刑事被害人保护制度研究
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摘要
自二十世纪六七十年代以来,被害人的权利保护问题越来越为人们所重视。国际社会正在加强这方面的探索和研究,并已取得了实际性的效果。相比之下,我国在被害人保护的立法、司法方面存在诸多缺陷和漏洞,完善和加强刑事被害人保护的制度已刻不容缓。
为此,笔者通过对刑事被害人保护制度的发展及国际现状的分析比较,指出我国在这方面存在的不足:对被告人的保护与被害人的保护严重失衡,在刑事公诉案件的侦查、审查起诉、审判、执行阶段中存在诸多问题,直接导致刑事被害人的合法权益得不到合法保护,激化了社会矛盾。
通过对上述问题的剖析,笔者建议完善刑事被害人法律援助制度、保护刑事被害人知情权、建立不起诉听证制度、赋予刑事被害人上诉权、完善刑事被害人国家赔偿、补偿等制度。从根本上完善被害人保护制度,缓解社会矛盾,从而构建和谐社会。
As the ever deepening and perfecting of China’s socialist democracy and legal system construction, all social circles pay more and more attention to the victims, domestic academic circles pay more and more attention to the investigation of protection system for victims, and related results come out gradually. All social circles have reached a consensus: Protection System for Criminal Victims is a needful important part of assurance of human rights. March 12, 2007, Sun Qian, deputy to the National People’s Congress and Chief Prosecutor of Jiangxi Province Procuratorate, submitted the bill of enacting People’s Republic of China National Criminal Victims Compensation Act to the National People’s Congress, which has been listed in the preliminary legislation projects of 2007 by National People’s Congress. The main question of our research and investigation is how to construct China’s protection system for criminal victims. Through the researches on foreign protection system for criminal victims and contemplation over the problems existing in legislation practice, the author analyses and researches into the protection problems of criminal victims, and put forward the following designs and ideas. This article is divided into three chapters.
ChapterⅠAn overview of the Protection System for Criminal Victims. The author generally summarizes the Protection System for Criminal Victims. The origin and development of the Protection System for Criminal Victims has gone through the phases of private force relief---public force relief---combined public and private force relief, which is also a phase from the low-level to the senior, developing from barbarism to civilization, and conform to the objective laws of social development. The understanding of origin and development of the Protection System for Criminal Victims can let us fully understand its law of development, and thus guide us to constitute scientific and effective the Protection System for Criminal Victims. Through the introduction to the protection systems for victims of other countries, China’s Taiwan Area and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, we can see that not only the continental laws but also the British and American laws value the protection for criminal victims highly and constituted special victim protection laws, and even raised the proposition of writing rights into the constitution. This is the development trend. But due to a variety of reasons, there are still many flaws and loopholes in the protection for victims, which need to be improved step by step. Justice applies to the accused, and also applies to the accuser. When we are protecting the legal rights and benefits of the accused, do not forget about those of the victims. They have suffered more harm and pains, and need the care and concern of the society. Protecting citizen’s legal rights and benefits doesn’t only mean punishing crimes, but also strengthening soothing the victims’souls and compensation to their losses. And the definition of criminal victim is defined as: those individuals or units who directly suffer material losses or mental injuries due to crimes. However, if the direct victim dies due to suffering from crime, his/her direct relative (s) as spouse, son (s)/daughter (s) and parent (s) can be seen as criminal victims.
ChapterⅡThe current situation of China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims. From the problems, shortcomings, disadvantages and defects of the five sectors as the hysteresis quality of the protection ideas for criminal victims, investigation stage, examination and appeal stage, trial stage and implementation stage of China’s current jurisprudence community, the author elaborates defects and shortcomings in China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims, and thus realizes the major significance of the establishment and perfection of Protection System for Criminal Victims. The long-time emphasizing of social harmfulness leads to national formation of ism of inserstatio. It’s believed that criminal law is for punishing crimes; criminal suit is to prove the facts to be true and to apply penalties; it’s the country’s duty-bound responsibility to pursue criminals; the country realizes penal justice through the investigation by investigating organs, the prosecution by procuratorial organs and the conviction and measurement of penalty of the accused by the court. Judicial authorities even take the detection of cases, arresting suspects, prosecute the accused and bringing in the guilty verdict as the ultimate objective of criminal suits. Influenced by the above-mentioned concepts, in judicial practices, judicial officials do not let the victims take part in the whole criminal suit; the victims are not the persons involved, but only taken as common witnesses, whose views, evidences and opinions are seldom adopted. It directly leads to the the victims’desire for revenge and no meeting of compensation demands.
ChapterⅢPerfection of China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims. Through the analytic demonstration of China’s concepts of protection for criminal victims and the existing defects, as well as the comparison with other countries’Protection System for Criminal Victims, on the basis of using related foreign systems for reference, the author puts forward propositions for perfecting China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims: Legal aid system for criminal victims: Legal aid system refers to the country derates charges and provides legal aid in all aspects and at all levels of the operation of the judicial system for the weak of the society who have difficulties in protecting their rights by general legal relief means due to economic difficulty or other factors. The most direct aim of establishing the legal aid system is to protect the legal rights and benefits of the weak of the society and ensure the justice of judicatory. Protection system for criminal victims’right to know. criminal victims’ right to know refers to the criminal victims have the right to know and understand the information as their legal status in litigation, rights in litigation, progress of the proceedings and the result of the proceedings, and so on. This system concerns the specific content, the exertion manner and relief manner of the right and the convenience and guarantee the opposite obligated main body should provide. No prosecution hearing system: it’s like a bolt from the blue for the criminal victims to hear the People’s Procuratorate’s decision of not prosecuting the criminal cases. The decision of not prosecuting the accused will mean that the economic losses of the victims can hardly be protected nor can the criminal prosecution or the subsidiary civil action be started. The criminal victims have to step on the way of appealing to the higher authorities for help. The regulations of the current laws about the relief manners of the victims are too rough and have many disadvantages. In order to solve the above problem, the author believes no prosecution hearing system should be established. Criminal victims’appeal system: the essence of establishing criminal victims’appeal system is to give victims the right to appeal. That’s to say, if the victims do not accept the first trial, believing that the conviction is wrong and the measurement of penalty is too inadequate, they can appeal to the higher people’s court for re-examine of the whole case. Amends and compensation system for criminal victims: amends for the criminal victims refers to the victims’losses due to the crime of the accused shall be made amends for to make up the losses the victims have suffered. Criminal Injury Compensation refers to the country gives social security and judicial protection as a relevant compensation to the people infringed by crimes, including the direct victims and their close relatives in a relative scope, according to their requirements and through certain procedures. Criminal Injury Compensation is an important part of victim aid system. Aid for victims refers to the related activities of alleviating the victims’suffering and enhancing the victims’capacity of rehabilitation, which includes amends to the victims, compensation for the victims, the rights of the victims, the progress of the case, supporting groups, the mediation and reconciliation between the victims and the criminals, service hotline, and crisis intervention, and so on.
Through the above analysis, we can come to the conclusion: the rights which are not relieved are not complete rights; the protection for rights shall be equal, whether for the victims or the accused.
为此,笔者通过对刑事被害人保护制度的发展及国际现状的分析比较,指出我国在这方面存在的不足:对被告人的保护与被害人的保护严重失衡,在刑事公诉案件的侦查、审查起诉、审判、执行阶段中存在诸多问题,直接导致刑事被害人的合法权益得不到合法保护,激化了社会矛盾。
通过对上述问题的剖析,笔者建议完善刑事被害人法律援助制度、保护刑事被害人知情权、建立不起诉听证制度、赋予刑事被害人上诉权、完善刑事被害人国家赔偿、补偿等制度。从根本上完善被害人保护制度,缓解社会矛盾,从而构建和谐社会。
As the ever deepening and perfecting of China’s socialist democracy and legal system construction, all social circles pay more and more attention to the victims, domestic academic circles pay more and more attention to the investigation of protection system for victims, and related results come out gradually. All social circles have reached a consensus: Protection System for Criminal Victims is a needful important part of assurance of human rights. March 12, 2007, Sun Qian, deputy to the National People’s Congress and Chief Prosecutor of Jiangxi Province Procuratorate, submitted the bill of enacting People’s Republic of China National Criminal Victims Compensation Act to the National People’s Congress, which has been listed in the preliminary legislation projects of 2007 by National People’s Congress. The main question of our research and investigation is how to construct China’s protection system for criminal victims. Through the researches on foreign protection system for criminal victims and contemplation over the problems existing in legislation practice, the author analyses and researches into the protection problems of criminal victims, and put forward the following designs and ideas. This article is divided into three chapters.
ChapterⅠAn overview of the Protection System for Criminal Victims. The author generally summarizes the Protection System for Criminal Victims. The origin and development of the Protection System for Criminal Victims has gone through the phases of private force relief---public force relief---combined public and private force relief, which is also a phase from the low-level to the senior, developing from barbarism to civilization, and conform to the objective laws of social development. The understanding of origin and development of the Protection System for Criminal Victims can let us fully understand its law of development, and thus guide us to constitute scientific and effective the Protection System for Criminal Victims. Through the introduction to the protection systems for victims of other countries, China’s Taiwan Area and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, we can see that not only the continental laws but also the British and American laws value the protection for criminal victims highly and constituted special victim protection laws, and even raised the proposition of writing rights into the constitution. This is the development trend. But due to a variety of reasons, there are still many flaws and loopholes in the protection for victims, which need to be improved step by step. Justice applies to the accused, and also applies to the accuser. When we are protecting the legal rights and benefits of the accused, do not forget about those of the victims. They have suffered more harm and pains, and need the care and concern of the society. Protecting citizen’s legal rights and benefits doesn’t only mean punishing crimes, but also strengthening soothing the victims’souls and compensation to their losses. And the definition of criminal victim is defined as: those individuals or units who directly suffer material losses or mental injuries due to crimes. However, if the direct victim dies due to suffering from crime, his/her direct relative (s) as spouse, son (s)/daughter (s) and parent (s) can be seen as criminal victims.
ChapterⅡThe current situation of China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims. From the problems, shortcomings, disadvantages and defects of the five sectors as the hysteresis quality of the protection ideas for criminal victims, investigation stage, examination and appeal stage, trial stage and implementation stage of China’s current jurisprudence community, the author elaborates defects and shortcomings in China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims, and thus realizes the major significance of the establishment and perfection of Protection System for Criminal Victims. The long-time emphasizing of social harmfulness leads to national formation of ism of inserstatio. It’s believed that criminal law is for punishing crimes; criminal suit is to prove the facts to be true and to apply penalties; it’s the country’s duty-bound responsibility to pursue criminals; the country realizes penal justice through the investigation by investigating organs, the prosecution by procuratorial organs and the conviction and measurement of penalty of the accused by the court. Judicial authorities even take the detection of cases, arresting suspects, prosecute the accused and bringing in the guilty verdict as the ultimate objective of criminal suits. Influenced by the above-mentioned concepts, in judicial practices, judicial officials do not let the victims take part in the whole criminal suit; the victims are not the persons involved, but only taken as common witnesses, whose views, evidences and opinions are seldom adopted. It directly leads to the the victims’desire for revenge and no meeting of compensation demands.
ChapterⅢPerfection of China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims. Through the analytic demonstration of China’s concepts of protection for criminal victims and the existing defects, as well as the comparison with other countries’Protection System for Criminal Victims, on the basis of using related foreign systems for reference, the author puts forward propositions for perfecting China’s Protection System for Criminal Victims: Legal aid system for criminal victims: Legal aid system refers to the country derates charges and provides legal aid in all aspects and at all levels of the operation of the judicial system for the weak of the society who have difficulties in protecting their rights by general legal relief means due to economic difficulty or other factors. The most direct aim of establishing the legal aid system is to protect the legal rights and benefits of the weak of the society and ensure the justice of judicatory. Protection system for criminal victims’right to know. criminal victims’ right to know refers to the criminal victims have the right to know and understand the information as their legal status in litigation, rights in litigation, progress of the proceedings and the result of the proceedings, and so on. This system concerns the specific content, the exertion manner and relief manner of the right and the convenience and guarantee the opposite obligated main body should provide. No prosecution hearing system: it’s like a bolt from the blue for the criminal victims to hear the People’s Procuratorate’s decision of not prosecuting the criminal cases. The decision of not prosecuting the accused will mean that the economic losses of the victims can hardly be protected nor can the criminal prosecution or the subsidiary civil action be started. The criminal victims have to step on the way of appealing to the higher authorities for help. The regulations of the current laws about the relief manners of the victims are too rough and have many disadvantages. In order to solve the above problem, the author believes no prosecution hearing system should be established. Criminal victims’appeal system: the essence of establishing criminal victims’appeal system is to give victims the right to appeal. That’s to say, if the victims do not accept the first trial, believing that the conviction is wrong and the measurement of penalty is too inadequate, they can appeal to the higher people’s court for re-examine of the whole case. Amends and compensation system for criminal victims: amends for the criminal victims refers to the victims’losses due to the crime of the accused shall be made amends for to make up the losses the victims have suffered. Criminal Injury Compensation refers to the country gives social security and judicial protection as a relevant compensation to the people infringed by crimes, including the direct victims and their close relatives in a relative scope, according to their requirements and through certain procedures. Criminal Injury Compensation is an important part of victim aid system. Aid for victims refers to the related activities of alleviating the victims’suffering and enhancing the victims’capacity of rehabilitation, which includes amends to the victims, compensation for the victims, the rights of the victims, the progress of the case, supporting groups, the mediation and reconciliation between the victims and the criminals, service hotline, and crisis intervention, and so on.
Through the above analysis, we can come to the conclusion: the rights which are not relieved are not complete rights; the protection for rights shall be equal, whether for the victims or the accused.
引文
[1]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第4页。
[2]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第20页。
[3]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第20页。
[4]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第21页。
[5]黄兰瑛:《台湾地区“犯罪被害人保护法”释义》,载张鸿巍主编《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第299页。
[6]崔永康、付欣:《论香港特别行政区的罪行被害人权利及保护问题》,载张鸿巍主编《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第268页。
[7]高铭暄、张杰:《刑法学视野中被害人问题探讨》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第1期,第11页。
[8]高铭暄、张杰:《刑法学视野中被害人问题探讨》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第1期,第12页。
[9]陈瑞华:《法律人的思维方式》,法律出版社2007年4月第1版,第275页。
[10]陈瑞华:《法律人的思维方式》,法律出版社2007年4月第1版,第276页。
[11]郭天武、刘晓光:《刑事被害人保护的诉讼法视角探析》,载张鸿巍主编《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第22页。
[12]龙宗智、杨建广:《刑事诉讼法》,高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版,第114页。
[13]蔡国芹:《刑事被害人知情权的程序保障》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第2期,第63页。
[14]姜福先、张明磊:《论刑事公诉案件被害人的上诉权》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2005年第2期,第53页。
[15]宋英辉:《论我国刑事诉讼制度改革的目标模式》,载《政法论坛》1995年第5期,第23页。
[16]龙宗智、杨建广:《刑事诉讼法》,高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版,第214页。
[17]戴建志、陈旭:《知识产权损害赔偿》,法律出版社1997年第1版,第308页。
[18]刘沛谞:《刑事附带民事诉讼的价值评析与制度完善》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第6期,第64页。
[19]孙宝民、吴春波:《刑事和解在我国的适用及构建》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第4期,第75页。
[20]孙宝民、吴春波:《刑事和解在我国的适用及构建》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第4期,第76页。
[21]孙宝民、吴春波:《刑事和解在我国的适用及构建》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第4期,第77页。
[22]钱丽红:《刑事被害人国家补偿制度探析》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志检察论坛》2008年第4期,第55页。
[23]罗智勇、王敏:《加强刑事诉讼中被害人合法权益的保护》,《人民法院报》2008年8月14日第5版。
1.陈瑞华:《法律人的思维方式》,法律出版社2007年4月第1版。
2.陈兴良:《刑法的格致》,法律出版社2008年5月第1版。
3.张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版。
4.张鸿巍:《刑事被害人保护的理念、议题与趋势》,武汉大学出版社2007年7月第1版。
5.陈瑞华:《问题与主义之间——刑事诉讼基本问题研究》,中国人民大学出版社2003年版。
6.龙宗智:《徘徊于传统与现代之间:中国刑事诉讼法再修改研究》,法律出版社2005年版。
7.刘金友:《附带民事诉讼的理论与实践》,中国展望出版社1990年版。
8.王以真:《外国刑事诉讼法学》,北京大学出版社1990年版。
9.宋英辉:《刑事诉讼原理》,法律出版社2000年版。
10.龙宗智、杨建广:《刑事诉讼法》,高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版。
1.高铭暄、张杰:《刑法学视野中被害人问题探讨》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第1期。
2.蔡国芹:《刑事被害人知情权的程序保障》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第2期。
3.姜福先、张明磊:《论刑事公诉案件被害人的上诉权》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2005年第2期。
4.宋英辉:《论我国刑事诉讼制度改革的目标模式》,载《政法论坛》1995年第5期。
5.刘沛谞:《刑事附带民事诉讼的价值评析与制度完善》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第6期。
6.孙宝民、吴春波:《刑事和解在我国的适用及构建》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第4期。
7.钱丽红:《刑事被害人国家补偿制度探析》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志检察论坛》2008年第4期。
8.耿浩、陈艳:《建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度的可行性》,载《中国律师》2008年第2期。
9.陈虎:《美国被害人权力宪法化运动及启示》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第3期。
10.周常志:《我国刑事被害人的权力保障制度及完善》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第5期。
[2]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第20页。
[3]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第20页。
[4]张鸿巍、黄莹、赵若辉:《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第21页。
[5]黄兰瑛:《台湾地区“犯罪被害人保护法”释义》,载张鸿巍主编《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第299页。
[6]崔永康、付欣:《论香港特别行政区的罪行被害人权利及保护问题》,载张鸿巍主编《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第268页。
[7]高铭暄、张杰:《刑法学视野中被害人问题探讨》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第1期,第11页。
[8]高铭暄、张杰:《刑法学视野中被害人问题探讨》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第1期,第12页。
[9]陈瑞华:《法律人的思维方式》,法律出版社2007年4月第1版,第275页。
[10]陈瑞华:《法律人的思维方式》,法律出版社2007年4月第1版,第276页。
[11]郭天武、刘晓光:《刑事被害人保护的诉讼法视角探析》,载张鸿巍主编《刑事被害人保护问题研究》,人民法院出版社2007年第1版,第22页。
[12]龙宗智、杨建广:《刑事诉讼法》,高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版,第114页。
[13]蔡国芹:《刑事被害人知情权的程序保障》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第2期,第63页。
[14]姜福先、张明磊:《论刑事公诉案件被害人的上诉权》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2005年第2期,第53页。
[15]宋英辉:《论我国刑事诉讼制度改革的目标模式》,载《政法论坛》1995年第5期,第23页。
[16]龙宗智、杨建广:《刑事诉讼法》,高等教育出版社2003年8月第1版,第214页。
[17]戴建志、陈旭:《知识产权损害赔偿》,法律出版社1997年第1版,第308页。
[18]刘沛谞:《刑事附带民事诉讼的价值评析与制度完善》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第6期,第64页。
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[22]钱丽红:《刑事被害人国家补偿制度探析》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志检察论坛》2008年第4期,第55页。
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1.陈瑞华:《法律人的思维方式》,法律出版社2007年4月第1版。
2.陈兴良:《刑法的格致》,法律出版社2008年5月第1版。
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5.陈瑞华:《问题与主义之间——刑事诉讼基本问题研究》,中国人民大学出版社2003年版。
6.龙宗智:《徘徊于传统与现代之间:中国刑事诉讼法再修改研究》,法律出版社2005年版。
7.刘金友:《附带民事诉讼的理论与实践》,中国展望出版社1990年版。
8.王以真:《外国刑事诉讼法学》,北京大学出版社1990年版。
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1.高铭暄、张杰:《刑法学视野中被害人问题探讨》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第1期。
2.蔡国芹:《刑事被害人知情权的程序保障》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第2期。
3.姜福先、张明磊:《论刑事公诉案件被害人的上诉权》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2005年第2期。
4.宋英辉:《论我国刑事诉讼制度改革的目标模式》,载《政法论坛》1995年第5期。
5.刘沛谞:《刑事附带民事诉讼的价值评析与制度完善》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2006年第6期。
6.孙宝民、吴春波:《刑事和解在我国的适用及构建》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第4期。
7.钱丽红:《刑事被害人国家补偿制度探析》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志检察论坛》2008年第4期。
8.耿浩、陈艳:《建立刑事被害人国家补偿制度的可行性》,载《中国律师》2008年第2期。
9.陈虎:《美国被害人权力宪法化运动及启示》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第3期。
10.周常志:《我国刑事被害人的权力保障制度及完善》,载张智辉主编《中国刑事法杂志》2007年第5期。