流媒体内容发布技术的研究及其应用
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摘要
随着网络技术、通信技术和多媒体技术的发展,在网络上传输的数据不仅包括文本数据,而且包括声音、视频等多媒体信息。流媒体业务的迅速发展使得流媒体技术已经开始受到学术界和业界的广泛关注。
为了解决目前流媒体传输的服务质量问题,论文主要进行了流媒体内容发布技术的研究。采用接收方缓冲区驱动的自适应多播方法解决了在不可预约带宽网络环境中的视频自适应传输,并且建立了流媒体信息发布与管理系统,实现了流媒体服务的交互功能,从而为 IP 电视综合服务系统(ITIS)完成了提供服务质量(QoS)保证的多播模块以及交互模块。
首先,提出了一种接收方缓冲区驱动的自适应视频多播系统。为了解决现有网络基础上的实时视频多播问题,利用基于控制理论的自适应传输机制,实现了在不可预约带宽网络环境中的视频自适应传输。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性,而且可适用于不同的拥塞控制算法和编码算法,扩展性良好。
接着,建立了流媒体信息发布与管理系统。流媒体信息发布服务器是用户与流媒体服务系统进行交互的媒介,负责进行节目内容的动态发布,用户还可以通过它从认证计费服务器中获取用户信息。流媒体信息管理系统则可以对节目内容、运营信息以及用户信息等进行远程维护。
最后,介绍了流媒体内容发布技术的依托项目——IP 电视综合服务系统。作为一个通用的服务平台,IP 电视综合服务系统以 DVB over IP、 IP overEverything 为技术框架,融合了三大网络技术和媒体技术,涵盖了流媒体服务器、转码服务器和无线多媒体传输及播放等系统,从而可以实现在任何时间,任何地点,通过任何终端设备和任何网络享受丰富的数字音视频信息。系统所有的服务组件都运行于 Linux 操作系统,具有最优的性能价格比和最大的安全性。系统投入运行一年多以来,效果良好。
With the development of Networking, Communication, Multimediatechnology, data transmitting over Internet includes not only text but alsoaudio and video. Streaming service and streaming techniques are receivingmore and more attention both from industry and academy.
Research on content release of streaming media is done for quality ofservice of streaming media transmission. A receiver-buffer-driven solutionfor adaptive video multicast is adopted for video adaptive transmission.Then content release and management system of streaming media is realizedfor users to reach streaming media service system.
The first part is about multicast adaptive transmission. It is highlydesirable to meet the real-time requirement of video multicast on the Internet.In this thesis, a receiver-buffer-driven solution is proposed for adaptive videomulticast. The proposed solution adopts an adaptive transmission schemewhich is based on control theory. Simulation results validate theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme. This solution can be used fordifferent congestion control algorithms and source encoding techniques. Atthe same time, the proposed solution realizes adaptive video transmissionunder various Internet conditions.
Then, the realization of content release and management system ofstreaming media is introduced. Users reach streaming media service systemby content release server. Thereby, they can get media content informationand user information. On the other hand, administrators can manage mediacontent and user information by content management system remotely.
Finally, the test-bed project of this research work is introduced. IP TVintegrated service system is a comprehensive system consisting of streamingserver, transcoding server, wireless transmission module, etc. The goal ofITIS is to provide streaming service by all means anytime and everywhere.
All of the core modules run on Linux, which guarantees the efficiency andsecurity of the system.
为了解决目前流媒体传输的服务质量问题,论文主要进行了流媒体内容发布技术的研究。采用接收方缓冲区驱动的自适应多播方法解决了在不可预约带宽网络环境中的视频自适应传输,并且建立了流媒体信息发布与管理系统,实现了流媒体服务的交互功能,从而为 IP 电视综合服务系统(ITIS)完成了提供服务质量(QoS)保证的多播模块以及交互模块。
首先,提出了一种接收方缓冲区驱动的自适应视频多播系统。为了解决现有网络基础上的实时视频多播问题,利用基于控制理论的自适应传输机制,实现了在不可预约带宽网络环境中的视频自适应传输。仿真结果验证了方法的有效性,而且可适用于不同的拥塞控制算法和编码算法,扩展性良好。
接着,建立了流媒体信息发布与管理系统。流媒体信息发布服务器是用户与流媒体服务系统进行交互的媒介,负责进行节目内容的动态发布,用户还可以通过它从认证计费服务器中获取用户信息。流媒体信息管理系统则可以对节目内容、运营信息以及用户信息等进行远程维护。
最后,介绍了流媒体内容发布技术的依托项目——IP 电视综合服务系统。作为一个通用的服务平台,IP 电视综合服务系统以 DVB over IP、 IP overEverything 为技术框架,融合了三大网络技术和媒体技术,涵盖了流媒体服务器、转码服务器和无线多媒体传输及播放等系统,从而可以实现在任何时间,任何地点,通过任何终端设备和任何网络享受丰富的数字音视频信息。系统所有的服务组件都运行于 Linux 操作系统,具有最优的性能价格比和最大的安全性。系统投入运行一年多以来,效果良好。
With the development of Networking, Communication, Multimediatechnology, data transmitting over Internet includes not only text but alsoaudio and video. Streaming service and streaming techniques are receivingmore and more attention both from industry and academy.
Research on content release of streaming media is done for quality ofservice of streaming media transmission. A receiver-buffer-driven solutionfor adaptive video multicast is adopted for video adaptive transmission.Then content release and management system of streaming media is realizedfor users to reach streaming media service system.
The first part is about multicast adaptive transmission. It is highlydesirable to meet the real-time requirement of video multicast on the Internet.In this thesis, a receiver-buffer-driven solution is proposed for adaptive videomulticast. The proposed solution adopts an adaptive transmission schemewhich is based on control theory. Simulation results validate theeffectiveness of the proposed scheme. This solution can be used fordifferent congestion control algorithms and source encoding techniques. Atthe same time, the proposed solution realizes adaptive video transmissionunder various Internet conditions.
Then, the realization of content release and management system ofstreaming media is introduced. Users reach streaming media service systemby content release server. Thereby, they can get media content informationand user information. On the other hand, administrators can manage mediacontent and user information by content management system remotely.
Finally, the test-bed project of this research work is introduced. IP TVintegrated service system is a comprehensive system consisting of streamingserver, transcoding server, wireless transmission module, etc. The goal ofITIS is to provide streaming service by all means anytime and everywhere.
All of the core modules run on Linux, which guarantees the efficiency andsecurity of the system.
引文
[1] Dapeng Wu, Yiwei Thomas, Wenwu Zhu, Ya-Qin Zhang. Streaming Video over the Internet: Approaches and Directions. IEEE Transactions Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. 2001, 11(3): 282 – 300
[2] 曾珂,戴琼海. 流媒体——技术与市场的挑战. ICTC 2002 第十届国际有线电视技术研讨会. 2002,10:10 –13
[3] 胡俊. 流媒体技术在数字图书馆中的应用. 情报科学. 2001,04
[4] Williamson, C. Internet traffic measurement. Internet Computing, IEEE. 2001, 5(6): 70–74
[5] Jerkins J.L. Wang J.L. A close look at traffic measurements from packet networks. Global Telecommunications Conference. The Bridge to Global Integration. IEEE. 1998, 4: 2405 -2411
[6] ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999/Amd.1:2000. Information technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 2: Visual, Amendment 1: Visual extensions
[7] http://www.projectmayo.com/
[8] R Braden, et al. Resource ReSerVation Protocol(RSVP)---Version 1 Functional Specification [S]. RFC 2205. 1997.9
[9] H. Schulzrinne. RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. RFC 1889. 1996, 1
[10] Schulzrinne H. RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control. RFC 1890. 1996, 1
[11] Y. Kikuchi. RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams. RFC 3016. 2000, 11
[12] H. Schulzrinne. Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). RFC 2326. 1998, 4
[13] 查辉,周敬利,余胜生. 实时流化协议 rtsp 的研究和实现. 计算机工程与应用. 1999,03
[14] http://www.realnetworks.com/solutions/ecosystem/realsystem.html
[15] http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/technologies/services.asp
[16] http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qtss/
[17] X. Li, M. Ammar, S. Paul. Video Multicast over the Internet. IEEE Network Magazine. 1999, 13(2): 46-60
[18] Jiangchuan Liu, Bo Li, Ya-Qin Zhang. Adaptive Video Multicast Over the Internet. IEEE Computer Society. 2003, 1: 22-33
[19] L Delgrassi, et al. Media Scaling in a Multimedia Communication System. ACM Multimedia Sys. 1994, 2: 172-180
[20] J. Bolot, T. Turletti, I. Wakeman. Scalable Feedback Control for Multicast Video Distribution in the Internet. Computer Comm. Review. 1994, 24(4): 58-67
[21] S. Cheung, M. Ammar, X. Li. On the Use of Destination Set Grouping to Improve Fairness in Multicast Video Distribution. Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc. (Infocom 96), IEEE Press. 1996: 553-560
[22] X. Li M. Ammar. Bandwidth Control for Replicated-Stream Multicast Video. Proc. High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC 96), IEEE CS Press. 1996
[23] S. McCanne, V. Jacobson, M. Vetterli. Receiver-Driven Layered Multicast. Proc. ACM Sigcomm Conf., ACM Press. 1996: 117-130
[24] S. Bajaj, L. Breslau, S. Shenker. Uniform Versus Priority Dropping for Layered Video. Proc. ACM Sigcomm Conf., ACM Press. 1998, 9: 131-143
[25] B. Vickers, C. Albuquerque, T. Suda. Source Adaptive Multi-Layered Multicast Algorithms for Real-Time Video Distribution. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking. 2000, 8(6): 720-733
[26] L. Vicisano, L. Rizzo, J. Crowcroft. TCP-Like Congestion Control for Layered Multicast Data Transfer,” Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc. (Infocom 98), IEEE Press, 1998, pp.996-1003
[27] R. Gopalakrishnan, et al. Stability and Fairness Issues in Layered Multicast. Proc. Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 99). 1999
[28] A. Legout, E.W. Biersack. Pathological Behaviors for RLM and RLC. Proc. Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 00). 2000
[29] S. Sarkar, L. Tassiulas. Fair Allocation of Discrete Bandwidth Layers in Multicast Networks. Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc (Infocom 00), IEEE Press. 2000
[30] D. Sisalem, A. Wolisz. MLDA: A TCP-Friendly Congestion Control Framework for Heterogeneous Multicast Environments. Proc. 8th Int'l Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS), IEEE Press. 2000: 65-74
[31] H. Saltzer, D. Reed, D. Clark. End-to-End Arguments in System Design. ACM Trans. Computing Systems. 1984, 2(4): 277-288
[32] E. Amir, S. McCanne, R. Katz. An Active Service Framework and Its Application to Real-Time Multimedia Transcoding. Proc. ACM Sigcomm Conf., ACM Press. 1998: 178-179
[33] B. Li, et al. On the Optimal Placement of Web Proxies in the Internet. Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc. (Infocom 99), IEEE Press. 1999: 1282-1290
[34] I. Kouvelas, V. Hardman, J. Crowcroft. Network Adaptive Continuous-Media Applications Through Self Organised Transcoding. Proc. Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 98). 1998
[35] D. Wu, T. Hou, Y.-Q. Zhang. Transporting real-time video over the Internet: Challenges and approaches. Proc. of the IEEE. 2000, 88: 1855-1875
[36] Bo Li, Jiangchuan Liu. Multirate Video Multicast Over the Internet. IEEE Network. 2003, 1: 24-29
[37] R. Rejaje, M. Handley, and D. Estrin. Layered quality adaptation for Internet video streaming. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communications. 2000, 18: 2530-2543
[38] S. Jacobs, A. Eleftheriadis. Streaming video using TCP flow control and dynamic rate shaping. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. 1998, 9: 211-222
[39] X.Li, M.Ammar, S.Pau1. Layered Video Multicast with Retransmission(LVMR): Evaluation of Hierarchical Rate Control. Proc.IEEE Infocom. 1998
[40] Reza Rejaie, Mark Handley, Deborah Estrin. RAP: An End-to-end Rate-based Congestion Control Mechanism for Realtime Streams in the Internet. Proc.IEEE Infocom. 1999
[41] John Byers, Michael Luby, Michael Mitzenmacher. Fine-Grained Layered Multicast. IEEE Infocom 2001. 2001, 2: 1143-1151
[42] Stankovic, V. Hamzaoui, R. Zixiang Xiong. Robust layered multiple description coding of scalable media data for multicast. Signal Processing Letters, IEEE, 2005, 12(2): 154 – 157
[43] Dejian Ye, Xiaoyan Wang, Zuo Zhang, Qiufeng Wu. A buffer-driven approach to adaptively stream stored video over Internet. High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications 5th IEEE International Conference on. 2002, 7: 81–85
[44] Dejian Ye, Qiufeng Wu, Zuo Zhang. Receiver-buffer-driven approach to adaptive Internet video streaming. IEE Electronics Letters. 2002, 38(22): 1405 – 1406
[45] V. Jacobson. Congestion avoidance and control. Proc. SIGCOMM Symp. Communications Architechtures and Protocols. 1988: 314-329
[46] H. Radha, M van der Schaar, Y. Chen. The MPEG-4 fine-grained scalable video coding method for multimedia streaming over IP. IEEE Trans Multimedia. 2001, 3: 53-68
[47] Teitelbaum B., Hares S., Dunn L., Neilson R., Narayan V., Reichmeyer F. Internet2 QBone: building a testbed for differentiated services. Network, IEEE. 1999, 13(5): 8-16
[2] 曾珂,戴琼海. 流媒体——技术与市场的挑战. ICTC 2002 第十届国际有线电视技术研讨会. 2002,10:10 –13
[3] 胡俊. 流媒体技术在数字图书馆中的应用. 情报科学. 2001,04
[4] Williamson, C. Internet traffic measurement. Internet Computing, IEEE. 2001, 5(6): 70–74
[5] Jerkins J.L. Wang J.L. A close look at traffic measurements from packet networks. Global Telecommunications Conference. The Bridge to Global Integration. IEEE. 1998, 4: 2405 -2411
[6] ISO/IEC 14496-2:1999/Amd.1:2000. Information technology - Coding of audio-visual objects - Part 2: Visual, Amendment 1: Visual extensions
[7] http://www.projectmayo.com/
[8] R Braden, et al. Resource ReSerVation Protocol(RSVP)---Version 1 Functional Specification [S]. RFC 2205. 1997.9
[9] H. Schulzrinne. RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. RFC 1889. 1996, 1
[10] Schulzrinne H. RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control. RFC 1890. 1996, 1
[11] Y. Kikuchi. RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams. RFC 3016. 2000, 11
[12] H. Schulzrinne. Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). RFC 2326. 1998, 4
[13] 查辉,周敬利,余胜生. 实时流化协议 rtsp 的研究和实现. 计算机工程与应用. 1999,03
[14] http://www.realnetworks.com/solutions/ecosystem/realsystem.html
[15] http://www.microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/technologies/services.asp
[16] http://www.apple.com/quicktime/products/qtss/
[17] X. Li, M. Ammar, S. Paul. Video Multicast over the Internet. IEEE Network Magazine. 1999, 13(2): 46-60
[18] Jiangchuan Liu, Bo Li, Ya-Qin Zhang. Adaptive Video Multicast Over the Internet. IEEE Computer Society. 2003, 1: 22-33
[19] L Delgrassi, et al. Media Scaling in a Multimedia Communication System. ACM Multimedia Sys. 1994, 2: 172-180
[20] J. Bolot, T. Turletti, I. Wakeman. Scalable Feedback Control for Multicast Video Distribution in the Internet. Computer Comm. Review. 1994, 24(4): 58-67
[21] S. Cheung, M. Ammar, X. Li. On the Use of Destination Set Grouping to Improve Fairness in Multicast Video Distribution. Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc. (Infocom 96), IEEE Press. 1996: 553-560
[22] X. Li M. Ammar. Bandwidth Control for Replicated-Stream Multicast Video. Proc. High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC 96), IEEE CS Press. 1996
[23] S. McCanne, V. Jacobson, M. Vetterli. Receiver-Driven Layered Multicast. Proc. ACM Sigcomm Conf., ACM Press. 1996: 117-130
[24] S. Bajaj, L. Breslau, S. Shenker. Uniform Versus Priority Dropping for Layered Video. Proc. ACM Sigcomm Conf., ACM Press. 1998, 9: 131-143
[25] B. Vickers, C. Albuquerque, T. Suda. Source Adaptive Multi-Layered Multicast Algorithms for Real-Time Video Distribution. IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking. 2000, 8(6): 720-733
[26] L. Vicisano, L. Rizzo, J. Crowcroft. TCP-Like Congestion Control for Layered Multicast Data Transfer,” Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc. (Infocom 98), IEEE Press, 1998, pp.996-1003
[27] R. Gopalakrishnan, et al. Stability and Fairness Issues in Layered Multicast. Proc. Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 99). 1999
[28] A. Legout, E.W. Biersack. Pathological Behaviors for RLM and RLC. Proc. Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 00). 2000
[29] S. Sarkar, L. Tassiulas. Fair Allocation of Discrete Bandwidth Layers in Multicast Networks. Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc (Infocom 00), IEEE Press. 2000
[30] D. Sisalem, A. Wolisz. MLDA: A TCP-Friendly Congestion Control Framework for Heterogeneous Multicast Environments. Proc. 8th Int'l Workshop on Quality of Service (IWQoS), IEEE Press. 2000: 65-74
[31] H. Saltzer, D. Reed, D. Clark. End-to-End Arguments in System Design. ACM Trans. Computing Systems. 1984, 2(4): 277-288
[32] E. Amir, S. McCanne, R. Katz. An Active Service Framework and Its Application to Real-Time Multimedia Transcoding. Proc. ACM Sigcomm Conf., ACM Press. 1998: 178-179
[33] B. Li, et al. On the Optimal Placement of Web Proxies in the Internet. Proc. Ann. Joint Conf. IEEE Computer and Comm. Soc. (Infocom 99), IEEE Press. 1999: 1282-1290
[34] I. Kouvelas, V. Hardman, J. Crowcroft. Network Adaptive Continuous-Media Applications Through Self Organised Transcoding. Proc. Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video (NOSSDAV 98). 1998
[35] D. Wu, T. Hou, Y.-Q. Zhang. Transporting real-time video over the Internet: Challenges and approaches. Proc. of the IEEE. 2000, 88: 1855-1875
[36] Bo Li, Jiangchuan Liu. Multirate Video Multicast Over the Internet. IEEE Network. 2003, 1: 24-29
[37] R. Rejaje, M. Handley, and D. Estrin. Layered quality adaptation for Internet video streaming. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communications. 2000, 18: 2530-2543
[38] S. Jacobs, A. Eleftheriadis. Streaming video using TCP flow control and dynamic rate shaping. Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation. 1998, 9: 211-222
[39] X.Li, M.Ammar, S.Pau1. Layered Video Multicast with Retransmission(LVMR): Evaluation of Hierarchical Rate Control. Proc.IEEE Infocom. 1998
[40] Reza Rejaie, Mark Handley, Deborah Estrin. RAP: An End-to-end Rate-based Congestion Control Mechanism for Realtime Streams in the Internet. Proc.IEEE Infocom. 1999
[41] John Byers, Michael Luby, Michael Mitzenmacher. Fine-Grained Layered Multicast. IEEE Infocom 2001. 2001, 2: 1143-1151
[42] Stankovic, V. Hamzaoui, R. Zixiang Xiong. Robust layered multiple description coding of scalable media data for multicast. Signal Processing Letters, IEEE, 2005, 12(2): 154 – 157
[43] Dejian Ye, Xiaoyan Wang, Zuo Zhang, Qiufeng Wu. A buffer-driven approach to adaptively stream stored video over Internet. High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications 5th IEEE International Conference on. 2002, 7: 81–85
[44] Dejian Ye, Qiufeng Wu, Zuo Zhang. Receiver-buffer-driven approach to adaptive Internet video streaming. IEE Electronics Letters. 2002, 38(22): 1405 – 1406
[45] V. Jacobson. Congestion avoidance and control. Proc. SIGCOMM Symp. Communications Architechtures and Protocols. 1988: 314-329
[46] H. Radha, M van der Schaar, Y. Chen. The MPEG-4 fine-grained scalable video coding method for multimedia streaming over IP. IEEE Trans Multimedia. 2001, 3: 53-68
[47] Teitelbaum B., Hares S., Dunn L., Neilson R., Narayan V., Reichmeyer F. Internet2 QBone: building a testbed for differentiated services. Network, IEEE. 1999, 13(5): 8-16