场(R2)作为对比实验，进行了生物反应器填埋场系统(R3、R4)和接种生物反应器填埋场系统(R5、R6)的研究。
实验表明，传统的填埋场(R1)垃圾降解缓慢，达到稳定所需时间长，在实验结束时稳定进程仍然在进行之中。渗滤液直接回灌的填埋场(R2)降解速度较R1速度快，但当回灌渗滤液水量多、有机负荷高时，在填埋场内部尤其是初期会产生有机酸的积累，而高的H_2分压，破坏了垃圾降解微生物种群间的互营联合代谢，造成填埋场垃圾降解的停止，未能充分发挥微生物的降解作用。R3、R4、R5及R6系统中由于增加了产甲烷反应器，渗滤液是经过产甲烷反应器的处理后回灌至填埋场，解决了酸积累等产物抑制问题，但R3及R5系统由于是采用渗滤液的部分回流因而垃圾的含水率不到45％，微生物的活性受到抑制。而R4、R6系统中由于渗滤液全量回流，垃圾的含水率在60％左右，垃圾的降解速度明显加快，尤其是R6系统填埋场接种了垃圾高效降解菌剂，在150天时填埋场已基本稳定。
在对填埋场稳定机理的探讨中，研究了填埋场渗滤液分子量的分布情况以及垃圾中有机质的腐殖化系数。对各填埋场渗滤液分子量分布情况的分析表明，渗
滤液中大分子量的百分比越高，填埋场越稳定，而且大分子量的百分比随填埋时
间延长呈增大的趋势。通过对填埋场垃圾中有机质的腐殖化分析表明，＊＊几r的
变化不能完全准确描述有机质的腐殖化过程。本研究采用腐殖化系数表述垃圾中
有机质的腐殖化进程，研究表明，腐殖化系数越大，填埋场越稳定。运行数据表
明，R6系统的填埋场腐殖化系数最高，有机物降解得最彻底，R4系统的填埋场
次之，RZ、R3和 RS系统的填埋场相差不多，RI系统填埋场相比之下，其降解
效果最差。
在对填埋场沉降高度的研究中发现，R6系统的填埋场沉降量最大，R4系
统的填埋场沉降量次之，R3、RS及 RZ填埋场沉降高度相差不多，RI系统填
埋场沉降量最小。以第60天作为数据处理起点，对垃圾的沉降高度用半对数口
归，口归结果表明，R6系统的填埋场己基本沉降完毕，而其它填埋场还有沉降
的趋势。
对R6系统建立了以平均停留时间为主的简单的有机物降解（以COD。r计）
动力学模型1及以数学模拟为主模型2。模型的预测值与实测值基本一致，由此
表明，模型基本上表达了生物反应器填埋场系统的运行情况，可以预测系统的运
行趋势。
The main disposal methods for municipal solid waste were compost, landfill, incineration, earthworm bed and heat degrading, and so on. With the low cost and no secondary pollution, landfill was a popular disposal methods for municipal solid waste in the world. And it would be used in the near future years in China, a developing country, widely.
The existing landfilling method had some disadvantages: the municipal solid waste degraded slowly and landfill field needed long time to be stable; the leachate was difficult to be treated and its cost was high; it might be lead to explode, the methane couldn't be reused and led to air -polluted. The novel bio-reactor landfill with leachate recycle was benefit to increase the degrading rate of municipal solid waste, but the leachate direct recycle was led to production restrain, so it couldn't make full use of microorganism degradation for increasing the degrading rate of municipal solid waste. The experiments of the bio-reactor landfill(R3 ^ R4) and the bio-reactor landfill with inoculability (R5, R6) were carried out in this paper. The traditional landfill (Rl) and the landfill with leachate cycled directly (R2) were also carried out as the contrast experiments.
The municipal solid waste degraded slowly in the traditional landfill (Rl), and it needed long time to be stable; the degraging rate for municipal solid waste in the landfill with direct recycling leachate (R2) was faster than Rl, but organic acid accumulated in the R2 landfill, especially in the initial stage when the flow of recycling leachate was large and the organic load was high, and the high pressure of H2 destoried the combined metabolizability of microorganism for degrading refuse, led to the ensiling . In R3 > R4, R5 and R6, because they all had reactor for producing methane, the leachate was treated in the reactor for producing methane, then circumfluenced to landfill, it solved the problem of organic acid accumulation; but in R3 and R5, the moisture of refuse was less than 45% ,because the leachate was recycled partly, the activity of microorganism restrained. While in R4 and R6, the moisture of refuse was about 60% because the leachate was recycled fully, the
VI
degrading rate of refuse increaseing, and the landfill of R6 system was stable when 145d passed because it was inoculated with high effected strain of microorganism.
In the study of stabilization mechanism of landfill, the distribution of molecular weight of leachate in landfill and the humic coefficient of organic substance in municipal solid waste were discussed. The result showed: the more the percent of high molecular weight of leachate in landfill, the more stabilization of landfill, and with the time passed, the percent of high molecular weight of leachate increase. By the analysis of humic coefficient of organic substance in municipal solid waste, the variation of CODcr couldn't described the humic process, but the humic coefficient. And the stabilization of landfill increased with the humic coefficient up. The experiment indicated : the humic coefficent in R6 landfill was the highest, R4 landfill followed, then of R2> R3 and R5 landfill, Rl landfill was the lowest, and the humic coefficents in R2> R3 , R5 landfill were almost the same.
The data of sedimentation height of municipal solid waste suggested : the sedimentation height of refuse in R6 landfill is the highest, R4 landfill followed, then ofR2> R3 and R5 landfill, Rl landfill is the lowest, and the sedimentation height of R2^ R3 , R5 landfill were almost the same .And the data from the time 60d passed were dealt with logarithm regression. The regression equation showed : the sedimentation of R6 landfill finished,others were still proceeding.
It was suggested that the CODcr degrading kinetic model 1 by average hydraulic retention time and the CODcr degrading kinetic model 2 by mathmatics somilation of R6 system. And the forecast data from models was almost the same as measured data. So the model could express the running situation of bio-reactor landfill
引文
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