辽宁省水资源利用边际效益的估算与时空差异分析
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摘要
水资源做为经济社会发展中一种不可缺少的自然资源,是国家与区域经济社会发展所必备的基本条件之一。社会的进步和生产力的发展需要大量的水资源来支撑,长期存在的水资源价格低于边际价格的现实造成了水资源的严重浪费,水正由“可再生资源”逐步转变为“不可再生资源”,水资源的稀缺性呈现加剧趋势,其价格也呈逐渐上升趋势,人们将面临着利用有限水资源来实现最大经济利益的艰难抉择,因此对水资源经济学的研究就有十分重要的意义。
水资源经济学的本质就是运用经济学工具,如价格理论、产权理论、交易成本理论等来研究人类在水资源利用中的选择行为,其目的是实现水资源在时间和空间上的合理配置与利用。
水资源既是国民经济可持续发展的基础资源,也是重要的生产要素之一。将水资源作为生产要素之一,利用生产函数模型对辽宁省14个城市1998—2007年10年间的用水边际效益进行了估算。采用fuzzy isodata方法根据用水边际效益对14个城市进行聚类,通过聚类中心分析了辽宁省用水边际效益的时间差异,结果表明辽宁省各城市用水边际效益是在不断的增长,显示出随着经济的发展,水资源的稀缺性在加大,其资源价值在不断提高;借助锡尔指数和基尼系数对辽宁省1998—2007年10年间东中西三大地带用水边际效益的空间差异进行分解,结果表明总体差异符合库兹涅茨倒U型曲线,区域内差异是造成总差异主要原因,区域间及区域内的差异都呈缩小态势,并逐渐收敛趋同。该结果对辽宁省的水资源可持续利用具有一定的指导作用。
Water resources as an indispensable natural resources of Economic and social development, is one of basic conditions for national and regional economic and social development .Productive development and social progress requires a lot of water to support .Long-standing price is lower than the marginal price of water, so it causes the reality of a serious waste of water resources. Water became from the renewable resources into non-renewable resources .The scarcity of water resources presents has increased, their prices rise, people will face the hard decisions that use of limited water resources to achieve the greatest economic benefit , so the economics of water resources is particularly important.
Economics of water resources is the nature of the use of economic tools, such as price theory, property rights theory, and transaction cost theory to study the human's choice behavior in using of water resources. The aim is to achieve the rational allocation and use in time and space.
Water resources is the fundamental base for the sustainable development of national economy, which is also an important product factor, the production function was applied to calculate the water utilization margin benefit of 14 cities in Liaoning province from 1998 to 2007 in this paper. The fuzzy is data method was adopted to cluster the 14 cities into three categories according to the water utilization margin benefit, and the temporal difference was analyzed by the cluster center, the result showed that the water utilization margin benefit was continuously increasing, which reveals the fact that with the development of economy, the scarcity of water resources was enhanced, and the resource value of water resources was increased. The index and Gina coefficient were adopted to decompose the difference of water utilization margin benefit among the west, middle and east regions of Liaoning province. The result showed that the total difference fits the inversed U shape curve(Kuznets Curve), and the difference in region was the main cause of total difference, both the difference in region and the difference among regions were decreased. The results have some significance for water resources sustainable development and utilization in Liaoning Province.
水资源经济学的本质就是运用经济学工具,如价格理论、产权理论、交易成本理论等来研究人类在水资源利用中的选择行为,其目的是实现水资源在时间和空间上的合理配置与利用。
水资源既是国民经济可持续发展的基础资源,也是重要的生产要素之一。将水资源作为生产要素之一,利用生产函数模型对辽宁省14个城市1998—2007年10年间的用水边际效益进行了估算。采用fuzzy isodata方法根据用水边际效益对14个城市进行聚类,通过聚类中心分析了辽宁省用水边际效益的时间差异,结果表明辽宁省各城市用水边际效益是在不断的增长,显示出随着经济的发展,水资源的稀缺性在加大,其资源价值在不断提高;借助锡尔指数和基尼系数对辽宁省1998—2007年10年间东中西三大地带用水边际效益的空间差异进行分解,结果表明总体差异符合库兹涅茨倒U型曲线,区域内差异是造成总差异主要原因,区域间及区域内的差异都呈缩小态势,并逐渐收敛趋同。该结果对辽宁省的水资源可持续利用具有一定的指导作用。
Water resources as an indispensable natural resources of Economic and social development, is one of basic conditions for national and regional economic and social development .Productive development and social progress requires a lot of water to support .Long-standing price is lower than the marginal price of water, so it causes the reality of a serious waste of water resources. Water became from the renewable resources into non-renewable resources .The scarcity of water resources presents has increased, their prices rise, people will face the hard decisions that use of limited water resources to achieve the greatest economic benefit , so the economics of water resources is particularly important.
Economics of water resources is the nature of the use of economic tools, such as price theory, property rights theory, and transaction cost theory to study the human's choice behavior in using of water resources. The aim is to achieve the rational allocation and use in time and space.
Water resources is the fundamental base for the sustainable development of national economy, which is also an important product factor, the production function was applied to calculate the water utilization margin benefit of 14 cities in Liaoning province from 1998 to 2007 in this paper. The fuzzy is data method was adopted to cluster the 14 cities into three categories according to the water utilization margin benefit, and the temporal difference was analyzed by the cluster center, the result showed that the water utilization margin benefit was continuously increasing, which reveals the fact that with the development of economy, the scarcity of water resources was enhanced, and the resource value of water resources was increased. The index and Gina coefficient were adopted to decompose the difference of water utilization margin benefit among the west, middle and east regions of Liaoning province. The result showed that the total difference fits the inversed U shape curve(Kuznets Curve), and the difference in region was the main cause of total difference, both the difference in region and the difference among regions were decreased. The results have some significance for water resources sustainable development and utilization in Liaoning Province.
引文
[1]吴季松.为可持续发展提供水资源保障.科技日报,1999,3,30(5,8).
[2]王浩,王红瑞.中国水资源态势分析与预测.见:沈振荣,苏人琼.中国农业水危机对策研究.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998.
[3]薛慧锋,王平.水资源支持区域经济发展研究.西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1996.
[4]陆大道.中国工业布局的理论与实践.北京:科学出版社,1990b.
[5] Munasinght M .Water supply economics and enuironmental management . Washington D.C.: World bank,2000a.
[6] Winpenny J. Managing water as an economic resources . London : Routledge ,20044.
[7]姜文来.水资源价值论.北京:科学出版社,1998c.
[8]潘家华.持续发展途径的经济学分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.
[9]周文凤.水二十一世纪重要战略资源.水利天地,1997,(4):14~15.
[10]张启舜,陈志恺,张司明.水问题与社会发展.科技导报,1992,(10):19,53~54.
[11]施祖麟,许丽芬.水资源:社会可持续发展的重要支撑.中国人口·资源与环境,1997,7(2):85~87.
[12]邓伟,何岩.水资源:21世纪全球更加关注的重大资源问题之一.地理科学,1999,19(2):97~101.
[13]李东燕.全球水资源短缺对水资源安全的影响。世界经济与政治, 1998 (5):48~53.
[14]黄达中.人类生存面临水资源匮缺.中国煤炭报,1998,4,7(4).
[15]谢军安.全球水资源危机与可持续发展.世界经济与政治,1998, (5):53~57.
[16]潘里中等.中国水资源与世界水资源指标统计比较.水科学进展,1996(4):19~24.
[17]吴季松.可持续发展的关键在水.投资导报,2000,10,11(5).
[18]马军.中国水危机.北京:中国环境出版社. 2000.
[19]武三蒙,舒文.跑冒滴漏还远吗?北京青年报,2000.11.1(25).
[20]索丽生,我国可持续发展水资源战略,中国科协2001年学术会报,2001.9.
[21]李良县,甘泓,汪林等.水资源经济价值计算与分析.自然资源学报,2008,23(3)495-499.
[22] Sterens,T.H. . Effcet of Price Structure on Residential Water Demand.Water Resourc Bulletin, 1992,28(4).
[23] Mercer, L. J, The efficiency of water pricing: A rate of return analysis for municipal water department, Water re-source. Bull. 1986, 22 (2).
[24] Moncur, JET., Urban water pricing drought management, Water resource Res., 1987, 23 (3).
[25] Moncur, JET., Drought episodes management: The roleprice, Water resource, Bull, 1988, 24 (2).
[26] Wichelns, Motivating reduction in drain water with block-Ratter prices for irrigation water, Water resource, Bull,1991, 27 (4).
[27] RenatoGazmurisehleyer,MarkW.Rosegran.ChileanWaterpoliey:TheRoleofWaterRights, InstitutionsandMarkets,WaterResoureesDeveloPment,1996,l:33~48.
[28] Bauer,G.J.slippe propertyRights:MultipleWaterUsesandtheNeoliberalModelinehie, 1981~1995,NaturalResoureeJour,1998,1:109~155.
[29] NirBeckerNaomizeitouniandMordeehaisheehter.ReallocatiwaterresourcesintheMiddle Eastthroughmarketmeehanisms,WaterResoureesDeveloPment,1996,l:17~32.
[30]NewlinehattertonBehattertonL.TheAustralianwatermarketexperiment.water-Intemational.2001,26:l,62~67;12ref.
[31]Newlinoslovieh1.andGutman.P.o.Amodelfortheglobaloptimizationofwaterprieesandusefor theeaseMathematiesandComPutersinSimulationv56n452001.347~356·
[32]张教平,杨延哲,姚天祥,等.水安全与河南经济可持续发展.地域研究开发,2005,24(1):110-1 14.
[33]孙才志,杨俊,王会.面向小康社会的水资源安全保障体系研究.中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(1):52-57.
[34]张屹山.影子价格的经济含义及其应用.吉林大学社会科学学报,1990,(2):78~83.
[35]温善章,石春先.河流可供水资源影子价格研究.人民黄河,1993,(7):10~13.
[36] Jerry J, Warford .资源、环境管理与经济发展.中国人口、资源与环境,1992,(1):78.
[37]姜文来,水资源价值模型研究,资源科学,1998, (1).
[38]姜文来,王华东.水资源价值流研究.经济地理,1994,14(6):41~45.
[39]王智勇,王劲峰,于净杰,刘昌明.河北省平原地区水资源利用的边际效益分析.地理学报,2000,5(3):318~328.
[40] Wei T. Impact of energy efficiency gains on output and energy use with Cobb-Douglas production function, EnergyPolicy,2007,35(4):2023-2030.
[41]邢慧明,黄兴仁.整体资产评估方法研究.华南理工大学学(自然科学版),1997,3:92-96.
[42]王韶华,孟令刚,李智.北京市工业用水投入产出模型.水利水电科技进展,2006, 26(4):34-36.
[43]沈大军,王浩,杨小柳,等.工业用水的数量经济分析.水利学报,2000,31(8):27-31.
[44]孙才志,林学钰.模糊划分有效性函数的构建与应用.系统工程理论与实践,2004,24(2):106-110.
[45]陈兴茹,刘树坤.经济合理的生态用水量的提出及计算模型Ⅱ—应用.水利水电科技进展,2006,26(5):1-5.
[46]陈培阳,朱喜刚.福建省区域经济差异及其空间格局演化.地域研究开发,2009, 28(1):53-57.
[47]徐建华,鲁凤,苏方林,等.中国区域经济差异的时空尺度分析.地理研究,2005,24(1):57-68.
[48]刘慧.区域差异测度方法与评价.地理研究,2006,25(4):710-717.
[49]任群罗.基尼系数及其计算[OL].(2004-10-26)[2009-6-3] .http://oldblog.blogchina.com.
[2]王浩,王红瑞.中国水资源态势分析与预测.见:沈振荣,苏人琼.中国农业水危机对策研究.北京:中国农业科技出版社,1998.
[3]薛慧锋,王平.水资源支持区域经济发展研究.西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1996.
[4]陆大道.中国工业布局的理论与实践.北京:科学出版社,1990b.
[5] Munasinght M .Water supply economics and enuironmental management . Washington D.C.: World bank,2000a.
[6] Winpenny J. Managing water as an economic resources . London : Routledge ,20044.
[7]姜文来.水资源价值论.北京:科学出版社,1998c.
[8]潘家华.持续发展途径的经济学分析.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1997.
[9]周文凤.水二十一世纪重要战略资源.水利天地,1997,(4):14~15.
[10]张启舜,陈志恺,张司明.水问题与社会发展.科技导报,1992,(10):19,53~54.
[11]施祖麟,许丽芬.水资源:社会可持续发展的重要支撑.中国人口·资源与环境,1997,7(2):85~87.
[12]邓伟,何岩.水资源:21世纪全球更加关注的重大资源问题之一.地理科学,1999,19(2):97~101.
[13]李东燕.全球水资源短缺对水资源安全的影响。世界经济与政治, 1998 (5):48~53.
[14]黄达中.人类生存面临水资源匮缺.中国煤炭报,1998,4,7(4).
[15]谢军安.全球水资源危机与可持续发展.世界经济与政治,1998, (5):53~57.
[16]潘里中等.中国水资源与世界水资源指标统计比较.水科学进展,1996(4):19~24.
[17]吴季松.可持续发展的关键在水.投资导报,2000,10,11(5).
[18]马军.中国水危机.北京:中国环境出版社. 2000.
[19]武三蒙,舒文.跑冒滴漏还远吗?北京青年报,2000.11.1(25).
[20]索丽生,我国可持续发展水资源战略,中国科协2001年学术会报,2001.9.
[21]李良县,甘泓,汪林等.水资源经济价值计算与分析.自然资源学报,2008,23(3)495-499.
[22] Sterens,T.H. . Effcet of Price Structure on Residential Water Demand.Water Resourc Bulletin, 1992,28(4).
[23] Mercer, L. J, The efficiency of water pricing: A rate of return analysis for municipal water department, Water re-source. Bull. 1986, 22 (2).
[24] Moncur, JET., Urban water pricing drought management, Water resource Res., 1987, 23 (3).
[25] Moncur, JET., Drought episodes management: The roleprice, Water resource, Bull, 1988, 24 (2).
[26] Wichelns, Motivating reduction in drain water with block-Ratter prices for irrigation water, Water resource, Bull,1991, 27 (4).
[27] RenatoGazmurisehleyer,MarkW.Rosegran.ChileanWaterpoliey:TheRoleofWaterRights, InstitutionsandMarkets,WaterResoureesDeveloPment,1996,l:33~48.
[28] Bauer,G.J.slippe propertyRights:MultipleWaterUsesandtheNeoliberalModelinehie, 1981~1995,NaturalResoureeJour,1998,1:109~155.
[29] NirBeckerNaomizeitouniandMordeehaisheehter.ReallocatiwaterresourcesintheMiddle Eastthroughmarketmeehanisms,WaterResoureesDeveloPment,1996,l:17~32.
[30]NewlinehattertonBehattertonL.TheAustralianwatermarketexperiment.water-Intemational.2001,26:l,62~67;12ref.
[31]Newlinoslovieh1.andGutman.P.o.Amodelfortheglobaloptimizationofwaterprieesandusefor theeaseMathematiesandComPutersinSimulationv56n452001.347~356·
[32]张教平,杨延哲,姚天祥,等.水安全与河南经济可持续发展.地域研究开发,2005,24(1):110-1 14.
[33]孙才志,杨俊,王会.面向小康社会的水资源安全保障体系研究.中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(1):52-57.
[34]张屹山.影子价格的经济含义及其应用.吉林大学社会科学学报,1990,(2):78~83.
[35]温善章,石春先.河流可供水资源影子价格研究.人民黄河,1993,(7):10~13.
[36] Jerry J, Warford .资源、环境管理与经济发展.中国人口、资源与环境,1992,(1):78.
[37]姜文来,水资源价值模型研究,资源科学,1998, (1).
[38]姜文来,王华东.水资源价值流研究.经济地理,1994,14(6):41~45.
[39]王智勇,王劲峰,于净杰,刘昌明.河北省平原地区水资源利用的边际效益分析.地理学报,2000,5(3):318~328.
[40] Wei T. Impact of energy efficiency gains on output and energy use with Cobb-Douglas production function, EnergyPolicy,2007,35(4):2023-2030.
[41]邢慧明,黄兴仁.整体资产评估方法研究.华南理工大学学(自然科学版),1997,3:92-96.
[42]王韶华,孟令刚,李智.北京市工业用水投入产出模型.水利水电科技进展,2006, 26(4):34-36.
[43]沈大军,王浩,杨小柳,等.工业用水的数量经济分析.水利学报,2000,31(8):27-31.
[44]孙才志,林学钰.模糊划分有效性函数的构建与应用.系统工程理论与实践,2004,24(2):106-110.
[45]陈兴茹,刘树坤.经济合理的生态用水量的提出及计算模型Ⅱ—应用.水利水电科技进展,2006,26(5):1-5.
[46]陈培阳,朱喜刚.福建省区域经济差异及其空间格局演化.地域研究开发,2009, 28(1):53-57.
[47]徐建华,鲁凤,苏方林,等.中国区域经济差异的时空尺度分析.地理研究,2005,24(1):57-68.
[48]刘慧.区域差异测度方法与评价.地理研究,2006,25(4):710-717.
[49]任群罗.基尼系数及其计算[OL].(2004-10-26)[2009-6-3] .http://oldblog.blogchina.com.