基于本体的网格元数据模型及其相关技术研究
|
摘要
网格的发展和应用对网格资源的发现和管理提出了新的要求,网格资源管理的目标是要把通过网络连接起来的各种自治资源和系统进行集成并统一管理,提供可扩展的、安全的、一致的、普及的、高效的大规模资源共享和计算服务。因此,网格资源管理也就成为了网格研究中的核心问题,但是网格资源所具有的动态性和异构性特点对资源的发现和调度提出了很高的挑战。要求网格资源管理的方式更加具有智能性,以适应网格资源动态性变化、资源异构、资源管理规模和范围巨大的需求。网格资源本身的异构性、应用的差异和地域的差异等也带来了资源描述元数据的异构性,这对网格资源的发现和互操作都带来很大的影响。
本论文对相关技术进行了全面综述,总结了这些领域的研究现状和发展趋势,同时指出了现有工作的不足。结合相关领域的最新成果,针对其不足之处,提出了基于本体的网格资源元数据语义模型,研究了元数据抽取和语义化算法,以及基于语义元数据的网格资源注册和管理技术,并探索了资源语义匹配算法和资源发现系统框架。并且将研究成果应用于政务网格中,解决电子政务领域的资源共享和业务协同问题。
首先,本文对网格资源进行抽象分析、对网格资源元数据进行模型化分析,提出了网格资源抽象模型和元数据抽象模型,并采用本体建模技术设计了元数据本体。结合领域本体实现了机器可读的网格资源语义元数据,为基于元数据的语义资源发现奠定了基础。
其次,本文对网格资源的元数据管理进行了论述,提出了网格资源元数据的方案,对元数据的获取、语义化处理和元数据注册,以及元数据的互操作进行了系统的研究。结合本体和语义标注技术设计了网格元数据语义化处理算法,使网格资源元数据的语义可以通过本体中的概念准确的表述,实现了对网格资源语义元数据的采集和管理。
再次,网格中语义元数据的建立为网格资源发现奠定了基础,为了实现网格内资源的语义发现和管理,本文还研究了网格资源的语义匹配策略和发现算法。论文分别对概念的语义相关性和语义距离进行研究,设计了本体中概念语义相似度计算的算法。通过本体概念语义相似度的分析和语义辨析的研究,提出了基于语义的网格资源相似度算法。在此基础上,实现了网格资源和用户需求的语义匹配,并对算法的扩展进行了探讨。
然后,对网格资源发现的机制、发现方式、发现服务的设计要素和操作进行了论述。提出了基于元数据和本体的网格资源发现模型,研究了多本体的协作技术,设计了网格资源语义发现系统的框架,并对框架结合个人资源代理的扩展方面进行了探讨。
最后,分析了电子政务建设中资源共享和业务协同的需求,提出了政务网格体系,通过网格技术实现政府部门之间软硬件资源的共享。结合上海市电子政务建设的情况,在几个政府部门之间搭建了政务网格的实验环境,初步建立了电子政务网格资源元数据和其语义化,开发了政务网格资源的编目和注册系统,并且开发了基于本体对资源元数据进行了统一的语义化处理和转换的系统。实现了网格资源的目录服务和资源的语义发现,同时对政务网格资源的调用和交换做了部分实现。
本论文对于网格资源的元数据模型和网格中基于元数据和本体实现资源的语义发现进行了系统的研究,分别建立了网格资源抽象模型,元数据抽象模型、元数据本体模型和元数据语义模型;研究了网格资源语义元数据的管理技术,设计了网格资源元数据方案、元数据抽取和元数据语义化算法,并对元数据注册的机制和元数据的互操作进行了系统研究;并研究了基于元数据和本体的网格资源匹配策略和发现算法,实现了基于语义相似度进行网格资源匹配和发现;研究了网格资源发现模型,设计了网格资源语义发现的系统框架;最后,把课题的研究成果应用于电子政务建设中,设计了政务网格体系,搭建了政务网格实验环境,对元数据的管理、资源发现和调度进行了应用实验研究,并且已经在一些实际项目建设中应用了本文的部分研究成果。
The development and application of Grid have put forword new requirements on resource management continuously.The goal of Grid resource management is integrating all kinds of autonomic resources and applications,and managing them unitedly to provide expandable,security,unanimous,pervasive,high efficency and wide scope resource sharing and computing service.So that Grid resource management has become one of the core problems in Grid research area.But the dynamic and heterogenous characteristics of Grid resources bring high challenge on resource discovery and allocation.It requires the resource management mode to be more intelligent,and adapt the requiremtn of resource dynamicly changing,heterogenouse, large scale and scope.The difference of Grid resouces,applications and regions also make the resource description mentadatas heterogeneity.This may bring a lot of influence on Grid resource discovery and interoperability.
This paper described the related technology completedly,summarized the researching status and development tendency briefly,and indicated the deficiency of the current works.Combining the newliest production of related researching area and aiming at the lack of them,we promoted an ontology-based Grid resource metadata semantic model,investigated the metadata extracting and semanticnizing algorithm and Grid resource registry and management technology.We explored the resource semantic matching arithmetic and discovery system framework.Also,we applied the researching results in Government Grid to solve the problem of resource sharing and business cooperating problems in e-Government area.
First,this paper made abstract analysis on Grid resources and made modeling analysis on metadata.It put forward abstract model of Grid resource and metadata.So we designed metadata ontology using ontology modeling technology,and realized the semantic Grid resource metadata,which is computer readingable,combining domain ontologies.This provided basis for semantic resource discovery.
Next,this paper discussed the Grid resource management technology.It provided Grid resource metadata scheme and do some systemic research on metadata extraction, metadata semanticnizing transaction,metadata registry and metadata cooperation. Combining ontology and semantic annotation,we designed the Grid metadata semantic transaction arithmetic,so that the semantics of metadata can be expressed by concepts of ontology exactly and realized the semantic metadata collection and management.
Then,the construction of semantic metadata in Grid establish basis for Grid resource discovery.But we need study the semantic matching policy and discovery arithmetic to realize the semantic resource discovery and management.The paper had studied the semantic relativity and semantic distance between concepts in ontology,and designed the semantic similarity algorithm between concepts.By the research of semantic similarity and semantic discriminating between concepts,we brought forward the Grid resource similarity algorithm based-on semantics.Laying the foundation of the research,we realized the semantic matching among Grid resources and customer' s requirements,moreover we have discussed the expansion of aligrithm.
Moreover,we discribed the discovery mechanism,discovery mode,discovery service' s key element and discovery operation of Grid resources.So we put forward a Grid resource discovery model based on metadata and ontology.We have researched the muliti-ontologies collaboration technology and designed Grid resource discovery system framework.Furthermore,we have discussed the expansion of the framework by combining personal resouce agent.
Finally,we combined the requirement of resource sharing and business collaboration,and put forward the Government Grid,which realized the hardware and software sharing among government departments by Grid technology.According to the Shanghai e-Government construction condition,we built a testing environment of Government Grid among a few departments.In the validation of our research,we designed the Government Grid resource metadata ontology and e-Government ontology, and developed metadata editor,registry and catalog service systems.Moreover,we programmed the ontology-based metadata semantic transaction and transform system. We realized the Grid resource catalog service and semantic discovery.At the same time, we partly applied the resource dispatching and exchanging.
The paper made sytemic researched on Grid resource metadata model and ontology-based semantic Grid resource discovery.Separately,we built the Grid resource abstract model,metadata abstract model,metadata ontology model and semantic metadata model.We studied the semantic metadata management technology in Grid, designed Grid resource metadata shceme,metadata extraction and semantic transaction algorithm,and done research on metadata registry and interoperability.Also we developed Grid resource matching and discovery algorithm based on metadata and ontology and realized the resource matching and discovery by semantic similarity.We researched the Grid resource discovery model and designed the semantic resource discovery sytem framework.Lastly,we using the researching results in e-Government construction,designed the Government Grid System,built a validitory environment,and do applying experiment of metadata management,resource cataloging,discovery and alloction.Further more,some of the research achievements have been used in the practice projects.
本论文对相关技术进行了全面综述,总结了这些领域的研究现状和发展趋势,同时指出了现有工作的不足。结合相关领域的最新成果,针对其不足之处,提出了基于本体的网格资源元数据语义模型,研究了元数据抽取和语义化算法,以及基于语义元数据的网格资源注册和管理技术,并探索了资源语义匹配算法和资源发现系统框架。并且将研究成果应用于政务网格中,解决电子政务领域的资源共享和业务协同问题。
首先,本文对网格资源进行抽象分析、对网格资源元数据进行模型化分析,提出了网格资源抽象模型和元数据抽象模型,并采用本体建模技术设计了元数据本体。结合领域本体实现了机器可读的网格资源语义元数据,为基于元数据的语义资源发现奠定了基础。
其次,本文对网格资源的元数据管理进行了论述,提出了网格资源元数据的方案,对元数据的获取、语义化处理和元数据注册,以及元数据的互操作进行了系统的研究。结合本体和语义标注技术设计了网格元数据语义化处理算法,使网格资源元数据的语义可以通过本体中的概念准确的表述,实现了对网格资源语义元数据的采集和管理。
再次,网格中语义元数据的建立为网格资源发现奠定了基础,为了实现网格内资源的语义发现和管理,本文还研究了网格资源的语义匹配策略和发现算法。论文分别对概念的语义相关性和语义距离进行研究,设计了本体中概念语义相似度计算的算法。通过本体概念语义相似度的分析和语义辨析的研究,提出了基于语义的网格资源相似度算法。在此基础上,实现了网格资源和用户需求的语义匹配,并对算法的扩展进行了探讨。
然后,对网格资源发现的机制、发现方式、发现服务的设计要素和操作进行了论述。提出了基于元数据和本体的网格资源发现模型,研究了多本体的协作技术,设计了网格资源语义发现系统的框架,并对框架结合个人资源代理的扩展方面进行了探讨。
最后,分析了电子政务建设中资源共享和业务协同的需求,提出了政务网格体系,通过网格技术实现政府部门之间软硬件资源的共享。结合上海市电子政务建设的情况,在几个政府部门之间搭建了政务网格的实验环境,初步建立了电子政务网格资源元数据和其语义化,开发了政务网格资源的编目和注册系统,并且开发了基于本体对资源元数据进行了统一的语义化处理和转换的系统。实现了网格资源的目录服务和资源的语义发现,同时对政务网格资源的调用和交换做了部分实现。
本论文对于网格资源的元数据模型和网格中基于元数据和本体实现资源的语义发现进行了系统的研究,分别建立了网格资源抽象模型,元数据抽象模型、元数据本体模型和元数据语义模型;研究了网格资源语义元数据的管理技术,设计了网格资源元数据方案、元数据抽取和元数据语义化算法,并对元数据注册的机制和元数据的互操作进行了系统研究;并研究了基于元数据和本体的网格资源匹配策略和发现算法,实现了基于语义相似度进行网格资源匹配和发现;研究了网格资源发现模型,设计了网格资源语义发现的系统框架;最后,把课题的研究成果应用于电子政务建设中,设计了政务网格体系,搭建了政务网格实验环境,对元数据的管理、资源发现和调度进行了应用实验研究,并且已经在一些实际项目建设中应用了本文的部分研究成果。
The development and application of Grid have put forword new requirements on resource management continuously.The goal of Grid resource management is integrating all kinds of autonomic resources and applications,and managing them unitedly to provide expandable,security,unanimous,pervasive,high efficency and wide scope resource sharing and computing service.So that Grid resource management has become one of the core problems in Grid research area.But the dynamic and heterogenous characteristics of Grid resources bring high challenge on resource discovery and allocation.It requires the resource management mode to be more intelligent,and adapt the requiremtn of resource dynamicly changing,heterogenouse, large scale and scope.The difference of Grid resouces,applications and regions also make the resource description mentadatas heterogeneity.This may bring a lot of influence on Grid resource discovery and interoperability.
This paper described the related technology completedly,summarized the researching status and development tendency briefly,and indicated the deficiency of the current works.Combining the newliest production of related researching area and aiming at the lack of them,we promoted an ontology-based Grid resource metadata semantic model,investigated the metadata extracting and semanticnizing algorithm and Grid resource registry and management technology.We explored the resource semantic matching arithmetic and discovery system framework.Also,we applied the researching results in Government Grid to solve the problem of resource sharing and business cooperating problems in e-Government area.
First,this paper made abstract analysis on Grid resources and made modeling analysis on metadata.It put forward abstract model of Grid resource and metadata.So we designed metadata ontology using ontology modeling technology,and realized the semantic Grid resource metadata,which is computer readingable,combining domain ontologies.This provided basis for semantic resource discovery.
Next,this paper discussed the Grid resource management technology.It provided Grid resource metadata scheme and do some systemic research on metadata extraction, metadata semanticnizing transaction,metadata registry and metadata cooperation. Combining ontology and semantic annotation,we designed the Grid metadata semantic transaction arithmetic,so that the semantics of metadata can be expressed by concepts of ontology exactly and realized the semantic metadata collection and management.
Then,the construction of semantic metadata in Grid establish basis for Grid resource discovery.But we need study the semantic matching policy and discovery arithmetic to realize the semantic resource discovery and management.The paper had studied the semantic relativity and semantic distance between concepts in ontology,and designed the semantic similarity algorithm between concepts.By the research of semantic similarity and semantic discriminating between concepts,we brought forward the Grid resource similarity algorithm based-on semantics.Laying the foundation of the research,we realized the semantic matching among Grid resources and customer' s requirements,moreover we have discussed the expansion of aligrithm.
Moreover,we discribed the discovery mechanism,discovery mode,discovery service' s key element and discovery operation of Grid resources.So we put forward a Grid resource discovery model based on metadata and ontology.We have researched the muliti-ontologies collaboration technology and designed Grid resource discovery system framework.Furthermore,we have discussed the expansion of the framework by combining personal resouce agent.
Finally,we combined the requirement of resource sharing and business collaboration,and put forward the Government Grid,which realized the hardware and software sharing among government departments by Grid technology.According to the Shanghai e-Government construction condition,we built a testing environment of Government Grid among a few departments.In the validation of our research,we designed the Government Grid resource metadata ontology and e-Government ontology, and developed metadata editor,registry and catalog service systems.Moreover,we programmed the ontology-based metadata semantic transaction and transform system. We realized the Grid resource catalog service and semantic discovery.At the same time, we partly applied the resource dispatching and exchanging.
The paper made sytemic researched on Grid resource metadata model and ontology-based semantic Grid resource discovery.Separately,we built the Grid resource abstract model,metadata abstract model,metadata ontology model and semantic metadata model.We studied the semantic metadata management technology in Grid, designed Grid resource metadata shceme,metadata extraction and semantic transaction algorithm,and done research on metadata registry and interoperability.Also we developed Grid resource matching and discovery algorithm based on metadata and ontology and realized the resource matching and discovery by semantic similarity.We researched the Grid resource discovery model and designed the semantic resource discovery sytem framework.Lastly,we using the researching results in e-Government construction,designed the Government Grid System,built a validitory environment,and do applying experiment of metadata management,resource cataloging,discovery and alloction.Further more,some of the research achievements have been used in the practice projects.
引文
[1]I.Foster,Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid,Nature,7 December 2000,www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/grid.html.
[2]I.Foster and C.Kesselman,Eds.The Grid:Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure,Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,San Francisco,USA,1999.
[3]M.Weiser,The computer for the twenty-first century,Scientific American,1991,265(3):94-104.
[4]IBM Autonomic Computing,http://www.research.ibm.com/autonomic/.
[5]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,and S.Tuecke,The anatomy of the grid:Enabling scalable virtual organizations,Int.J.Supercomputers Applications,2001,15(3):205-220.
[6]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,J.M.Nick,and S.Tuecke,Grid services for distributed system integration,IEEE Computer,2002,35(6):37-46.
[7]D.De Roure,N.R.Jennings,and N.R.Shadbolt,The evolution of the Grid,in F.Berman,G.Fox,and A.J.G.Hey,Eds.Grid Computing:Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality,NJ:John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Publishing,2003,65-100.
[8]冯项云,肖珑,廖三三,庄纪林,国外常用元数据标准比较研究,大学图书馆学报,2001年04期。
[9]Ontology研究综述,邓志鸿、庸世渭等,北京大学学报(自然科学版),第38卷,第5期,2002年9月。
[10]Bunge M.,Treatise on Basic Philosophy:Ontology I--The Furniture of the World,D Reidel Pub Co,July 1977.
[11]Neches R,Fikes R E,Gruber T R,et al.Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing.AI Magazine,1991,12(3):36-56.
[12]Gruber,T.R.,A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications.Knowledge Acquisition,5(2):199-220,1993.
[13]Studer R,Benjamins V R,Fensel D.Knowledge Engineering:Principles and Methods.Data and Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(1-2) P161-197.
[14]Perez A G,Benjamins V R.Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components:Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods.Workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons Learned and Future Trends (IJCAI99),deAgosto,Estocolmo,1999.
[15]Ontolingua Home Page,http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/ontolingua.
[16]The Syntax of CycL,http://www.cyc.com/tech.html#cycl.
[17]Loom,http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOOM-HOME.html.
[18]Web Ontology Language(OWL),http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/.
[19]SHOE,http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/.
[20]XOL Ontology Exchange Language,http://www.ai.sri.com/pkarp/xol/.
[21]Resource Description Framework(RDF),http://www.w3.org/RDF/.
[22]Miller,E.(1998).An Introduction to the Resource Description Framework.D-Lib Magazine,http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may98/miller/05miller.html.
[23]Guarino N.Semantic Matching:Formal Ontological Distinctions for Information Organization,Extraction,and Integration.Pazienza M T,eds.Information Extraction:A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology,Springer Verlag,1997,139-170.
[24]Perez A G,Benjamins V R.Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components:Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods.Workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons Learned and Future Trends(IJCAI99),deAgosto,Estocolmo,1999.
[25]Gruber,T.R.,Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing.International Journal Human-Computer Studies,43(5-6):907-928,1995.
[26]Mike Uschold,Michael Gruninger.The Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):93.
[27]TOVE Ontology Project,http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/enterprise-modelling/tove/.
[28]#12
[29]张敏,张晓林,元数据(Metadata)的发展和相关格式[J].四川图书馆学报.2000,2:63.
[30]An Introduction to Metadata,Chris Taylor,29 July 2003,http://www.library.uq.edu.au/iad/ctmeta4.html.
[31]肖珑,陈凌,冯项云等,中文元数据标准框架及其应用[J].大学图书馆学报,2001年05期.
[32]张智雄.Metadata:组织和发现Internet信息资源的数据[J].现代图书情报技术.1999.1:21.
[33]李郎达.Metadata初探.情报科学.2001,6,19(6):605.
[34]戴超凡,陈文伟等,数据仓库中元数据技术研究,计算机工程与应用,2001年14期.
[35]缪其浩,元数据与图书馆-图书馆杂志理论学术系列,上海科学技术文献出版社,2005-5-1.
[36]陈艳红,盛子刚,DC元数据与网络信息检索,河北科技师范学院学报,2005年02期.
[37]徐徽,吴增德,马范援,林立杰,基于P2P的电子商务分布式注册机制中元数据的研究,计算机工程,2003年z1期.
[38]GB/T21063.3-2007政务信息资源目录体系 第3部分 核心元数据.
[39]Richard Gartner,Metadata for digital libraries:state of the art and future directions,http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/techwatch/tsw_0801pdf.pdf.
[40]Michelle Baldonado,Kevin Chang,Luis Gravano,Andreas Paepcke,The Stanford Digital Library Metadata Architecture,http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8091/diglib/pub/delos.html.
[41]Gifford,D.K.,Jouvelot,P.,Sheldon,M.,and O'Toole,J,Jr.Semantic File Systems,ACM SOSP,Pacific Grove,Oct.91.
[42]Stuart S,Michael M.Blending Hierarchical and Attribute-Based File Naming.In:Proc.of the 12th International Conference on Distributed Computer Systems,May 1992,P572-580.
[43]M.Bowman C.Dharap,M.Baruah,et al.A file system for information management,Proceedings of the ISMM International Conference on Intelligent Information Management Systems.1 June 1994.
[44]Gopal B,Manber U.Integrating content-based access mechanisms with hierarchical filesystems[A].Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation,1999.
[45]Michael A,The Design and Implementation of the Inversion File System,Proceedings of the Winter 1993 USENIX Technical Conference,1993.
[46]Hui-I Hsiao,Inderpal Narang:DLFM:A Transactional Resource Manager.SIGMOD Conference 2000:518-528.
[47]Y.Padioleau and O.Ridoux.A logic file system.In USENIX Annual Technical Conference,2003.Y.Padioleau and O.Ridoux.A parts-of-file file system.In USENIX Annual Technical Conference,2005.
[48]Common Warehouse Metamodel~(TM)(CWM~(TM)) Specification v1.1,http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/cwm.htm
[49]Understanding MARC authority records / prepared by Network Development and MARC Standards Offtce,Library of Congress,2004.2nd.ed.ISBN 0-8444-1113-2.
[50]The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative,http://dublincore.org/.
[51]吴建中等,DC元数据,上海科学技术文献出版社,2000年.
[52]e-Government Metadata Standard Version 2,http://www.govtalk.gov.uk/documents/metadataV2.pdf
[53]Australian Government Information Locate Service,http://www.naa.gov.au/agls.
[54]中国数字图书馆标准规范专门数字对象描述元数据规范,http://cdls.nstl.gov.cn/cdls2/w3c/2003/SpcMetadata/.
[55]Government Information Locator Service(GILS):Main Page,http://www.gpoaccess.gov/gils/index.html.
[56]赵志荣,张晓林,GILS元数据的结构与应用,情报理论与实践,2000,23(6),p.445-448.
[57]Metadata Ad Hoc Working Group,Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata,Federal Geographic Data Committee,1998,http://www.fgdc.gov/.
[58]TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics,ISO 19115:2003,Geographic information - Metadata,http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26020.
[59]J.Paul Getty Trust,Categories For The Description Of Works Of Art(CDWA),http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/cdwa/8_printing_options /definitions.pdf.
[60]The Getty Information Institute and College Art Association,Categories for the Description of Works of Art(CDWA),http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/cdwa/.
[61]TEI/MARC "Best Practices",http://www-personal.umich.edu/～jaheim/teiguide.html.
[62]Encoded Archival Description(EAD) Version 2002,http://www.loc.gov/ead/.
[63]Visual Resources Association,VRA Core Categories,http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/～staffaw3/vra/coreinfopage.htm.
[64]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,and S.Tuecke,The Anatomy of the Grid-Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations,The Globus Alliance,http://www.globus.org/research/papers/anatomy.pdf.
[65]I.Foster.The Grid:A New Infrastructure for 21st Century Science.Physics Today,2002,55(2):42-47.
[66]J.M.Schopf,and B.Nitzberg.Grids:Top Ten Questions.Scientific Programming,special issue on Grid Computing,2002,10(2):103-111.
[67]IBM Redbook,Introduction to Grid Computing,http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf
[68]I.Foster and C.Kesselman.The Globus Project:A Status Report.In:Proc.IPPS/SPDP '98 Heterogeneous Computing Workshop,Orlando,Florida,USA.1998.IEEE Press,1998.4-18.
[69]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,Globus:A Metacomputing Infrastructure Toolkit.Intl J.Supercomputer Applications,1997,11(2):115-128.
[70]Ian Foster.What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist.2002.http://www-fp.mcs.anl.gov/～foster/Articles/WhatIsTheGrid.pdf.
[71]K.Czajkowski,I.Foster,and C.Kesselman.Resource Co-Allocation in Computational Grids",The 8th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-8),Redondo Beach,California,USA.2001.IEEE Press,2001.219-228.
[72]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,J.Nick,and S.Tuecke,The Physiology of the Grid:An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration,Globus Project,2002,www.globus.org/research/papers/ogsa.pdf.
[73]Open Grid Forum,http://www.gridforum.org/.
[74]Globus Toolkit,http://www.globus.org/toolkit/.
[75]Legion:A Worldwide Virtual Computer,http://www.legion.virginia.edu/.
[76]Platform Computing,http://www.platform.com/.
[77]Distributed computing and data resource,http://www.unicore.eu/.
[78]LHC Computing Grid,http://lcg.web.cern.ch/lcg/.
[79]W.Allcock,A.Chervenak,I.Foster,and et al.Globus Toolkit Support for Distributed Data-Intensive Science.In:Proc.Computing in High Energy Physics(CHEP'01),Sept.2001.Tokyo Japan:Universal Academy Press,2001.35-38.
[80]William H.Bell,Diana Bosio and et al,Project Spitfire - Towards Grid Web Service Databases,Global Grid Forum 5,Edinburgh,Scotland,July 21-24,2002.
[81]A.L.Chervenak,N.Palavalli,S.Bharathi,and et al.Performance and Scalability of a Replica Location Service.In:Proc.the International IEEE Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-13),Hawaii,USA.2004.IEEE Press,2004.182-191.
[82]G.Singh,S.Bharathi,A.Chervenak,and et al.A Metadata Catalog Service for Data Intensive Applications.In:Proc.Supercomputing 2003(SC2003),Arizona,USA.Nov.2003.ACM Press,2003.33-49.
[83]J.B.Weissman and B.D.lee.The Service Grid:Supporting Scalable Heterogeneous Services in Wide-Area Networks.In:Proc.2001 Symposium on Applications and the Internet(SAINT 2001),San Diego,CA.2001.IEEE Press,2001.95-102.
[84]Czajkowski K,Fitzgerald S,Foster I,et al.Grid Information Services for Distributed Resource Sharing[C].Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on High-performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-10),San Francisco,CA,2001-08:181-194.
[85]M.Stevens.Service-Oriented Architecture Introduction,Part 1.2002.http://softwaredev.eartheweb.com/microsoft/article/010720_101041_100.html.
[86]Oracle Grid Computing,http://www.oracle.com/technologies/grid/index.html.
[87]HP Grid Computing,h20219.www2.hp.com/enterprise/cache/125369-0-0-0-121.html.
[88]Open Grid Services Infrastructure(OGSI) Version 1.0,http://www.globus.org/toolkit/draft-ggf-ogsi-gridservice-33_2003-06-27.pdf.
[89]The WS-Resource Framework,http://www.globus.org/wsrf/.
[90]廖华明,程伯羽等,信息网格中元数据层次化结构模型的研究和应用,计算机研究与发展,2003年40卷12期1694-1699页.
[91]赵宏伟,宋宝燕,邵一川,网格环境下一种高效的元数据管理策略,广西师范大 学学报(自然科学版),2007年04期.
[92]Geoffrey Fox,Data and Metadata on the Semantic Grid,Computing in Science and Engineering,September 2003(Vol.5,No.5) pp.76-78.
[93]Liyan Liu,Hua Li,Zongkai Lin,Metadata Model in Grid Database and its Application,Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design,Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Volume 1,Issue,24-26 May 2005 Page(s):362-366 Vol.1.
[94]RP Tyer,PA Couch,et al K Kleese van Dam,IT Todorov,RP Bruin,TOH White,AM Walker,KF Austen,MT Dove,MO Blanchard.Automatic metadata capture and grid computing.Proceedings of All Hands 2006.
[95]Sun Xia,Zheng QingHua,Metadata Expanded Semantically Based Resource Search in Education Grid,Academic Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2005(Vol.17,No.2)pp.127-130.
[96]Chen,L.,Shadbolt,N.,Tao,F.,Goble,C.,Puleston,C.and Cox,S.(2004) Managing Semantic Metadata for the Semantic Grid.In:Knowledge Grid and Grid Intelligence (KGGI) workshop,20 Sep.,2004,Beijing,China.
[97]李伟,徐志伟,唐志敏,谢向辉,肖侬,国家高性能计算环境的设计与实现,http://www.chinagrid.net/grid/paperppt/gct/dincg00.pdf.
[98]徐志伟,李伟,织女星网格的体系结构研究,计算机研究与发展,2002年8月,第39卷第8期,923-929.
[99]织女星网格,http://www.vegagrid.com/VegaIndexServlet.
[100]李三立,随心所欲 享用资源-先进计算基础设施的作用与意义,http://www2.ccw.com.cn/01/0149r/b/0149b02_2.asp.
[101]中国教育科研网格,http://www.chinagrid.edu.cn/chinagrid/index.jsp.
[102]上海交通大学网格计算中心,http://grid.sjtu.edu.cn/project.jsp.
[103]黄理灿,刘元安,e-Science、网格及其可扩展性体系结构,北京邮电大学出版社,2005-03-01
[104]董方鹏,龚奕利,李伟等,网格环境中资源发现机制的研究,计算机研究与发展,2003,40(12):1749-1755.
[105]Condor Project Homepage,http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor/.
[106]Thain D,Tannenbaum T,Livny M.Condor and the grid,In:Grid Computing:Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality,John Wiley & Sons Inc,2003.
[107]Basney J,Livny M,Managing Network Resources in Condor,In:Proceedings of IEEE HPDC-9,Pennsylvania,2000.
[108]李大成,陈莘荫,UDDI技术及应用概览,计算机工程,2002 28(12):3-8.
[109]UDDI specification,http://uddi.xml.org/specification.
[110]UDDI v2,http://www.oasis-open.org/specs/index.php#uddiv2.
[111]UDDI Version 3.0.2,http://www.uddi.org/pubs/uddi_v3.htm.
[112]Lv Q,Cao P,Cohen E.Search and Replication in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks,In:Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS 2002.
[113]Saroiu S,Gummadi P,Gribble S.A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer File sharing Systems.In:proceedings of SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN2002),San Jose,2002.
[114]Napster Free,http://free.napster.com/.
[115]Sylvia R,Scott S,Ion S.Routing Algorithms for DHTs:Some Open Questions.In:Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems(IPTPS'02),Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2002.
[116]Manolis Koubarakis,Iris Miliaraki,Zoi Kaoudi,Matoula Magiridou and Antonis Papadakis-Pesaresi.Semantic Grid Resource Discovery using DHTs in Atlas.3rd GGF Semantic Grid Workshop.Athens Greece.February 13-16,2006.
[117]Wai Gen Yee,Linh T.Nguyen,Dongmei Jia,Ophir Frieder,Efficient Query Routing by Improved Peer Description in P2P Networks.Infoscale,2008.
[118]Nick Antonopoulos and James Salter,Improving Query Routing Efficiency in Peer-to-Peer Networks,http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/antonopoulos04improving.html.
[119]Tim Berners-Lee,James Hendler and Ora Lassila,The Semantic Web,Scientific American,May 2001.
[120]W3C Semantic Web Activity,http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/.
[121]陆建江,张亚非,苗壮,周波,语义网原理与技术,科学出版社,2007年3月.
[122]Resource Description Framework,http://www.w3.org/RDF/.
[123]Stefan Decker,Sergey Melnik et al,THE SEMANTIC WEB:The Roles of XML and RDF,IEEE Internet Computing,October 2000,vol.15,nr.3,pgs.63--74.
[124]Horrocks I.,Parsia B.,Patel-Schneider P.AND Hendler J.,Semantic Web Architecture:Stack or Two Towers? Lecture Notes in Computer Science:Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning:Third International Workshop,vol.3703,2005.
[125]Nigel Shadbolt,Tim Berners-Lee and Wendy Hall,The Semantic Web Revisited,IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3) pp.96-101,May/June 2006.
[126]Lee Feigenbaum,Ivan Herman,Tonya Hongsermeier,Eric Neumann,and Susie Stephens,The Semantic Web in Action,Scientific American,297(6),pp.90-97,(December 2007).
[127]William,S.,Austin,T.(1999),Ontologies,IEEE Intelligent systems,1999 Jan/Feb,pp.18-19.
[128]侯卫真,于丽娟,电子政务系统的建设与管理,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[129]姬泊,电子政务发展现状及建设对策探讨,宿州学院学报,2005(2):P104-105.
[130]田景熙,洪琢,电子政务系统规划与设计,北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[131]杨雷,电子政务效益的经济分析与评价,北京:经济科学出版社,2005.
[132]盛辉,成良斌,我国电子政务发展的现状分析,科技管理研究,2004(5):P18-19.
[133]上海实施政府信息公开方面的有关情况,http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/node2319/node12344/userobject26ai14327.html.
[134]中共中央办公厅文件,中办发[2004]34号,关于加强信息资源开发利用工作的若干意见,2004年12月12日.
[135]GB/T 19667.2-2005,基于XML的电子公文格式规范,2005年2月18日.
[136]GB/T 21063.X-2007,政务信息资源目录体系,2007年9月10日.
[137]GB/T 21062.X-2007政务信息资源交换体系,2007年9月10日.
[138]国家电子政务总体框架,国信[2006]2号,2006年3月24日.
[139]国家信息化领导小组关于我国电子政务建设指导意见,中办发[2002]17号,2002年8月5日.
[140]吴小寅,胡运发,黄晔,张晓初,张锦,上海市电子政务试点示范工程综述,计算机工程,2004年3月,第30卷,第5期,p42-44.
[141]Kahn,Robert and Robert Wilensky,"A Framework for Distributed Digital Object Services",Corporation for National Research Initiatives,http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/cstr/arch/k-w.html.
[142]Dublin Core Collection Description Working Group,Dublin Core Collection Description Application Profile,http://dublincore.org/groups/collections/collection-application-profile/2006-08-24/.
[143]Web Services Description Language(WSDL),http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/NOTE-wsdl-20010315.
[144]The KIM Platform:Semantic Annotation,http://www.ontotext.com/kim/semanticannotation.html.
[145]Borislav Popov,Atanas Kiryakov,Angel Kirilov etc.,KIM - Semantic Annotation Platform,The Semantic Web - ISWC 2003,Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Volume 2870/2003,P834-849.
[146]Annotea Protocols,http://www.w3.org/2002/12/AnnoteaProtocol-20021219.
[147]Open Archives Initiative,http://www.openarchives.org/.
[148]UIUC OAI Metadata Harvesting Project,http://uilib-oai.sourceforge.net/.
[149]Paul Miller,Interoperability:What is it and why should I want it?http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability/intro.html.
[150]Heike Neuroth,Traugott Koch,Metadata Mapping and Application Profiles.Approaches to providing the Cross-searching of Heterogeneous Resources in the EU Project Renardus,DC-2001,October 24-26,2001,NII,Tokyo,Japan.
[151]Tom Barrett et al,RDF Representation of Metadata for Semantic Integration of Corporate Information Resources,Proc.WWW-2002,Hawaii,2002.
[152]王爱华,张铭,杨冬青,唐世渭,基于OAJ的数字图书馆中元数据互操作框架,《计算机工程与应用》-2002年38卷1期,41-57页.
[153]Wiederhold,G.,editor.Intelligent Integration of Information.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston MA.1996.
[154]S.Conrad,M.Hoding,G.Saake,I.Schmitt,& C.Turker."Schema Integration with Integrity Constraints." In Proceeding of 15th British National Conf.on Databases (BNCOD5),London,UK,pp.200-214,Springer-Verlag Press,1997.
[155]J.Hunter,"MetaNet - A Metadata Term Thesaurus to Enable Semantic Interoperability Between Metadata Domains," Journal of Digital Information,1(8),2001.
[156]J.Hunter and C.Lagoze,"Combining RDF and XML Schemas to Enhance Interoperability Between Metadata Application Profiles," presented at WWW10,Hong Kong,2001.
[157]王家诚,信息检索中的“相关性概念的研究”,现代外语,2001,第24卷,第2期.
[158]Saracevic,T.(1996).Relevance reconsidered.Information science:Integration in perspectives.Proceedings of the Second Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science.Copenhagen(Denmark),201-218.
[159]Saracevic,T.(2006).Relevance:A Review of the Literature and a Framework for Thinking on the Notion in Information Science.Part Ⅱ.Advances in librarianship,30,3-71.
[160]刘群,李素建,基于《知网》的词汇语义相似度计算,Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing,Vol.7,No2,August,2002,pp.59-76.
[161]Manuel Montes-y-G(?)mez,Aurelio L(?)pez-L(?)pez,and Alexander Gelbukh.Information Retrieval with Conceptual Graph Matching.Proc.DEXA-2000,11th International Conference and Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications,Greenwich,England,September 4-8,2000.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Springer.
[162]Chatterjee,N.A Statistical Approach for Similarity Measurement Between Sentences for EBMT,Proceedings of Symposium on Translation Support Systems.2nd Indian(2001)
[163]李涓子,汉语词义排歧方法研究,清华大学博士论文,1999.
[164]鲁松,自然语言中词相关性知识无导获取和均衡分类器的构建,中国科学院计算技术研究所博士论文,2001.
[165]Dagan I.,Lee L.and Pereira F.(1999),Similarity-based models of word cooccurrence probabilities,Machine Learning,Special issue on Machine Learning and Natural Language,1999.
[166]Resnik,P.,WordNet and Distributional analysis:A Class-based Approach to Lexical Discovery,Proceedings of the AAAI Symposium on Probalilistic Approaches to Natural Language,San Joe,CA,1992,.
[167]Resnik,P.,Using Information Content to Evaluate Semantic Similarity in a Taxonomy,Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,Vol.1,448-453,Montreal,August 1995.
[168]Kim,Y.W.and J.H.Kim,A Model Of Knowledge Based Information Retrieval With Hierarchical Concept Graph,Journal of Documentation,46,pp.113--116,1990.
[169]J.Lee,M.Kim and Y.Lee,"Information Retrieval based on conceptual Distance" in IS-A Hierarchies,"J.Documentation",vol.49,PP.188-207.
[170]同义词词林(第二版),梅家驹、竺一鸣等编,上海辞书出版社,1996.5.
[171]翁楚良,陆鑫达一种基于双向拍卖机制的计算网格资源分配方法,计算机学报,第29卷第6期,2006年6月,1004-1009.
[172]曹鸿强,俏侬,卢锡城等.,一种基于市场机制的计算网格资源分配方法,计算机研究与发展,2002,39(8):913-916.
[173]Cheng J.,Wellman M.,The WALRAS algorithm:A convergent distributed implementation of general equilibrium outcomes,Computational Economics,1998,12(1):1-24.
[174]The Gnutella Protocol Specification v0.4,http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs244b/gnutella_protocol_0.4.pdf
[175]I.Foster et al,Security Architecture for Computational Grids,Proceeding of 5th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications,Security Conference,1998,pp.83-91.
[176]OWL Web Ontology Language Guide Recommendation,http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/.
[177]The Prot(?)g(?) Ontology Editor and Knowledge Acquisition System,http://protege.stanford.edu/.
[178]Carl Lagoze,Jane Hunter,The ABC Ontology and Model,Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2001,Pages:160-176.
[2]I.Foster and C.Kesselman,Eds.The Grid:Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure,Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,San Francisco,USA,1999.
[3]M.Weiser,The computer for the twenty-first century,Scientific American,1991,265(3):94-104.
[4]IBM Autonomic Computing,http://www.research.ibm.com/autonomic/.
[5]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,and S.Tuecke,The anatomy of the grid:Enabling scalable virtual organizations,Int.J.Supercomputers Applications,2001,15(3):205-220.
[6]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,J.M.Nick,and S.Tuecke,Grid services for distributed system integration,IEEE Computer,2002,35(6):37-46.
[7]D.De Roure,N.R.Jennings,and N.R.Shadbolt,The evolution of the Grid,in F.Berman,G.Fox,and A.J.G.Hey,Eds.Grid Computing:Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality,NJ:John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Publishing,2003,65-100.
[8]冯项云,肖珑,廖三三,庄纪林,国外常用元数据标准比较研究,大学图书馆学报,2001年04期。
[9]Ontology研究综述,邓志鸿、庸世渭等,北京大学学报(自然科学版),第38卷,第5期,2002年9月。
[10]Bunge M.,Treatise on Basic Philosophy:Ontology I--The Furniture of the World,D Reidel Pub Co,July 1977.
[11]Neches R,Fikes R E,Gruber T R,et al.Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing.AI Magazine,1991,12(3):36-56.
[12]Gruber,T.R.,A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications.Knowledge Acquisition,5(2):199-220,1993.
[13]Studer R,Benjamins V R,Fensel D.Knowledge Engineering:Principles and Methods.Data and Knowledge Engineering,1998,25(1-2) P161-197.
[14]Perez A G,Benjamins V R.Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components:Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods.Workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons Learned and Future Trends (IJCAI99),deAgosto,Estocolmo,1999.
[15]Ontolingua Home Page,http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/software/ontolingua.
[16]The Syntax of CycL,http://www.cyc.com/tech.html#cycl.
[17]Loom,http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOOM-HOME.html.
[18]Web Ontology Language(OWL),http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/.
[19]SHOE,http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/.
[20]XOL Ontology Exchange Language,http://www.ai.sri.com/pkarp/xol/.
[21]Resource Description Framework(RDF),http://www.w3.org/RDF/.
[22]Miller,E.(1998).An Introduction to the Resource Description Framework.D-Lib Magazine,http://www.dlib.org/dlib/may98/miller/05miller.html.
[23]Guarino N.Semantic Matching:Formal Ontological Distinctions for Information Organization,Extraction,and Integration.Pazienza M T,eds.Information Extraction:A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology,Springer Verlag,1997,139-170.
[24]Perez A G,Benjamins V R.Overview of Knowledge Sharing and Reuse Components:Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods.Workshop on Ontologies and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons Learned and Future Trends(IJCAI99),deAgosto,Estocolmo,1999.
[25]Gruber,T.R.,Toward Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing.International Journal Human-Computer Studies,43(5-6):907-928,1995.
[26]Mike Uschold,Michael Gruninger.The Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):93.
[27]TOVE Ontology Project,http://www.eil.utoronto.ca/enterprise-modelling/tove/.
[28]#12
[29]张敏,张晓林,元数据(Metadata)的发展和相关格式[J].四川图书馆学报.2000,2:63.
[30]An Introduction to Metadata,Chris Taylor,29 July 2003,http://www.library.uq.edu.au/iad/ctmeta4.html.
[31]肖珑,陈凌,冯项云等,中文元数据标准框架及其应用[J].大学图书馆学报,2001年05期.
[32]张智雄.Metadata:组织和发现Internet信息资源的数据[J].现代图书情报技术.1999.1:21.
[33]李郎达.Metadata初探.情报科学.2001,6,19(6):605.
[34]戴超凡,陈文伟等,数据仓库中元数据技术研究,计算机工程与应用,2001年14期.
[35]缪其浩,元数据与图书馆-图书馆杂志理论学术系列,上海科学技术文献出版社,2005-5-1.
[36]陈艳红,盛子刚,DC元数据与网络信息检索,河北科技师范学院学报,2005年02期.
[37]徐徽,吴增德,马范援,林立杰,基于P2P的电子商务分布式注册机制中元数据的研究,计算机工程,2003年z1期.
[38]GB/T21063.3-2007政务信息资源目录体系 第3部分 核心元数据.
[39]Richard Gartner,Metadata for digital libraries:state of the art and future directions,http://www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/techwatch/tsw_0801pdf.pdf.
[40]Michelle Baldonado,Kevin Chang,Luis Gravano,Andreas Paepcke,The Stanford Digital Library Metadata Architecture,http://dbpubs.stanford.edu:8091/diglib/pub/delos.html.
[41]Gifford,D.K.,Jouvelot,P.,Sheldon,M.,and O'Toole,J,Jr.Semantic File Systems,ACM SOSP,Pacific Grove,Oct.91.
[42]Stuart S,Michael M.Blending Hierarchical and Attribute-Based File Naming.In:Proc.of the 12th International Conference on Distributed Computer Systems,May 1992,P572-580.
[43]M.Bowman C.Dharap,M.Baruah,et al.A file system for information management,Proceedings of the ISMM International Conference on Intelligent Information Management Systems.1 June 1994.
[44]Gopal B,Manber U.Integrating content-based access mechanisms with hierarchical filesystems[A].Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation,1999.
[45]Michael A,The Design and Implementation of the Inversion File System,Proceedings of the Winter 1993 USENIX Technical Conference,1993.
[46]Hui-I Hsiao,Inderpal Narang:DLFM:A Transactional Resource Manager.SIGMOD Conference 2000:518-528.
[47]Y.Padioleau and O.Ridoux.A logic file system.In USENIX Annual Technical Conference,2003.Y.Padioleau and O.Ridoux.A parts-of-file file system.In USENIX Annual Technical Conference,2005.
[48]Common Warehouse Metamodel~(TM)(CWM~(TM)) Specification v1.1,http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/cwm.htm
[49]Understanding MARC authority records / prepared by Network Development and MARC Standards Offtce,Library of Congress,2004.2nd.ed.ISBN 0-8444-1113-2.
[50]The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative,http://dublincore.org/.
[51]吴建中等,DC元数据,上海科学技术文献出版社,2000年.
[52]e-Government Metadata Standard Version 2,http://www.govtalk.gov.uk/documents/metadataV2.pdf
[53]Australian Government Information Locate Service,http://www.naa.gov.au/agls.
[54]中国数字图书馆标准规范专门数字对象描述元数据规范,http://cdls.nstl.gov.cn/cdls2/w3c/2003/SpcMetadata/.
[55]Government Information Locator Service(GILS):Main Page,http://www.gpoaccess.gov/gils/index.html.
[56]赵志荣,张晓林,GILS元数据的结构与应用,情报理论与实践,2000,23(6),p.445-448.
[57]Metadata Ad Hoc Working Group,Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata,Federal Geographic Data Committee,1998,http://www.fgdc.gov/.
[58]TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics,ISO 19115:2003,Geographic information - Metadata,http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=26020.
[59]J.Paul Getty Trust,Categories For The Description Of Works Of Art(CDWA),http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/cdwa/8_printing_options /definitions.pdf.
[60]The Getty Information Institute and College Art Association,Categories for the Description of Works of Art(CDWA),http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/cdwa/.
[61]TEI/MARC "Best Practices",http://www-personal.umich.edu/～jaheim/teiguide.html.
[62]Encoded Archival Description(EAD) Version 2002,http://www.loc.gov/ead/.
[63]Visual Resources Association,VRA Core Categories,http://www.gsd.harvard.edu/～staffaw3/vra/coreinfopage.htm.
[64]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,and S.Tuecke,The Anatomy of the Grid-Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations,The Globus Alliance,http://www.globus.org/research/papers/anatomy.pdf.
[65]I.Foster.The Grid:A New Infrastructure for 21st Century Science.Physics Today,2002,55(2):42-47.
[66]J.M.Schopf,and B.Nitzberg.Grids:Top Ten Questions.Scientific Programming,special issue on Grid Computing,2002,10(2):103-111.
[67]IBM Redbook,Introduction to Grid Computing,http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf
[68]I.Foster and C.Kesselman.The Globus Project:A Status Report.In:Proc.IPPS/SPDP '98 Heterogeneous Computing Workshop,Orlando,Florida,USA.1998.IEEE Press,1998.4-18.
[69]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,Globus:A Metacomputing Infrastructure Toolkit.Intl J.Supercomputer Applications,1997,11(2):115-128.
[70]Ian Foster.What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist.2002.http://www-fp.mcs.anl.gov/～foster/Articles/WhatIsTheGrid.pdf.
[71]K.Czajkowski,I.Foster,and C.Kesselman.Resource Co-Allocation in Computational Grids",The 8th IEEE International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-8),Redondo Beach,California,USA.2001.IEEE Press,2001.219-228.
[72]I.Foster,C.Kesselman,J.Nick,and S.Tuecke,The Physiology of the Grid:An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems Integration,Globus Project,2002,www.globus.org/research/papers/ogsa.pdf.
[73]Open Grid Forum,http://www.gridforum.org/.
[74]Globus Toolkit,http://www.globus.org/toolkit/.
[75]Legion:A Worldwide Virtual Computer,http://www.legion.virginia.edu/.
[76]Platform Computing,http://www.platform.com/.
[77]Distributed computing and data resource,http://www.unicore.eu/.
[78]LHC Computing Grid,http://lcg.web.cern.ch/lcg/.
[79]W.Allcock,A.Chervenak,I.Foster,and et al.Globus Toolkit Support for Distributed Data-Intensive Science.In:Proc.Computing in High Energy Physics(CHEP'01),Sept.2001.Tokyo Japan:Universal Academy Press,2001.35-38.
[80]William H.Bell,Diana Bosio and et al,Project Spitfire - Towards Grid Web Service Databases,Global Grid Forum 5,Edinburgh,Scotland,July 21-24,2002.
[81]A.L.Chervenak,N.Palavalli,S.Bharathi,and et al.Performance and Scalability of a Replica Location Service.In:Proc.the International IEEE Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-13),Hawaii,USA.2004.IEEE Press,2004.182-191.
[82]G.Singh,S.Bharathi,A.Chervenak,and et al.A Metadata Catalog Service for Data Intensive Applications.In:Proc.Supercomputing 2003(SC2003),Arizona,USA.Nov.2003.ACM Press,2003.33-49.
[83]J.B.Weissman and B.D.lee.The Service Grid:Supporting Scalable Heterogeneous Services in Wide-Area Networks.In:Proc.2001 Symposium on Applications and the Internet(SAINT 2001),San Diego,CA.2001.IEEE Press,2001.95-102.
[84]Czajkowski K,Fitzgerald S,Foster I,et al.Grid Information Services for Distributed Resource Sharing[C].Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Symposium on High-performance Distributed Computing(HPDC-10),San Francisco,CA,2001-08:181-194.
[85]M.Stevens.Service-Oriented Architecture Introduction,Part 1.2002.http://softwaredev.eartheweb.com/microsoft/article/010720_101041_100.html.
[86]Oracle Grid Computing,http://www.oracle.com/technologies/grid/index.html.
[87]HP Grid Computing,h20219.www2.hp.com/enterprise/cache/125369-0-0-0-121.html.
[88]Open Grid Services Infrastructure(OGSI) Version 1.0,http://www.globus.org/toolkit/draft-ggf-ogsi-gridservice-33_2003-06-27.pdf.
[89]The WS-Resource Framework,http://www.globus.org/wsrf/.
[90]廖华明,程伯羽等,信息网格中元数据层次化结构模型的研究和应用,计算机研究与发展,2003年40卷12期1694-1699页.
[91]赵宏伟,宋宝燕,邵一川,网格环境下一种高效的元数据管理策略,广西师范大 学学报(自然科学版),2007年04期.
[92]Geoffrey Fox,Data and Metadata on the Semantic Grid,Computing in Science and Engineering,September 2003(Vol.5,No.5) pp.76-78.
[93]Liyan Liu,Hua Li,Zongkai Lin,Metadata Model in Grid Database and its Application,Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design,Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Volume 1,Issue,24-26 May 2005 Page(s):362-366 Vol.1.
[94]RP Tyer,PA Couch,et al K Kleese van Dam,IT Todorov,RP Bruin,TOH White,AM Walker,KF Austen,MT Dove,MO Blanchard.Automatic metadata capture and grid computing.Proceedings of All Hands 2006.
[95]Sun Xia,Zheng QingHua,Metadata Expanded Semantically Based Resource Search in Education Grid,Academic Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2005(Vol.17,No.2)pp.127-130.
[96]Chen,L.,Shadbolt,N.,Tao,F.,Goble,C.,Puleston,C.and Cox,S.(2004) Managing Semantic Metadata for the Semantic Grid.In:Knowledge Grid and Grid Intelligence (KGGI) workshop,20 Sep.,2004,Beijing,China.
[97]李伟,徐志伟,唐志敏,谢向辉,肖侬,国家高性能计算环境的设计与实现,http://www.chinagrid.net/grid/paperppt/gct/dincg00.pdf.
[98]徐志伟,李伟,织女星网格的体系结构研究,计算机研究与发展,2002年8月,第39卷第8期,923-929.
[99]织女星网格,http://www.vegagrid.com/VegaIndexServlet.
[100]李三立,随心所欲 享用资源-先进计算基础设施的作用与意义,http://www2.ccw.com.cn/01/0149r/b/0149b02_2.asp.
[101]中国教育科研网格,http://www.chinagrid.edu.cn/chinagrid/index.jsp.
[102]上海交通大学网格计算中心,http://grid.sjtu.edu.cn/project.jsp.
[103]黄理灿,刘元安,e-Science、网格及其可扩展性体系结构,北京邮电大学出版社,2005-03-01
[104]董方鹏,龚奕利,李伟等,网格环境中资源发现机制的研究,计算机研究与发展,2003,40(12):1749-1755.
[105]Condor Project Homepage,http://www.cs.wisc.edu/condor/.
[106]Thain D,Tannenbaum T,Livny M.Condor and the grid,In:Grid Computing:Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality,John Wiley & Sons Inc,2003.
[107]Basney J,Livny M,Managing Network Resources in Condor,In:Proceedings of IEEE HPDC-9,Pennsylvania,2000.
[108]李大成,陈莘荫,UDDI技术及应用概览,计算机工程,2002 28(12):3-8.
[109]UDDI specification,http://uddi.xml.org/specification.
[110]UDDI v2,http://www.oasis-open.org/specs/index.php#uddiv2.
[111]UDDI Version 3.0.2,http://www.uddi.org/pubs/uddi_v3.htm.
[112]Lv Q,Cao P,Cohen E.Search and Replication in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks,In:Proceedings of ACM SIGMETRICS 2002.
[113]Saroiu S,Gummadi P,Gribble S.A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer File sharing Systems.In:proceedings of SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN2002),San Jose,2002.
[114]Napster Free,http://free.napster.com/.
[115]Sylvia R,Scott S,Ion S.Routing Algorithms for DHTs:Some Open Questions.In:Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems(IPTPS'02),Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2002.
[116]Manolis Koubarakis,Iris Miliaraki,Zoi Kaoudi,Matoula Magiridou and Antonis Papadakis-Pesaresi.Semantic Grid Resource Discovery using DHTs in Atlas.3rd GGF Semantic Grid Workshop.Athens Greece.February 13-16,2006.
[117]Wai Gen Yee,Linh T.Nguyen,Dongmei Jia,Ophir Frieder,Efficient Query Routing by Improved Peer Description in P2P Networks.Infoscale,2008.
[118]Nick Antonopoulos and James Salter,Improving Query Routing Efficiency in Peer-to-Peer Networks,http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/article/antonopoulos04improving.html.
[119]Tim Berners-Lee,James Hendler and Ora Lassila,The Semantic Web,Scientific American,May 2001.
[120]W3C Semantic Web Activity,http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/.
[121]陆建江,张亚非,苗壮,周波,语义网原理与技术,科学出版社,2007年3月.
[122]Resource Description Framework,http://www.w3.org/RDF/.
[123]Stefan Decker,Sergey Melnik et al,THE SEMANTIC WEB:The Roles of XML and RDF,IEEE Internet Computing,October 2000,vol.15,nr.3,pgs.63--74.
[124]Horrocks I.,Parsia B.,Patel-Schneider P.AND Hendler J.,Semantic Web Architecture:Stack or Two Towers? Lecture Notes in Computer Science:Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning:Third International Workshop,vol.3703,2005.
[125]Nigel Shadbolt,Tim Berners-Lee and Wendy Hall,The Semantic Web Revisited,IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3) pp.96-101,May/June 2006.
[126]Lee Feigenbaum,Ivan Herman,Tonya Hongsermeier,Eric Neumann,and Susie Stephens,The Semantic Web in Action,Scientific American,297(6),pp.90-97,(December 2007).
[127]William,S.,Austin,T.(1999),Ontologies,IEEE Intelligent systems,1999 Jan/Feb,pp.18-19.
[128]侯卫真,于丽娟,电子政务系统的建设与管理,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004.
[129]姬泊,电子政务发展现状及建设对策探讨,宿州学院学报,2005(2):P104-105.
[130]田景熙,洪琢,电子政务系统规划与设计,北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[131]杨雷,电子政务效益的经济分析与评价,北京:经济科学出版社,2005.
[132]盛辉,成良斌,我国电子政务发展的现状分析,科技管理研究,2004(5):P18-19.
[133]上海实施政府信息公开方面的有关情况,http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node2314/node2319/node12344/userobject26ai14327.html.
[134]中共中央办公厅文件,中办发[2004]34号,关于加强信息资源开发利用工作的若干意见,2004年12月12日.
[135]GB/T 19667.2-2005,基于XML的电子公文格式规范,2005年2月18日.
[136]GB/T 21063.X-2007,政务信息资源目录体系,2007年9月10日.
[137]GB/T 21062.X-2007政务信息资源交换体系,2007年9月10日.
[138]国家电子政务总体框架,国信[2006]2号,2006年3月24日.
[139]国家信息化领导小组关于我国电子政务建设指导意见,中办发[2002]17号,2002年8月5日.
[140]吴小寅,胡运发,黄晔,张晓初,张锦,上海市电子政务试点示范工程综述,计算机工程,2004年3月,第30卷,第5期,p42-44.
[141]Kahn,Robert and Robert Wilensky,"A Framework for Distributed Digital Object Services",Corporation for National Research Initiatives,http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/cstr/arch/k-w.html.
[142]Dublin Core Collection Description Working Group,Dublin Core Collection Description Application Profile,http://dublincore.org/groups/collections/collection-application-profile/2006-08-24/.
[143]Web Services Description Language(WSDL),http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/NOTE-wsdl-20010315.
[144]The KIM Platform:Semantic Annotation,http://www.ontotext.com/kim/semanticannotation.html.
[145]Borislav Popov,Atanas Kiryakov,Angel Kirilov etc.,KIM - Semantic Annotation Platform,The Semantic Web - ISWC 2003,Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Volume 2870/2003,P834-849.
[146]Annotea Protocols,http://www.w3.org/2002/12/AnnoteaProtocol-20021219.
[147]Open Archives Initiative,http://www.openarchives.org/.
[148]UIUC OAI Metadata Harvesting Project,http://uilib-oai.sourceforge.net/.
[149]Paul Miller,Interoperability:What is it and why should I want it?http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/interoperability/intro.html.
[150]Heike Neuroth,Traugott Koch,Metadata Mapping and Application Profiles.Approaches to providing the Cross-searching of Heterogeneous Resources in the EU Project Renardus,DC-2001,October 24-26,2001,NII,Tokyo,Japan.
[151]Tom Barrett et al,RDF Representation of Metadata for Semantic Integration of Corporate Information Resources,Proc.WWW-2002,Hawaii,2002.
[152]王爱华,张铭,杨冬青,唐世渭,基于OAJ的数字图书馆中元数据互操作框架,《计算机工程与应用》-2002年38卷1期,41-57页.
[153]Wiederhold,G.,editor.Intelligent Integration of Information.Kluwer Academic Publishers,Boston MA.1996.
[154]S.Conrad,M.Hoding,G.Saake,I.Schmitt,& C.Turker."Schema Integration with Integrity Constraints." In Proceeding of 15th British National Conf.on Databases (BNCOD5),London,UK,pp.200-214,Springer-Verlag Press,1997.
[155]J.Hunter,"MetaNet - A Metadata Term Thesaurus to Enable Semantic Interoperability Between Metadata Domains," Journal of Digital Information,1(8),2001.
[156]J.Hunter and C.Lagoze,"Combining RDF and XML Schemas to Enhance Interoperability Between Metadata Application Profiles," presented at WWW10,Hong Kong,2001.
[157]王家诚,信息检索中的“相关性概念的研究”,现代外语,2001,第24卷,第2期.
[158]Saracevic,T.(1996).Relevance reconsidered.Information science:Integration in perspectives.Proceedings of the Second Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science.Copenhagen(Denmark),201-218.
[159]Saracevic,T.(2006).Relevance:A Review of the Literature and a Framework for Thinking on the Notion in Information Science.Part Ⅱ.Advances in librarianship,30,3-71.
[160]刘群,李素建,基于《知网》的词汇语义相似度计算,Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing,Vol.7,No2,August,2002,pp.59-76.
[161]Manuel Montes-y-G(?)mez,Aurelio L(?)pez-L(?)pez,and Alexander Gelbukh.Information Retrieval with Conceptual Graph Matching.Proc.DEXA-2000,11th International Conference and Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications,Greenwich,England,September 4-8,2000.Lecture Notes in Computer Science,Springer.
[162]Chatterjee,N.A Statistical Approach for Similarity Measurement Between Sentences for EBMT,Proceedings of Symposium on Translation Support Systems.2nd Indian(2001)
[163]李涓子,汉语词义排歧方法研究,清华大学博士论文,1999.
[164]鲁松,自然语言中词相关性知识无导获取和均衡分类器的构建,中国科学院计算技术研究所博士论文,2001.
[165]Dagan I.,Lee L.and Pereira F.(1999),Similarity-based models of word cooccurrence probabilities,Machine Learning,Special issue on Machine Learning and Natural Language,1999.
[166]Resnik,P.,WordNet and Distributional analysis:A Class-based Approach to Lexical Discovery,Proceedings of the AAAI Symposium on Probalilistic Approaches to Natural Language,San Joe,CA,1992,.
[167]Resnik,P.,Using Information Content to Evaluate Semantic Similarity in a Taxonomy,Proceedings of the 14th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence,Vol.1,448-453,Montreal,August 1995.
[168]Kim,Y.W.and J.H.Kim,A Model Of Knowledge Based Information Retrieval With Hierarchical Concept Graph,Journal of Documentation,46,pp.113--116,1990.
[169]J.Lee,M.Kim and Y.Lee,"Information Retrieval based on conceptual Distance" in IS-A Hierarchies,"J.Documentation",vol.49,PP.188-207.
[170]同义词词林(第二版),梅家驹、竺一鸣等编,上海辞书出版社,1996.5.
[171]翁楚良,陆鑫达一种基于双向拍卖机制的计算网格资源分配方法,计算机学报,第29卷第6期,2006年6月,1004-1009.
[172]曹鸿强,俏侬,卢锡城等.,一种基于市场机制的计算网格资源分配方法,计算机研究与发展,2002,39(8):913-916.
[173]Cheng J.,Wellman M.,The WALRAS algorithm:A convergent distributed implementation of general equilibrium outcomes,Computational Economics,1998,12(1):1-24.
[174]The Gnutella Protocol Specification v0.4,http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs244b/gnutella_protocol_0.4.pdf
[175]I.Foster et al,Security Architecture for Computational Grids,Proceeding of 5th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications,Security Conference,1998,pp.83-91.
[176]OWL Web Ontology Language Guide Recommendation,http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/.
[177]The Prot(?)g(?) Ontology Editor and Knowledge Acquisition System,http://protege.stanford.edu/.
[178]Carl Lagoze,Jane Hunter,The ABC Ontology and Model,Proceedings of the International Conference on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2001,Pages:160-176.