内蒙古阿尔山落叶松上主要蛀干害虫的生物生态学及其聚集信息素监测
|
摘要
阿尔山林区历史上曾在1982年、1992年和2002年三次暴发落叶松毛虫Dendrolimus superans Bulter的危害,第三次暴发后大量次期性害虫(落叶松八齿小蠹Ips subelongatus Motschulsky、云杉大黑天牛Monochamus urussovi Fisher、云杉小黑天牛Monochamus sutor Linnaeus、白带长角天牛Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler等)快速侵入。本文以内蒙古阿尔山林区的落叶松林Larix gmelinii (Rupr.)Rupr.为研究对象,分析了落叶松毛虫与蛀干害虫这两类害虫之间的发生规律和侵入顺序；对次期性蛀干害虫在落叶松上的功能生态位进行研究,明确各钻蛀性害虫对其危害的不同程度,找出相应的生态对策控制虫害的暴发和蔓延；对优势蛀干害虫国内新记录种白带长角天牛的生物学特性进行了研究；同时运用聚集信息素监测与防治优势蛀干害虫落叶松八齿小蠹,对其天敌的种类与控制作用进行调查。主要研究结果如下：
1.通过设置标准样地、笼内收集和虫害木解析等方法,对阿尔山林区主要钻蛀性害虫的跟进顺序、生态位、对寄主的影响程度等进行了研究,结果表明：阿尔山林区落叶松毛虫危害后造成树势衰弱,落叶松八齿小蠹首先入侵,然后是白带长角天牛,最后是云杉大黑天牛和云杉小黑天牛。落叶松毛虫暴发后三种天牛的平均虫口密度随之上升。落叶松八齿小蠹在落叶松主干上占据的生态位从树干基部到接近树顶部,在老龄立木上的虫口数量大于中龄立木,不危害健康树；白带长角天牛在枯死木中占据的生态位较衰弱木上高,危害程度与树龄、树皮厚度呈正比；云杉大黑天牛在衰弱木上主要危害4m以下树干,枯死木上可危害至6m；云杉小黑天牛在衰弱木上主要危害5m以下树干,枯死木上可危害至7m,危害程度与树龄呈正比,三种天牛均不危害健康树和幼树。主要钻蛀性害虫中,落叶松八齿小蠹的危害程度远远大于三种天牛。
2.在落叶松衰弱立木上,生态位宽度以落叶松八齿小蠹最高,在中龄和老龄树上分别达到0.5782、0.5498,在落叶松中龄和老龄枯死立木上,白带长角天牛的空间生态位宽度分别达到0.5143、0.6294,分布较衰弱木广,而云杉大黑天牛空间生态位宽度在衰弱和枯死立木上都最低。在落叶松立木上的空间生态位重叠指数以落叶松八齿小蠹对其他三种优势天牛偏高,天牛之间的空间生态位相似性比例指数均较高且差距较小,说明四种害虫对空间生态位的占据有很大相似程度。四种害虫的空间种间竞争系数均很大,说明对空间和资源的竞争非常激烈,在这种情况下四种害虫能够共存,根本原因是由于取食部位的分化。
3.应用多个聚集度指标和Iwao, Taylor等的回归分析法对落叶松八齿小蠹坑道在落叶松主干上的垂直分布进行了研究。落叶松八齿小蠹坑道数量与落叶松树干不同高度变化成线性关系,拟合的直线方程为y=-10.867x+92.884(R2=0.9995)；坑道的分布与落叶松立木阴面和阳面关系不大；当落叶松八齿小蠹的平均虫口密度达到1120头/1000cm2时,落叶松八齿小蠹的坑道基本属于均匀分布。
4.白带长角天牛在中国东北内蒙古阿尔山林区一年一代,在落叶松树上只危害韧皮部,以幼虫在韧皮部虫道内越冬,老熟后于次年5月化蛹,5月下旬为化蛹高峰期,蛹期45天左右。6月初羽化成虫,成虫羽化后补充营养,6月底至8月上旬为成虫交配产卵期,成虫一生可多次交尾。卵产于树缝内,其中70.5%的树缝内一粒卵,6.8%的树缝内三粒卵,22.7%的树缝内无卵。卵期7-11天。7月上旬新一代幼虫孵化,孵化率37.8%。9月初幼虫越冬。
5.应用落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素对内蒙古阿尔山林区落叶松八齿小蠹的月扬飞规律、日扬飞规律、林缘外不同距离以及林内不同高度诱捕器诱集效果等进行了试验,结果表明：落叶松八齿小蠹的成虫发生期从5月中旬开始,到8月底结束,期间有两次明显的扬飞高峰期；成虫主要集中在中午12点、下午2点和4点天气最热的时候活动；林缘外此聚集信息素对落叶松八齿小蠹的有效引诱距离为200米左右,在90米以内引诱效果最佳；林内树干1.5m处为最佳的诱捕器设置高度。
6.用购自两个公司的两种不同落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂(引诱剂1,引诱剂2)分别对落叶松八齿小蠹及其天敌红胸郭公虫Thanasimus substriatus Gebler进行室内GC-MS分析、触角电位试验以及室外的田间引诱试验,结果表明：落叶松八齿小蠹和红胸郭公虫对两种引诱剂反应完全不同,落叶松八齿小蠹对化合物引诱剂2 (ipsenol占主要成分)反应强烈,且引诱剂2诱集的落叶松八齿小蠹数量远远大于红胸郭公虫,说明ipsenol占主要成分同时结合少量的2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol以及一些植物源挥发物可以诱集到大量的目标害虫落叶松八齿小蠹,同时对捕食性天敌红胸郭公虫也有引诱作用；红胸郭公虫对化合物引诱剂1 ((S)-cis-verbenol占主要成分)反应强烈,说明在化合物组分中(S)-cis-verbenol占主要成分,同时结合少量的ipsenol,1-verbenone以及一些植物源挥发物可以诱集到大量的捕食性天敌,但是对目标害虫落叶松八齿小蠹几乎没有作用。Ipsenol对诱集落叶松八齿小蠹起重要作用,而(S)-cis-verbenol则对诱集天敌红胸郭公虫起重要作用,试验结果为以后的害虫监测以及生物防治提供了理论依据。
7.对内蒙古阿尔山地区落叶松八齿小蠹天敌的调查,发现落叶松八齿小蠹天敌包括捕食性天敌红胸郭公虫,寄生性天敌暗绿截尾金小蜂Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka)、长蠹刻鞭茧蜂Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud以及螨类、微生物。分析了天敌的自然控制作用,红胸郭公虫对落叶松八齿小蠹成虫的日最大捕食量为10.7头(1头红胸郭公虫成虫与20头、40头、60头、80头、100头落叶松八齿小蠹成虫,室内17-25℃)；暗绿截尾金小蜂对落叶松八齿小蠹幼虫的寄生率为20.5%,对其蛹的寄生率为13.7%；长蠹刻鞭茧蜂对其幼虫的寄生率为6.5%；而微生物对落叶松八齿小蠹幼虫的寄生率为4.3%,对蛹的寄生率为5.4%,对成虫的寄生率为2.1%。暗绿截尾金小蜂是落叶松八齿小蠹最有利用价值的天敌昆虫。
There had been three outbreaks of Dendrolimus superans Bulter in Aershan of Inner Mongolia. After the third outbreak, many insect borers such as Ips subelongatus Motschulsky, Monochamus urussovi Fisher, Monochamus sutor Linnaeus and Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler invaded Larix gmelinii (Rupr.)Rupr. forests quickly. In this paper, based on the research objectives of L. gmelinii forests, the rule between these two kinds of pests and invasive sequence was analyzed; the function niche in the larch of secondary pests was studied, as for definituding the different damaged extend of insect borers and finding the relative ecological measures to control the outbreak and spreading of pests; biological characteristics of A. carinulatus was studied with detail; meanwhile as for monitoring and controlling I. Subelongatus, aggregation pheromone was used and natural enemies and their suppressive effects were also discussed and analyzed. The main results are as follows:
1. Methods involved included setting sample plots, collecting adults in iron traps and measuring areas of galleries to study the invasive sequence, their ecological niche and the extent of the different effects by the main insect borers to their hosts. The results showed that the damage of D. superans weakened L. gmelinii, First I. subelongatus invaded, followed by A. carinulatus, M. urussovi and M. sutor. After the outbreak of D. superans, the average density of longhorn beetles per L. gmelinii tree increased. The ecological niche of I. subelongatus stretches almost from the base to the top of the trunk. The number of insects in older stands of L. gmelinii is larger than those in middle aged stands. They do not damage healthy trees of L. gmelinii. The ecological niche of A. carinulatus is higher in dead L. gmelinii trees than in weak ones. The degree of damage is directly proportional with age and depth of bark. M. urussovi mainly damages trunks below 4 m in weak trees; in dead trees they can do damage up to 6 m in height. M. sutor mainly damages trunks below 5 m in weak L. gmelinii trees; in dead trees they cause damage up to 7 m. Again, the degree of damage is directly proportional with age. None of the three species of longhorn beetles damage healthy L. gmelinii and younger trees. Among the main insect borers, the degree of damage caused by I. subelongatus is more serious than that of other insects.
2. Studies on the ecological niche of the main insect borers in larch were carried out, main attention was paid to M. urussovi, M. sutor, A. carinulatus and I. subelongatus. The results showed that the spatial niche breadth index of I. subelongatus was the highest in weak standing larch, in middle aged and old larches it reached the values of 0.5782 and 0.5498, respectively. In the middle aged and old dead standing larches the spatial niche breadth index of A. carinulatus was 0.5143 and 0.6294, respectively, which is higher than in weak larches. The spatial niche breadth index of M. urussovi were the lowest in both weak and dead larch. Both the spatial niche overlap index and spatial niche proportion index of I. subelongatus to the three longhorned beetles were high, which indicated that the demand for space resources of the four insect species had little difference. The spatial interspecific competition coefficient of the four species was high, which indicated that the competition of space and resources was strong. Because of the different damaged areas in the trunk the four species can coexist.
3. Spatial distribution pattern of I. subelongatus galleries was examined by several aggregation indexes and regression analysis methods of Iwao, Taylor. The results indicated that the number of I. subelongatus galleries has linear relationship to the different height of larch trunk, linear regression equation is y=-10.867x+92.884 (R2=0.9995); galleries of I. subelongatus in sunny sides and shaded sides are nearly the same; when the average density of I. subelongatus reached 1120/1000cm2, galleries of I. subelongatus was uniform distribution.
4. Biological characteristics of a new record pest insect A. carinulatus has been reported in China for the first time. During the last few years, outbreaks of this insect in larch plantations of the Aershan, Inner Mongolia have occurred. Each year one generation is born. The insects only damage the phloem in L. gmelinii, overwinter in galleries as larvae and pupate in May of the following year. The pupation culminates in late May. The pupal phase lasts about 45 d. Adults emerge in early June and require nutrition after emergence. Mating and oviposition occur from late June to early August and the adult males and females and may copulate many times in their lifetime. The female adults lay eggs in bark crevices. Oviposition sites with one egg occupy 70.5%,of all sites, sites with three eggs 6.8% and 22.7% of all crevices are without eggs. Eggs stay in this stage for a period of 7 to 11 d. Larvae hatch in early July and hibernate in early September. The rate of successful hatching is only 37.8%.
5. Emergence regularity of I. subelongatus and attractive effect at different distance outside the forest and different hanging height in the forest were studied with aggregation pheromone of I. subelongatus in Aershan area, Inner Mongolia. The results showed the adult emerged from mid May to the end of August with two peaks. Its active time was between 12:00 and 16:00 when the temperature was relative high in a day. The effective attractive distance of I. subelongatus pheromone was about 200 m and the optimum distance was within 90 m. The best hanging height of the traps was about 1.5 m on trunk.
6. Two different I. subelongatus lures (Ipslurel, Ipslure2) from two different manufacturers were tested on I. subelongatus and Thanasimus substriatus Gebler by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), electroantennogram (EAG) and field trapping. The results showed that I. subelongtus and its predator T. substriatus responded in significantly different ways to pheromone blends. Ipsenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of I. subelongatus and some T. substriatus, ipsenol with few 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and plant volatiles was attractive to I. subelongatus and T. substriatus as well; (S)-cis-verbenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of T. substriatus but almost no I. subelongtus. (S)-cis-verbenol with few ipsenol,1-verbenone and plant volatiles was attractive to predators but no bark beetles. These present results can be applied for population monitoring and biological control of Ips subelongatus.
7. The natural enemies of I. subelongatuswere investigated. The most abundant species were the predatory beetle T.substriatus and the parasitic wasps Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka) and Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud. In addition, some yet unidentified parasitic mites and pathogenic organisms were also recorded. The natural suppressive effects of the predators and parasitoids were analysed. The maximum predation of T.substriatus was 10.7 Ips beetles per day (1 T. substriatus with 20,40,60,80,100 I. subelongatus,17-25℃indoors). The parasitic rates of T. seitneri to I. subelongatus larvae and pupae were 20.5% and 13.7%, respectively. The parasitic rate of C. bostrichorum to I. subelongatus larvae was 6.5%. The parasitic rate of pathogenic organisms to I. subelongatus was 4.3%(larvae),5.4%(pupae) and 2.1%(adults). Our results indicate that T. seitneri is probably the most potential candidate for biological control of I. subelongatus.
1.通过设置标准样地、笼内收集和虫害木解析等方法,对阿尔山林区主要钻蛀性害虫的跟进顺序、生态位、对寄主的影响程度等进行了研究,结果表明：阿尔山林区落叶松毛虫危害后造成树势衰弱,落叶松八齿小蠹首先入侵,然后是白带长角天牛,最后是云杉大黑天牛和云杉小黑天牛。落叶松毛虫暴发后三种天牛的平均虫口密度随之上升。落叶松八齿小蠹在落叶松主干上占据的生态位从树干基部到接近树顶部,在老龄立木上的虫口数量大于中龄立木,不危害健康树；白带长角天牛在枯死木中占据的生态位较衰弱木上高,危害程度与树龄、树皮厚度呈正比；云杉大黑天牛在衰弱木上主要危害4m以下树干,枯死木上可危害至6m；云杉小黑天牛在衰弱木上主要危害5m以下树干,枯死木上可危害至7m,危害程度与树龄呈正比,三种天牛均不危害健康树和幼树。主要钻蛀性害虫中,落叶松八齿小蠹的危害程度远远大于三种天牛。
2.在落叶松衰弱立木上,生态位宽度以落叶松八齿小蠹最高,在中龄和老龄树上分别达到0.5782、0.5498,在落叶松中龄和老龄枯死立木上,白带长角天牛的空间生态位宽度分别达到0.5143、0.6294,分布较衰弱木广,而云杉大黑天牛空间生态位宽度在衰弱和枯死立木上都最低。在落叶松立木上的空间生态位重叠指数以落叶松八齿小蠹对其他三种优势天牛偏高,天牛之间的空间生态位相似性比例指数均较高且差距较小,说明四种害虫对空间生态位的占据有很大相似程度。四种害虫的空间种间竞争系数均很大,说明对空间和资源的竞争非常激烈,在这种情况下四种害虫能够共存,根本原因是由于取食部位的分化。
3.应用多个聚集度指标和Iwao, Taylor等的回归分析法对落叶松八齿小蠹坑道在落叶松主干上的垂直分布进行了研究。落叶松八齿小蠹坑道数量与落叶松树干不同高度变化成线性关系,拟合的直线方程为y=-10.867x+92.884(R2=0.9995)；坑道的分布与落叶松立木阴面和阳面关系不大；当落叶松八齿小蠹的平均虫口密度达到1120头/1000cm2时,落叶松八齿小蠹的坑道基本属于均匀分布。
4.白带长角天牛在中国东北内蒙古阿尔山林区一年一代,在落叶松树上只危害韧皮部,以幼虫在韧皮部虫道内越冬,老熟后于次年5月化蛹,5月下旬为化蛹高峰期,蛹期45天左右。6月初羽化成虫,成虫羽化后补充营养,6月底至8月上旬为成虫交配产卵期,成虫一生可多次交尾。卵产于树缝内,其中70.5%的树缝内一粒卵,6.8%的树缝内三粒卵,22.7%的树缝内无卵。卵期7-11天。7月上旬新一代幼虫孵化,孵化率37.8%。9月初幼虫越冬。
5.应用落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素对内蒙古阿尔山林区落叶松八齿小蠹的月扬飞规律、日扬飞规律、林缘外不同距离以及林内不同高度诱捕器诱集效果等进行了试验,结果表明：落叶松八齿小蠹的成虫发生期从5月中旬开始,到8月底结束,期间有两次明显的扬飞高峰期；成虫主要集中在中午12点、下午2点和4点天气最热的时候活动；林缘外此聚集信息素对落叶松八齿小蠹的有效引诱距离为200米左右,在90米以内引诱效果最佳；林内树干1.5m处为最佳的诱捕器设置高度。
6.用购自两个公司的两种不同落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂(引诱剂1,引诱剂2)分别对落叶松八齿小蠹及其天敌红胸郭公虫Thanasimus substriatus Gebler进行室内GC-MS分析、触角电位试验以及室外的田间引诱试验,结果表明：落叶松八齿小蠹和红胸郭公虫对两种引诱剂反应完全不同,落叶松八齿小蠹对化合物引诱剂2 (ipsenol占主要成分)反应强烈,且引诱剂2诱集的落叶松八齿小蠹数量远远大于红胸郭公虫,说明ipsenol占主要成分同时结合少量的2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol以及一些植物源挥发物可以诱集到大量的目标害虫落叶松八齿小蠹,同时对捕食性天敌红胸郭公虫也有引诱作用；红胸郭公虫对化合物引诱剂1 ((S)-cis-verbenol占主要成分)反应强烈,说明在化合物组分中(S)-cis-verbenol占主要成分,同时结合少量的ipsenol,1-verbenone以及一些植物源挥发物可以诱集到大量的捕食性天敌,但是对目标害虫落叶松八齿小蠹几乎没有作用。Ipsenol对诱集落叶松八齿小蠹起重要作用,而(S)-cis-verbenol则对诱集天敌红胸郭公虫起重要作用,试验结果为以后的害虫监测以及生物防治提供了理论依据。
7.对内蒙古阿尔山地区落叶松八齿小蠹天敌的调查,发现落叶松八齿小蠹天敌包括捕食性天敌红胸郭公虫,寄生性天敌暗绿截尾金小蜂Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka)、长蠹刻鞭茧蜂Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud以及螨类、微生物。分析了天敌的自然控制作用,红胸郭公虫对落叶松八齿小蠹成虫的日最大捕食量为10.7头(1头红胸郭公虫成虫与20头、40头、60头、80头、100头落叶松八齿小蠹成虫,室内17-25℃)；暗绿截尾金小蜂对落叶松八齿小蠹幼虫的寄生率为20.5%,对其蛹的寄生率为13.7%；长蠹刻鞭茧蜂对其幼虫的寄生率为6.5%；而微生物对落叶松八齿小蠹幼虫的寄生率为4.3%,对蛹的寄生率为5.4%,对成虫的寄生率为2.1%。暗绿截尾金小蜂是落叶松八齿小蠹最有利用价值的天敌昆虫。
There had been three outbreaks of Dendrolimus superans Bulter in Aershan of Inner Mongolia. After the third outbreak, many insect borers such as Ips subelongatus Motschulsky, Monochamus urussovi Fisher, Monochamus sutor Linnaeus and Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler invaded Larix gmelinii (Rupr.)Rupr. forests quickly. In this paper, based on the research objectives of L. gmelinii forests, the rule between these two kinds of pests and invasive sequence was analyzed; the function niche in the larch of secondary pests was studied, as for definituding the different damaged extend of insect borers and finding the relative ecological measures to control the outbreak and spreading of pests; biological characteristics of A. carinulatus was studied with detail; meanwhile as for monitoring and controlling I. Subelongatus, aggregation pheromone was used and natural enemies and their suppressive effects were also discussed and analyzed. The main results are as follows:
1. Methods involved included setting sample plots, collecting adults in iron traps and measuring areas of galleries to study the invasive sequence, their ecological niche and the extent of the different effects by the main insect borers to their hosts. The results showed that the damage of D. superans weakened L. gmelinii, First I. subelongatus invaded, followed by A. carinulatus, M. urussovi and M. sutor. After the outbreak of D. superans, the average density of longhorn beetles per L. gmelinii tree increased. The ecological niche of I. subelongatus stretches almost from the base to the top of the trunk. The number of insects in older stands of L. gmelinii is larger than those in middle aged stands. They do not damage healthy trees of L. gmelinii. The ecological niche of A. carinulatus is higher in dead L. gmelinii trees than in weak ones. The degree of damage is directly proportional with age and depth of bark. M. urussovi mainly damages trunks below 4 m in weak trees; in dead trees they can do damage up to 6 m in height. M. sutor mainly damages trunks below 5 m in weak L. gmelinii trees; in dead trees they cause damage up to 7 m. Again, the degree of damage is directly proportional with age. None of the three species of longhorn beetles damage healthy L. gmelinii and younger trees. Among the main insect borers, the degree of damage caused by I. subelongatus is more serious than that of other insects.
2. Studies on the ecological niche of the main insect borers in larch were carried out, main attention was paid to M. urussovi, M. sutor, A. carinulatus and I. subelongatus. The results showed that the spatial niche breadth index of I. subelongatus was the highest in weak standing larch, in middle aged and old larches it reached the values of 0.5782 and 0.5498, respectively. In the middle aged and old dead standing larches the spatial niche breadth index of A. carinulatus was 0.5143 and 0.6294, respectively, which is higher than in weak larches. The spatial niche breadth index of M. urussovi were the lowest in both weak and dead larch. Both the spatial niche overlap index and spatial niche proportion index of I. subelongatus to the three longhorned beetles were high, which indicated that the demand for space resources of the four insect species had little difference. The spatial interspecific competition coefficient of the four species was high, which indicated that the competition of space and resources was strong. Because of the different damaged areas in the trunk the four species can coexist.
3. Spatial distribution pattern of I. subelongatus galleries was examined by several aggregation indexes and regression analysis methods of Iwao, Taylor. The results indicated that the number of I. subelongatus galleries has linear relationship to the different height of larch trunk, linear regression equation is y=-10.867x+92.884 (R2=0.9995); galleries of I. subelongatus in sunny sides and shaded sides are nearly the same; when the average density of I. subelongatus reached 1120/1000cm2, galleries of I. subelongatus was uniform distribution.
4. Biological characteristics of a new record pest insect A. carinulatus has been reported in China for the first time. During the last few years, outbreaks of this insect in larch plantations of the Aershan, Inner Mongolia have occurred. Each year one generation is born. The insects only damage the phloem in L. gmelinii, overwinter in galleries as larvae and pupate in May of the following year. The pupation culminates in late May. The pupal phase lasts about 45 d. Adults emerge in early June and require nutrition after emergence. Mating and oviposition occur from late June to early August and the adult males and females and may copulate many times in their lifetime. The female adults lay eggs in bark crevices. Oviposition sites with one egg occupy 70.5%,of all sites, sites with three eggs 6.8% and 22.7% of all crevices are without eggs. Eggs stay in this stage for a period of 7 to 11 d. Larvae hatch in early July and hibernate in early September. The rate of successful hatching is only 37.8%.
5. Emergence regularity of I. subelongatus and attractive effect at different distance outside the forest and different hanging height in the forest were studied with aggregation pheromone of I. subelongatus in Aershan area, Inner Mongolia. The results showed the adult emerged from mid May to the end of August with two peaks. Its active time was between 12:00 and 16:00 when the temperature was relative high in a day. The effective attractive distance of I. subelongatus pheromone was about 200 m and the optimum distance was within 90 m. The best hanging height of the traps was about 1.5 m on trunk.
6. Two different I. subelongatus lures (Ipslurel, Ipslure2) from two different manufacturers were tested on I. subelongatus and Thanasimus substriatus Gebler by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), electroantennogram (EAG) and field trapping. The results showed that I. subelongtus and its predator T. substriatus responded in significantly different ways to pheromone blends. Ipsenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of I. subelongatus and some T. substriatus, ipsenol with few 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and plant volatiles was attractive to I. subelongatus and T. substriatus as well; (S)-cis-verbenol-dominant blend attracted a high number of T. substriatus but almost no I. subelongtus. (S)-cis-verbenol with few ipsenol,1-verbenone and plant volatiles was attractive to predators but no bark beetles. These present results can be applied for population monitoring and biological control of Ips subelongatus.
7. The natural enemies of I. subelongatuswere investigated. The most abundant species were the predatory beetle T.substriatus and the parasitic wasps Tomicobia seitneri (Ruschka) and Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud. In addition, some yet unidentified parasitic mites and pathogenic organisms were also recorded. The natural suppressive effects of the predators and parasitoids were analysed. The maximum predation of T.substriatus was 10.7 Ips beetles per day (1 T. substriatus with 20,40,60,80,100 I. subelongatus,17-25℃indoors). The parasitic rates of T. seitneri to I. subelongatus larvae and pupae were 20.5% and 13.7%, respectively. The parasitic rate of C. bostrichorum to I. subelongatus larvae was 6.5%. The parasitic rate of pathogenic organisms to I. subelongatus was 4.3%(larvae),5.4%(pupae) and 2.1%(adults). Our results indicate that T. seitneri is probably the most potential candidate for biological control of I. subelongatus.
引文
1. 安榆林,刁彩华,朱宏斌,焦国尧.墨天牛属三个近缘种的RAPD分析.南京林业大学学报,1998,22(4)：35-38.
2. 毕华明,朱凤恩,国志锋,等.塞罕坝地区落叶松八齿小蠹生物学特性及防治技术的研究.河北林果研究,2004,19(4)：362-366.
3. 毕湘虹,李俊,于军,李文宝,高俊平,曹丽萍.内蒙古牙克石林区落叶松毛虫天敌种类调查.中国森林病虫,1997(4)：30-31.
4. 蔡邦华,李兆麟.1959.中国北部小蠹虫区系初志.73-117页.见：中国科学院昆虫研究所(主编).昆虫学集刊.北京：科学出版社.共391页.
5. 蔡华.保护林木先灭“暗火”.内蒙古林业,2000(10)：25.
6. 蔡华.落叶松毛虫生活习性及防治技术措施.内蒙古林业科技,1997(增刊)：99-100.
7. 陈世骧,谢蕴贞,邓国藩.中国经济昆虫志第一册(鞘翅目：天牛科).北京：科学出版社.1959,共120页.
8. 程焕章,刘新田,逢增和,于瑞安,赵启凯.航天遥感技术在落叶松毛虫危害区化中的应用研究.东北林业大学学报,1992,20(5)：25-32.
9. 初冬,刘篆芳,张庆贺.火烧迹地落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散蔓延规律.北京林业大学学报,1993.15(1)：96-100.
10.丁伟,赵志模,王进军,等.三种玉米蚜虫种群的生态位分析.应用生态学报,2003,14(9)： 1481-1484.
11.丁岩钦.昆虫种群数学生态学原理与方法[M]1北京：科学出版社,1980.
12.范丽清.白星花金龟捕食落叶松毛虫蛹.昆虫知识,2004,41(2)：189.
13.丰宁县林业局科研组.用落叶松毛虫卵繁育赤眼蜂.河北林业科技,1976(4)：43.
14.符文俊,祁云台,邱鸿贵.落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素研究Ⅰ聚集行为特征和活性物质提取.61-66页.见：中国科学院上海昆虫研究所(编).昆虫学研究集刊(第八集).上海：上海科学技术出版社.1988.共253页.
15.高长启,任晓光,王东升,张红岩,孙守慧,孙家宝,牛延章.落叶松八齿小蠹发生规律及测报技术.东北林业大学学报,1998,26(1)：24-28.
16.高文韬,孙万才,王旭东,刘跃军,臧俊山,逢树本,邬兴敏.吉林省天牛科(Cerambycidae)昆虫区系初析.吉林林学院学报,1994.10(1)：25-34.
17.郭树平,张润生,田丰,曹仁襄,邢念华.落叶松八齿小蠹的系统防治.东北林业大学学报,1989,17(4)：40-44.
18.韩铁圈,韩宝.云杉大黑天牛有效积温的研究.昆虫知识,1988,25(3)：157-159.
19.郝玉山,郭秀华,滕文霞,平桂英,刘荣.内蒙古大兴安岭地区落叶松毛虫综合治理的探讨.内蒙古林业科技,1997(增刊)：88-91+98.
20.郝玉山,周本志.内蒙古大兴安岭林区主要森林害虫危害的分析.中国森林病虫,2003,22(2)：40-41.
21.何丽芬,郦一平,符文俊.落叶松八齿小蠹活成虫性别判别方法的探讨.73-76页,见：中国科学院上海昆虫研究所(编), 昆虫学研究集刊(第八集),上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988,共253页.
22.何俊华.浙江蜂类志.北京：科学出版社.2004.共1373页.
23.贺亦斌.Fuzzy ISODATA聚类分析法在落叶松毛虫种群动态测报中的应用.东北林业大学学报,1989,17(5)：27-32.
24.胡长效.落叶松八齿小蠹研究进展.河北林业科技,2003,(6)： 20-22.
25.黄建奎,陈久君,刘玉琴.塑料薄膜环围扎树干防治落叶松毛虫.中国林业,1998(5)：40.
26.黄俊洋,唐建忠,李洪瑞.塑料薄膜围扎落叶松树干防治落叶松毛虫技术.防护林科技,2001(1)：74.
27.黄俊洋,薛怀玉,吴增华.树干围扎薄膜防治落叶松毛虫.中国林业,2000(12)：42.
28.季长龙,高纯.栗山天牛幼虫期空间分布型的研究.辽宁林业科技.2002,(1)：9-14.
29.贾春生,阎明珍,马哲明.四种Bt制剂对落叶松毛虫的毒力测定.吉林林学院学报,1997,13(1)：23-27.
30.蒋书楠.中国天牛幼虫.重庆：重庆出版社.1988.共160页.
31.焦国尧,安榆林,刁彩华,郑安民.进口木材中截获天牛幼虫的分类鉴定(一).植物检疫,1996(1)：14-19.
32.焦国尧,安榆林,刁彩华,郑安民.进口木材中截获天牛幼虫的分类鉴定(二).植物检疫,1996(2)：71-74.
33.孔祥波,赵成华,高伟.4种松毛虫性信息素成分及在近缘种生殖隔离中的作用.科学通报,2001(17)：1435-1439.
34.李炳艳.森林蚂蚁防治落叶松毛虫的效果分析.林业科技,1999,24(5)：24.
35.李国龙,褚继芳,宋显全,董双波.利用不同烟剂防治落叶松毛虫的试验.林业科技,2002,27(2)：29-30.
36.李惠兰,闫志刚,郭宝刚,刘世民.牡丹江市城区落叶松毛虫天敌寄生的自然控制作用.中国林副特产,2006(3)：77.
37.李克政,于永址,孙安.我国东北部落叶松毛虫发生基地的调查与防治对策.东北林业大学学报,1987,15(6)：22-27.
38.李丽,孟焕文,孙旭.落叶松毛虫生物学.内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,23(1)：101-103.
39.黎明,赵军,田衍利,杨晓辉.抚顺地区落叶松八齿小蠹为害规律及其防治方法.吉林林业科技,2001,30(5)：49-50.
40.李雪岭.应用烟剂防治落叶松毛虫的试验.新疆林业,2006(1)：44.
41.刘宽余,毕慧泉,刘铉基.落叶松毛虫幼虫空间分布型的研究及其应用.东北林学院学报,1984,12(1)：65-71.
42.刘宽余,刘铉基.落叶松毛虫发生期预报的研究.东北林业大学学报,1984,12增刊：89-92.
43.刘宽余,刘铉基,金再花.落叶松毛虫有效积温的研究.东北林学院学报,1982(2)：58-62.
44.刘宽余,孟庆繁,王立纯,王志英,张国财.大兴安岭落叶松毛虫生物学特性的研究.东北林业大学学报,1994,22(2)：1-5.
45.刘修英,韩秀范,张凯鹏,徐云峰,张晓静,黄秀霞,张宪红.薰蒸法防除落叶松八齿小蠹.吉林林业科技,1998,(5)：15-16.
46.刘志明,晏明,张旭东,张文哲.气象因子对落叶松毛虫的影响分析.灾害学,2002,17(4)：32-37.
47.刘篆芳,张庆贺,初冬.大兴安岭火烧迹地蛀干害虫发生趋势分析.森林病虫通讯,1990,17(1)：38-40.
48.刘篆芳,张庆贺,初冬,孙玉剑,盛茂领.影响大兴安岭火烧迹地干部害虫发生的生态因子.北京林业大学学报,1991,13(3)：69-74.
49.刘篆芳,赵秉义,赵石峰.大兴安岭火烧迹地蛀干害虫监测报告.林业科技通讯,1989,24(2)：12-15.
50.骆有庆.高度重视虫传危险性森林病害——松材线虫病.昆虫知识,2001,38(2)：150.
51.吕世艳.落叶松毛虫对林木的危害及治理对策.中国林业企业,2004(3)：53-54.
52.吕仲贤,杨樟法,王桂跃,等.玉米螟和桃蛀螟在玉米上的生态位及其种间竞争.浙江农业学报,1995,7(1)：31-34.
53.孟庆繁,刘宽余,王庆喜.落叶松针叶的质量对落叶松毛虫影响的研究.吉林林学院学报,1995,11(4)：217-220.
54.牟玉杰,赵玉林,王春艳.扎兰屯秀水风景林天牛危害初报及治理措施.内蒙古林业科技,2002,(增刊)：124-125.
55.牟兆军,肖德华,李继军,高韵梅,宋艳霞.释放烟剂防治落叶松毛虫的条件及时间.林业科技,1997,22(5)：30-32.
56.聂鸿飞.落叶松八齿小蠹的发生与防治方法.河北林业科技,2002(2)：18.
57.彭进友,宋洪普,毕华明.河北省塞罕坝机械林场落叶松八齿小蠹危害现状及防治对策.河北林业科技,2004(3)：34.
58.邱鸿贵,符文俊,祁云台.落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素研究II聚集行为和寄主树的关系.67-72页.见：中国科学院上海昆虫研究所(编).昆虫学研究集刊(第八集).上海：上海科学技术出版社.1988.共253页.
59.曲艳秋,聂生隆.吉林省首次发现拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生落叶松毛虫卵.中国生物防治,1991(2)： 57.
60.任晓光,高长启,迟金城,王东升,孙守慧,张红岩.落叶松八齿小蠹营林防治技术的研究.吉林林业科技,1997,(6)：12-15.
61.任志峰,齐国信.集团型黑光灯诱杀落叶松毛虫.林业实用技术,2002(10)：32.
62.陕西省林业科学研究所.湖南省林业科学研究所(编著).林虫寄生蜂图志.杨凌：天则出版社.1990.共206页.
63.单立华,沙学仁.松毛虫华丽寄蝇寄生落叶松毛虫的调查初报.辽宁林业科技,2002(3)：41-43.
64.邵显珍,闫学彬,陈振华,武保国,魏清华.用辛硫磷防治云杉大黑天牛.林业科技,2001,26(1)：26.
65.施振华.伊春林区云杉大黑天牛生活史和习性的初步观察.265-280页.见：中国林业科学研究院林业科学研究所森林保护研究室昆虫组(编著).森林昆虫论文集(第一集).北京：科学出版社.1959.共300页.
66.施振华.云杉大黑天牛.487-488页.见：萧刚柔(主编).中国森林昆虫(第2版).北京：中国林业出版社.1992.共1362页.
67.舒金平,潘涌智.华山松球果螟幼虫空间分布型研究.西南林学院学报.2003,23(2)：71-75.
68.孙晓波,孙晓峰,李明文.落叶松毛虫调查与防治技术.黑河科技,2002(4)：5.
69.唐秀梅,杨运启,曲学成,王笃高.招引益鸟可控制落叶松毛虫.林业科技,1996,21(2)：45-46.
70.滕文霞,郭秀华,过树峰,平桂英,曲虹霞,张奎来,高继成,武兰在.利用B t制剂防治落叶松毛虫的研究.内蒙古林业科技,1997(增刊)：54-59.
71.田丰,毕湘虹,申国涛,周彪,李文宝.两年一代落叶松毛虫的预测预报技术及防治指标的研究.林业科学研究,1998,11(4)：388-395.
72.田丰,郭树平,申国涛,曹长文,王德友.两年一代落叶松毛虫的生物学特性.东北林业大学学报,1997,25(1)：22-25.
73.田丰,王德友,王晶.落叶松毛虫的发生基地及对策.林业科技,1996,21(6)：25-26.
74.王东升,高长启,任晓光,孙守慧,张红岩.落叶松八齿小蠹化学防治技术的研究.吉林林业科技,1998(3)：4-6.
75.王士槐.柑桔全爪螨时间和空间生态位宽度的测定.安徽农业大学学报,1998,25(4).356-358.
76.王希蒙.云杉小黑天牛.第486页.见：萧刚柔(主编).中国森林昆虫(第2版).北京：中国林业出版社.1992.共1362页.
77.王希蒙,任国栋,刘荣光.宁夏昆虫名录.西安：陕西师范大学出版社,1992.共287页.
78.王振华,柴民,王淑君.落叶松毛虫的发生特点及调控.林业科技,1999,24(1)：34--35.
79.王振华,柴民,王淑君,纪长波,王朝臣,王志杰.地面水质微量喷雾防治落叶松毛虫.林业科技,1999,24(2)：22-26.
80.王直诚编.东北天牛志原色东北昆虫图鉴Ⅱ(天牛篇).长春：吉林科学技术出版社,2003.
81.吴兴玉,于敏.用“塑料环”防治落叶松毛虫技术.防护林科技,2004(4)：97.
82.肖平.飞机防治落叶松毛虫及对天敌的影响.中国森林病虫,2004,23(2)：18-20.
83.熊惠龙,陈国发,舒朝然,王志国,路常宽,段佩山,孙玉杰.20%灭可湿性粉剂防治落叶松毛虫试验.辽宁林业科技,2002(4)：6-7+38.
84.徐公天.2003.园林植物病虫害防治原色图谱.北京：中国农业出版社.共384页.
85.徐汝梅.昆虫种群生态学[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,1988.
86.杨静莉,林强,陈国发.落叶松八齿小蠹的危险性分析.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(3)：60-63.
87.杨秀元,吴坚(主编).1981.中国森林昆虫名录.北京：中国林业出版社.共444页.
88.杨燕燕,李照会,王如刚,等.异色郭公虫对柏肤小蠹捕食作用的研究.山东林业科学,2004,(6):40-42.
89.杨忠岐.中国小蠹虫寄生蜂.北京：科学出版社.1996.
90.杨忠岐,谷亚琴.大兴安岭落叶松毛虫的卵寄生蜂.林业科学,1995,31(3)：223-231
91.尹承陇,汪有奎,林海.青海云杉母树林害虫天敌资源及保护利用.北华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,2(1)：74-79.
92.殷玉生,安榆林,朱明道,徐金祥.浅析加强天牛检疫的重要性.2002,21(6)：40-42
93.殷玉生,朱明道,徐金祥,安榆林.朱宏斌.口岸截获天牛科害虫的疫情分析.检验检疫科学,2001, 11(6)：31-33.
94.于诚铭.落叶松八齿小蠹, 见：萧刚柔(主编), 中国森林昆虫(第二版), 北京：中国林业出版社,1992,626-628.
95.于诚铭,郭树平,程德江.人工林内落叶松八齿小蠹发生规律的研究.东北林学院学报,1984,12(2)：27-39.
96.于诚铭,贺亦斌.落叶松毛虫种群数量动态预测预报的研究.东北林业大学学报,1987,15(2)：1-6.
97.于诚铭,贺亦斌,刘宽余.落叶松毛虫发生基地研究.东北林业大学学报,1986,14(增刊)：39-45.
98.于诚铭,张庆贺.落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素生物活性及分泌规律.东北林业大学学报,1988,16(4)：1-7.
99.于丽辰,梁来荣,敖贤斌,等.我国新天敌资源——小蠹蒲螨形态与生物学研究.蛛形学报,1997,6(1)：46-52.
100.岳书奎,王志英,黄玉清,宋艳辉,平桂英,曲虹霞,雷英.落叶松毛虫生物学特性及天敌.东北林业大学学报,1996,24(4)：1-7.
101.张高林,罗长发,贾瑞安,李万良,崔培谦.落叶松毛虫生物学特性及防治研究.陕西礼业科技,1996(3)：55-56+67.
102.张军生,郝丽.内蒙古大兴安岭林区落叶松毛虫发生现状及管理对策.林业科技,2002,27(2)：26-28.
103.张美丽,刘国君,孙宝仁,王成信,钟德胜.带状皆伐对落叶松毛虫虫源基地的影响及防治方法的探讨.林业勘查设计,2003(4)：37-38.
104.张庆贺.落叶松八齿小蠹综合防治中的饵木设置技术.森林病虫通讯,1989(2)：41-42.
105.张庆贺,刘纂芳,初冬.落叶松八齿小蠹雄虫空间分布型及群居危害机理.东北林业大学学报,1989,17(6):51-57.
106.张世权.华北天牛及其防治.北京：中国林业出版社.1994.
107.张世泽, 吴林, 许向利,等.小花蝽对牛角花齿蓟马的捕食作用.应用生态学报,2006,17(7)：1259-1263.
108.张星耀,骆有庆.中国森林重大生物灾害.中国林业出版社,2003.
109.张永宏,李凯兵.二连口岸进境木材害虫检疫与调查分析.内蒙古民族大学学报,2001,16(2)：152-154.
110.赵娜,刘荣堂,贾力,张晓宇.云南草坪中东方蝼蛄的空间分布型.昆虫知识.2007,44(4)：513-516.
111.赵秋雁,赵晓虹,刘广平,吴保国.苏云金杆菌对落叶松毛虫毒力测定.东北林业大学学报,1998,26(1)：70-71.
112.朱坤,宋玉双,刘汉夫,张国良,许祥佳.落叶松毛虫危害指标的研究.东北林业大学学报,1985,13(3)：22-27.
113.宗世祥,姚国龙,骆有庆,等.沙棘主要蛀干害虫种群生态位.生态学报,2005,25(12)：3264-3270.
114. Anderbrandt, O., Schlyter, F. and Birgersson, G. (1985) Intraspecific competition affecting parents and offspring in the bark beetle Ips typographus. Oikos,45,89-98.
115. Avtzis N.1991. Side captures in bark beetle pheromone traps in northern Greece. Anz. Schaedlingskd. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz.64,13-14.
116. Ayres, B.D., Ayres, M.P., Abrahamson, M.D. and Teale, S.A. (2001) Resource partitioning and overlap in three sympatric species of Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Oecologia,128,443-453.
117. Bakke A, Kvamme T.1978. Kairomone response by the predators Thanasimus formicarius and Thanasimus rufipes to the synthetic pheromone of Ips typographus. Norw. J. Entomol.25, 41-44.
118. Bakke A, Kvamme T.1981. Kairomone response in Thanasimus predators to pheromone components of Ips typographus. J. Chem. Ecol.7,305-312.
119. Birch, M.C., Svihra, P., Paine, T.D. and Miller, J.C. (1980) Olfactory discrimination among four sympatric species of bark beetles:a mechanism of resource partitioning. Journal of Chemical Ecology,6,395-414.
120. Borden JH, Wilson IM, Gries R, Chong LJ, Pierce HDJ, Gries G.1998. Volatiles from the bark of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae) disrupt secondary attraction by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Chemoecology.8,69-75.
121.Coulson, R. N., Mayyasi, A. M., Foltz, J. L.,Hain, F. P., Martin, W. C.1976. Resource utilization by the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Can. Ent 108:353-362
122. Coulson, R. N., Pope, D. N., Gagne, J. A., Fargo, W. S., Pulley, P. E., Edson, L. J., Wagner, T. L..1980.Impact of foraging by Monochamus titillator (Col.:Cerambycidae) on within-tree populations of Dendroctonus frontalis (Col.:Scolytidae). Entomophaga 25:155-170
123. DENG Gang, HE Cong-xin, WANG Yue-jie,Zhang Wen-li, Song Xian-quan, Meng Fang-aeng.2002. Using Luseweilei insecticide to control Dendrolimus superans. Journal of Forestry Research 13(2):162-163
124. Dodds, K.J., Graber, C. and Stephen, F.M. (2001) Facultative Intraguild Predation by Larval Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) on Bark Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology,30,17-22.
125. Erbilgin N, Kenneth F, Raffa KF.2000. Opposing effects of host monoterpenes on responses by two sympatric species of bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones. J. Chem. Ecol.26, 2527-2548.
126. Erik N. Valendik, Yegor K. Kisilyakhov, Sergey V. Verkhovets.2005. Forest fire management technologies. International Forest Fire News (32):64-67
127. Flamm, R.O., Wagner, T.L., Cook, S.P., Pulley, P.E., Coulson, R.N. and Mcardle, T.M. (1987) Host colonization by cohabiting Dendroctonus frontalis, Ips avulsus, and Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology,16,390-399.
128. Flamm, R.O.,Coulson, R.N., Beckley, P., Pulley, P. E.,Wagner, T. L..1989.Maintenance of a phloem-inhabiting guild. Environ. Ent 18:381-387
129. Fu, W. J., Qi, Y. T., Qiu, H.G., Shen, B. J., Wu, X. D.1988.Study on the aggregation pheromone of Ips subelongatus:Characteristic of aggregation behavior and the extraction of active materials. Contrib. Shanghai Inst. Entomol 8:61-66
130. Ginzel MD, Blomquist GJ, Millar JG, LM Hanks.2003.Role of contact pheromones in mate recognition in Xylotrechus colonus. J.Chem.Ecol.29(3):533-545
131.Hansen K.1983. Reception of bark beetle pheromone in the predaceous clerid beetle Thanasimus formicarius Coleoptera Cleridae. J. Comp. Physiol. A. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol.150,371-378.
132. Higashiura,Y.1991. Pest-Control in natural and man-made forests in northern Japan. Forest Ecology and Management 39(1-4):55-64
133. Hua L. List of Chinese Insects(Vol. II).2002. Guangzhou:Zhongshan(Sun Yat-sen) University Press PP 612
134. Jarkko H, Pekka Niemela.2005. Border Inspection of Roundwood Imports:Pathogens and Pests. Finnish Forest Sector Economic Outlook 45-47
135. Kharuk, V.I., Ranson, K.J., Kozuhovskaya, A.G.,et al.2004. NOAA/AVHRR satellite detection of Siberian silkmoth outbreaks in eastern Siberia. International Journal of Remote Sensing.25(24):5543-5555
136. Kharuk, V.I., Ranson, K.J., Kuz'michev,V.V., et al.2003. Landsat-based analysis of insect outbreaks in southern Siberia.29(2):286-297
137. Khrimian, A., Klun, JA., Hijji, Y., et al.2002. Syntheses of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, Lepidoptera pheromone components, via zinc reduction of enyne precursors. Test of pheromone efficacy against the Siberian moth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.50(22):6366-6370
138. Kohnle U, Vite JP, Erbacher C, Bartels J, Francke W.1988. Aggregation response of European engraver beetles of the genus Ips mediated by terpenoid pheromone. Entomol. Exp. Appl.49,43-53.
139. Kovacs K., Ranson K.J., Kharuk V.I..2005. Detecting Siberian silk moth damage in central Siberian using multi-temporal MODIS data.45(25):25-29
140. Light DM.1983. Sensitivity of antennae of male and female Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to their natural aggregation pheromone and its enantiomeric components. J. Chem. Ecol.9,561-584.
141. Liu kuanyu.1994.Causes of outbreak of the larch caterpillar(Dendrolimus superans) in Da Xing'an Mountain and its control strategy. Northeast For. Univ 5(1):34-40
142. Ma Dongmei, Qin Shili, Song Chunbin, et al.1998. The effect of Dendrolimus superans breakout on growth of trees. Journal of Forestry Research 9(4):269-272
143. Marin, Mauricio, Preisig.2005. Phenotypic and DNA sequence data comparisons reveal three discrete species in the Ceratocystis polonica species complex. Mycological Research 109 (Part 10):1137-1148
144. Meng Qingfan, Yan Shanchun, Wang Yun, et al.1996.The influences of stand state on the occurrence of Dendrolimus superans in Da Xing'an Mounains. Northeast For. Univ (4): 32-36
145. Miller, M.C. (1985) The effect of Monochamus titillator (F.) (Col, Cerambycidae) foraging on the emergence of Ips calligraphus (Germ.) (Col., Scolytidae) insect associates. Zeitschrift for Angewandte Entomologie,100,189-197.
146. Munyaneza J., Obrycki J.J. Functional response of Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) to Colorado potato beetle eggs (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). Biol Control, 1997,8:215-224.
147. Paine, T.D., Birch, M.C. and Svihra, P. (1981) Niche Breadth and Resource Partitioning by Four Sympatric Species of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Oecologia (Berl),48, 1-6.
148. Polyakova, GG, Vetrova, VP, Pashenova, NV, Osipov, VI.1995.Role of Proanthocyannidins and Lignin in the defense response of Siberian fir to inoculation with micromycetes, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 42(4):552-557
149. Qing-He Zhang, Goran B., Fredrik S., Guo-Fa Chen.2000.Pheromone components in the larch bark beetel Ips cembrae, from China:Quantitative variation among attack phases and individuals, Journal of Chemical Ecology 26(4):841-858
150. Q.H. Zhang, J. A. Byers, X.D. Zhang.1993. Influence of bark thickness, trunk diameter and height on reproduction of the longhorned beetle, Monochamus sutor (Col., Cerambycidae) in burned larch and pine, J. Appl. Ent 115:145-154
151.Qing-He Zhang, Till Tolasch, Fredrik Schlyter, Wittko Francke.2002.Enantiospecific Antennal Response of Bark Beetles to Spiroacetal (E)-Conophthorin. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28(9):1839-1852
152. Qiu, H. G., Fu, W.J., Qi, Y.T., He, L.F., Liang, X.D.1988. Study on the aggregation pheromone of Ips subelongatus:The relationship between aggregation pheromone behavior and host plant tree. Contrib. Shanghai Inst. Entomol 8:67-72
153. Rankin, L.J. and Borden, J.H. (1991) Competitive interactions between the mountain pine beetle and the pine engraver in lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,21,1029-1036.
154. Renwick JAA, Dickens JC.1979. Control of pheromone production in the bark beetle, Ips cembrae. Physiol. Entomol.4,377-381.
155. Robins, G.L. and Reid, M.L. (1997) Effects of density on the reproductive success of pine engravers:is aggregation in dead trees beneficial?. Ecological Entomology,22, 329-334.
156. Schroeder. L.M., C.1992.Magnusson. Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda to branches and bolts of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies by the cerambycid beetle Monochamus sutor. Scandinavian J. Forest Res 7:107-112
157. Schroeder, L.M., Weslien, J., Lindelow, A., Lindhe, A..1999.Attacks by bark-and wood-boring Coleoptera on mechanically created high stumps of Norway spruce in the two years following cutting 123(1):21-30
158. Selander J, Nuorteva M.1980. Use of synthetic pheromones for the control of spruce bark beetles in a heavily infested spruce stand. Silva. Fenn.14,113-121.
159. Juan Shi, You-qing Luo, Fei Yuan, Jing Li, Kari Heliovaara, Sanna Valimaki. Studying on the invasion of secondary insect pests caused by drought. (Unpublished)
160. Siitonen J.1990. Potential forest pest beetles conveyed to Finland on timber from the Soviet Union. Silva Fenn.24,315-321.
161. Smith, M.T., Payne, T.L. and Birch, M.C. (1990) Olfactory-based behavioral interactions among five species in the southern pine bark beetle group. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16,3317-3332.
162. Stauffer C, Kirisits T, Nussbaumer C, Pavlin R, Wingfield MJ.2001. Phylogenetic relationships between the European and Asian eight spined larch bark beetle populations (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) inferred from DNA sequences and fungal associates. Eur. J. Entomol.98,99-105.
163. Stoakley JT, Bakke A, Renwick JAA, Vite J P.1978. The aggregation pheromone system of the larch bark beetle Ips cembrae Heer. Z. Angew. Entomol.86,174-177.
164. Svihra, P., Paine, T.D. and Birch, M.C. (1980) Interspecific olfactory communications in southern pine beetles. Naturwissenschaften,67,518-519.
165. Sweeney, J, De Groot, P, MacDonald, L, Smith, S, Cocquempot, C, Kenis, M, Gutowski, JM. 2004. Host volatile attractants and traps for detection of Tetropium fuscum (F.), Tetropium castaneum L., and other longhorned beetles (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), Environmental Entomology 33(4):844-854
166. Tommeras BA.1985. Specialization of the olfactory receptor cells in the bark beetle Ips typographus and its predator Thanasimus formicarius to bark beetle pheromones and host tree volatiles. J. Comp. Physiol. A. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol.157,335-342.
167. Thomas K, Mauricio M, Michael J. W, Paal K, Halvor S.1998.Ecology and Pathology of Ceratocystis species associated with conifer-infesting bark beetles, Phytopatjology (62): 221-225
168.Wallin, K.F., Kolb, T.E., Skov, K.R. and Wagner, M. (2008) Forest management treatments, tree resistance, and bark beetle resource utilization in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona. Forest Ecology and Management,225,3263-3269.
169. Wang Zhiyin, Yue Shukui, Jia Chunsheng, etc.1998. Study on Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on Dendrolimus superans. Journal of Forestry Research 9(4):261-263
170. Yanovskii, VM, Baranchikov, YN.1999.On polyphagy of the fir sawyer beetle Monochamus urussovi (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), Zoologichesky Zhurnal 78(7):889-890
171.Yuanfei, Luo Youqing, Shijuan, Kari Heliovaara, Qi Guoxin, Li Xiangjun, Han Yongshi, Chenchao. Invasive sequence and ecological niche of main insect borers of Larix gmelinii forest in the A'er Shan, Inner Mongolia. Forestry Studies in China,2008,10(1):9-13
172. Zhang QH, Niemeyer H.1992. Morphological characteristics for sexing living adults of Ips cembrae (Heer) (Col., Scolytidae). J. Appl. Entomol.114,403-409.
173. Zhang QH, Birgersson G, Schlyter F, Chen GF.2000. Pheromone components in the larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae, from China:quantitative variation among attack phases and individuals. J. Chem. Ecol.26,841-858.
174. Zhang QH, Schlyter F, Chen GF, Wang YJ.2007. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Ips subelongatus to semiochemicals from its hosts, non-hosts, and conspecifics in China. J. Chem. Ecol.33,391-404.
175. Zumr V.1983. Effect of pheroprax synthetic pheromones on the coleopterous predators of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Z. Angew. Entomol.95,47-50.
2. 毕华明,朱凤恩,国志锋,等.塞罕坝地区落叶松八齿小蠹生物学特性及防治技术的研究.河北林果研究,2004,19(4)：362-366.
3. 毕湘虹,李俊,于军,李文宝,高俊平,曹丽萍.内蒙古牙克石林区落叶松毛虫天敌种类调查.中国森林病虫,1997(4)：30-31.
4. 蔡邦华,李兆麟.1959.中国北部小蠹虫区系初志.73-117页.见：中国科学院昆虫研究所(主编).昆虫学集刊.北京：科学出版社.共391页.
5. 蔡华.保护林木先灭“暗火”.内蒙古林业,2000(10)：25.
6. 蔡华.落叶松毛虫生活习性及防治技术措施.内蒙古林业科技,1997(增刊)：99-100.
7. 陈世骧,谢蕴贞,邓国藩.中国经济昆虫志第一册(鞘翅目：天牛科).北京：科学出版社.1959,共120页.
8. 程焕章,刘新田,逢增和,于瑞安,赵启凯.航天遥感技术在落叶松毛虫危害区化中的应用研究.东北林业大学学报,1992,20(5)：25-32.
9. 初冬,刘篆芳,张庆贺.火烧迹地落叶松八齿小蠹种群扩散蔓延规律.北京林业大学学报,1993.15(1)：96-100.
10.丁伟,赵志模,王进军,等.三种玉米蚜虫种群的生态位分析.应用生态学报,2003,14(9)： 1481-1484.
11.丁岩钦.昆虫种群数学生态学原理与方法[M]1北京：科学出版社,1980.
12.范丽清.白星花金龟捕食落叶松毛虫蛹.昆虫知识,2004,41(2)：189.
13.丰宁县林业局科研组.用落叶松毛虫卵繁育赤眼蜂.河北林业科技,1976(4)：43.
14.符文俊,祁云台,邱鸿贵.落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素研究Ⅰ聚集行为特征和活性物质提取.61-66页.见：中国科学院上海昆虫研究所(编).昆虫学研究集刊(第八集).上海：上海科学技术出版社.1988.共253页.
15.高长启,任晓光,王东升,张红岩,孙守慧,孙家宝,牛延章.落叶松八齿小蠹发生规律及测报技术.东北林业大学学报,1998,26(1)：24-28.
16.高文韬,孙万才,王旭东,刘跃军,臧俊山,逢树本,邬兴敏.吉林省天牛科(Cerambycidae)昆虫区系初析.吉林林学院学报,1994.10(1)：25-34.
17.郭树平,张润生,田丰,曹仁襄,邢念华.落叶松八齿小蠹的系统防治.东北林业大学学报,1989,17(4)：40-44.
18.韩铁圈,韩宝.云杉大黑天牛有效积温的研究.昆虫知识,1988,25(3)：157-159.
19.郝玉山,郭秀华,滕文霞,平桂英,刘荣.内蒙古大兴安岭地区落叶松毛虫综合治理的探讨.内蒙古林业科技,1997(增刊)：88-91+98.
20.郝玉山,周本志.内蒙古大兴安岭林区主要森林害虫危害的分析.中国森林病虫,2003,22(2)：40-41.
21.何丽芬,郦一平,符文俊.落叶松八齿小蠹活成虫性别判别方法的探讨.73-76页,见：中国科学院上海昆虫研究所(编), 昆虫学研究集刊(第八集),上海：上海科学技术出版社,1988,共253页.
22.何俊华.浙江蜂类志.北京：科学出版社.2004.共1373页.
23.贺亦斌.Fuzzy ISODATA聚类分析法在落叶松毛虫种群动态测报中的应用.东北林业大学学报,1989,17(5)：27-32.
24.胡长效.落叶松八齿小蠹研究进展.河北林业科技,2003,(6)： 20-22.
25.黄建奎,陈久君,刘玉琴.塑料薄膜环围扎树干防治落叶松毛虫.中国林业,1998(5)：40.
26.黄俊洋,唐建忠,李洪瑞.塑料薄膜围扎落叶松树干防治落叶松毛虫技术.防护林科技,2001(1)：74.
27.黄俊洋,薛怀玉,吴增华.树干围扎薄膜防治落叶松毛虫.中国林业,2000(12)：42.
28.季长龙,高纯.栗山天牛幼虫期空间分布型的研究.辽宁林业科技.2002,(1)：9-14.
29.贾春生,阎明珍,马哲明.四种Bt制剂对落叶松毛虫的毒力测定.吉林林学院学报,1997,13(1)：23-27.
30.蒋书楠.中国天牛幼虫.重庆：重庆出版社.1988.共160页.
31.焦国尧,安榆林,刁彩华,郑安民.进口木材中截获天牛幼虫的分类鉴定(一).植物检疫,1996(1)：14-19.
32.焦国尧,安榆林,刁彩华,郑安民.进口木材中截获天牛幼虫的分类鉴定(二).植物检疫,1996(2)：71-74.
33.孔祥波,赵成华,高伟.4种松毛虫性信息素成分及在近缘种生殖隔离中的作用.科学通报,2001(17)：1435-1439.
34.李炳艳.森林蚂蚁防治落叶松毛虫的效果分析.林业科技,1999,24(5)：24.
35.李国龙,褚继芳,宋显全,董双波.利用不同烟剂防治落叶松毛虫的试验.林业科技,2002,27(2)：29-30.
36.李惠兰,闫志刚,郭宝刚,刘世民.牡丹江市城区落叶松毛虫天敌寄生的自然控制作用.中国林副特产,2006(3)：77.
37.李克政,于永址,孙安.我国东北部落叶松毛虫发生基地的调查与防治对策.东北林业大学学报,1987,15(6)：22-27.
38.李丽,孟焕文,孙旭.落叶松毛虫生物学.内蒙古农业大学学报,2001,23(1)：101-103.
39.黎明,赵军,田衍利,杨晓辉.抚顺地区落叶松八齿小蠹为害规律及其防治方法.吉林林业科技,2001,30(5)：49-50.
40.李雪岭.应用烟剂防治落叶松毛虫的试验.新疆林业,2006(1)：44.
41.刘宽余,毕慧泉,刘铉基.落叶松毛虫幼虫空间分布型的研究及其应用.东北林学院学报,1984,12(1)：65-71.
42.刘宽余,刘铉基.落叶松毛虫发生期预报的研究.东北林业大学学报,1984,12增刊：89-92.
43.刘宽余,刘铉基,金再花.落叶松毛虫有效积温的研究.东北林学院学报,1982(2)：58-62.
44.刘宽余,孟庆繁,王立纯,王志英,张国财.大兴安岭落叶松毛虫生物学特性的研究.东北林业大学学报,1994,22(2)：1-5.
45.刘修英,韩秀范,张凯鹏,徐云峰,张晓静,黄秀霞,张宪红.薰蒸法防除落叶松八齿小蠹.吉林林业科技,1998,(5)：15-16.
46.刘志明,晏明,张旭东,张文哲.气象因子对落叶松毛虫的影响分析.灾害学,2002,17(4)：32-37.
47.刘篆芳,张庆贺,初冬.大兴安岭火烧迹地蛀干害虫发生趋势分析.森林病虫通讯,1990,17(1)：38-40.
48.刘篆芳,张庆贺,初冬,孙玉剑,盛茂领.影响大兴安岭火烧迹地干部害虫发生的生态因子.北京林业大学学报,1991,13(3)：69-74.
49.刘篆芳,赵秉义,赵石峰.大兴安岭火烧迹地蛀干害虫监测报告.林业科技通讯,1989,24(2)：12-15.
50.骆有庆.高度重视虫传危险性森林病害——松材线虫病.昆虫知识,2001,38(2)：150.
51.吕世艳.落叶松毛虫对林木的危害及治理对策.中国林业企业,2004(3)：53-54.
52.吕仲贤,杨樟法,王桂跃,等.玉米螟和桃蛀螟在玉米上的生态位及其种间竞争.浙江农业学报,1995,7(1)：31-34.
53.孟庆繁,刘宽余,王庆喜.落叶松针叶的质量对落叶松毛虫影响的研究.吉林林学院学报,1995,11(4)：217-220.
54.牟玉杰,赵玉林,王春艳.扎兰屯秀水风景林天牛危害初报及治理措施.内蒙古林业科技,2002,(增刊)：124-125.
55.牟兆军,肖德华,李继军,高韵梅,宋艳霞.释放烟剂防治落叶松毛虫的条件及时间.林业科技,1997,22(5)：30-32.
56.聂鸿飞.落叶松八齿小蠹的发生与防治方法.河北林业科技,2002(2)：18.
57.彭进友,宋洪普,毕华明.河北省塞罕坝机械林场落叶松八齿小蠹危害现状及防治对策.河北林业科技,2004(3)：34.
58.邱鸿贵,符文俊,祁云台.落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素研究II聚集行为和寄主树的关系.67-72页.见：中国科学院上海昆虫研究所(编).昆虫学研究集刊(第八集).上海：上海科学技术出版社.1988.共253页.
59.曲艳秋,聂生隆.吉林省首次发现拟澳洲赤眼蜂寄生落叶松毛虫卵.中国生物防治,1991(2)： 57.
60.任晓光,高长启,迟金城,王东升,孙守慧,张红岩.落叶松八齿小蠹营林防治技术的研究.吉林林业科技,1997,(6)：12-15.
61.任志峰,齐国信.集团型黑光灯诱杀落叶松毛虫.林业实用技术,2002(10)：32.
62.陕西省林业科学研究所.湖南省林业科学研究所(编著).林虫寄生蜂图志.杨凌：天则出版社.1990.共206页.
63.单立华,沙学仁.松毛虫华丽寄蝇寄生落叶松毛虫的调查初报.辽宁林业科技,2002(3)：41-43.
64.邵显珍,闫学彬,陈振华,武保国,魏清华.用辛硫磷防治云杉大黑天牛.林业科技,2001,26(1)：26.
65.施振华.伊春林区云杉大黑天牛生活史和习性的初步观察.265-280页.见：中国林业科学研究院林业科学研究所森林保护研究室昆虫组(编著).森林昆虫论文集(第一集).北京：科学出版社.1959.共300页.
66.施振华.云杉大黑天牛.487-488页.见：萧刚柔(主编).中国森林昆虫(第2版).北京：中国林业出版社.1992.共1362页.
67.舒金平,潘涌智.华山松球果螟幼虫空间分布型研究.西南林学院学报.2003,23(2)：71-75.
68.孙晓波,孙晓峰,李明文.落叶松毛虫调查与防治技术.黑河科技,2002(4)：5.
69.唐秀梅,杨运启,曲学成,王笃高.招引益鸟可控制落叶松毛虫.林业科技,1996,21(2)：45-46.
70.滕文霞,郭秀华,过树峰,平桂英,曲虹霞,张奎来,高继成,武兰在.利用B t制剂防治落叶松毛虫的研究.内蒙古林业科技,1997(增刊)：54-59.
71.田丰,毕湘虹,申国涛,周彪,李文宝.两年一代落叶松毛虫的预测预报技术及防治指标的研究.林业科学研究,1998,11(4)：388-395.
72.田丰,郭树平,申国涛,曹长文,王德友.两年一代落叶松毛虫的生物学特性.东北林业大学学报,1997,25(1)：22-25.
73.田丰,王德友,王晶.落叶松毛虫的发生基地及对策.林业科技,1996,21(6)：25-26.
74.王东升,高长启,任晓光,孙守慧,张红岩.落叶松八齿小蠹化学防治技术的研究.吉林林业科技,1998(3)：4-6.
75.王士槐.柑桔全爪螨时间和空间生态位宽度的测定.安徽农业大学学报,1998,25(4).356-358.
76.王希蒙.云杉小黑天牛.第486页.见：萧刚柔(主编).中国森林昆虫(第2版).北京：中国林业出版社.1992.共1362页.
77.王希蒙,任国栋,刘荣光.宁夏昆虫名录.西安：陕西师范大学出版社,1992.共287页.
78.王振华,柴民,王淑君.落叶松毛虫的发生特点及调控.林业科技,1999,24(1)：34--35.
79.王振华,柴民,王淑君,纪长波,王朝臣,王志杰.地面水质微量喷雾防治落叶松毛虫.林业科技,1999,24(2)：22-26.
80.王直诚编.东北天牛志原色东北昆虫图鉴Ⅱ(天牛篇).长春：吉林科学技术出版社,2003.
81.吴兴玉,于敏.用“塑料环”防治落叶松毛虫技术.防护林科技,2004(4)：97.
82.肖平.飞机防治落叶松毛虫及对天敌的影响.中国森林病虫,2004,23(2)：18-20.
83.熊惠龙,陈国发,舒朝然,王志国,路常宽,段佩山,孙玉杰.20%灭可湿性粉剂防治落叶松毛虫试验.辽宁林业科技,2002(4)：6-7+38.
84.徐公天.2003.园林植物病虫害防治原色图谱.北京：中国农业出版社.共384页.
85.徐汝梅.昆虫种群生态学[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社,1988.
86.杨静莉,林强,陈国发.落叶松八齿小蠹的危险性分析.东北林业大学学报,2007,35(3)：60-63.
87.杨秀元,吴坚(主编).1981.中国森林昆虫名录.北京：中国林业出版社.共444页.
88.杨燕燕,李照会,王如刚,等.异色郭公虫对柏肤小蠹捕食作用的研究.山东林业科学,2004,(6):40-42.
89.杨忠岐.中国小蠹虫寄生蜂.北京：科学出版社.1996.
90.杨忠岐,谷亚琴.大兴安岭落叶松毛虫的卵寄生蜂.林业科学,1995,31(3)：223-231
91.尹承陇,汪有奎,林海.青海云杉母树林害虫天敌资源及保护利用.北华大学学报(自然科学版),2001,2(1)：74-79.
92.殷玉生,安榆林,朱明道,徐金祥.浅析加强天牛检疫的重要性.2002,21(6)：40-42
93.殷玉生,朱明道,徐金祥,安榆林.朱宏斌.口岸截获天牛科害虫的疫情分析.检验检疫科学,2001, 11(6)：31-33.
94.于诚铭.落叶松八齿小蠹, 见：萧刚柔(主编), 中国森林昆虫(第二版), 北京：中国林业出版社,1992,626-628.
95.于诚铭,郭树平,程德江.人工林内落叶松八齿小蠹发生规律的研究.东北林学院学报,1984,12(2)：27-39.
96.于诚铭,贺亦斌.落叶松毛虫种群数量动态预测预报的研究.东北林业大学学报,1987,15(2)：1-6.
97.于诚铭,贺亦斌,刘宽余.落叶松毛虫发生基地研究.东北林业大学学报,1986,14(增刊)：39-45.
98.于诚铭,张庆贺.落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素生物活性及分泌规律.东北林业大学学报,1988,16(4)：1-7.
99.于丽辰,梁来荣,敖贤斌,等.我国新天敌资源——小蠹蒲螨形态与生物学研究.蛛形学报,1997,6(1)：46-52.
100.岳书奎,王志英,黄玉清,宋艳辉,平桂英,曲虹霞,雷英.落叶松毛虫生物学特性及天敌.东北林业大学学报,1996,24(4)：1-7.
101.张高林,罗长发,贾瑞安,李万良,崔培谦.落叶松毛虫生物学特性及防治研究.陕西礼业科技,1996(3)：55-56+67.
102.张军生,郝丽.内蒙古大兴安岭林区落叶松毛虫发生现状及管理对策.林业科技,2002,27(2)：26-28.
103.张美丽,刘国君,孙宝仁,王成信,钟德胜.带状皆伐对落叶松毛虫虫源基地的影响及防治方法的探讨.林业勘查设计,2003(4)：37-38.
104.张庆贺.落叶松八齿小蠹综合防治中的饵木设置技术.森林病虫通讯,1989(2)：41-42.
105.张庆贺,刘纂芳,初冬.落叶松八齿小蠹雄虫空间分布型及群居危害机理.东北林业大学学报,1989,17(6):51-57.
106.张世权.华北天牛及其防治.北京：中国林业出版社.1994.
107.张世泽, 吴林, 许向利,等.小花蝽对牛角花齿蓟马的捕食作用.应用生态学报,2006,17(7)：1259-1263.
108.张星耀,骆有庆.中国森林重大生物灾害.中国林业出版社,2003.
109.张永宏,李凯兵.二连口岸进境木材害虫检疫与调查分析.内蒙古民族大学学报,2001,16(2)：152-154.
110.赵娜,刘荣堂,贾力,张晓宇.云南草坪中东方蝼蛄的空间分布型.昆虫知识.2007,44(4)：513-516.
111.赵秋雁,赵晓虹,刘广平,吴保国.苏云金杆菌对落叶松毛虫毒力测定.东北林业大学学报,1998,26(1)：70-71.
112.朱坤,宋玉双,刘汉夫,张国良,许祥佳.落叶松毛虫危害指标的研究.东北林业大学学报,1985,13(3)：22-27.
113.宗世祥,姚国龙,骆有庆,等.沙棘主要蛀干害虫种群生态位.生态学报,2005,25(12)：3264-3270.
114. Anderbrandt, O., Schlyter, F. and Birgersson, G. (1985) Intraspecific competition affecting parents and offspring in the bark beetle Ips typographus. Oikos,45,89-98.
115. Avtzis N.1991. Side captures in bark beetle pheromone traps in northern Greece. Anz. Schaedlingskd. Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz.64,13-14.
116. Ayres, B.D., Ayres, M.P., Abrahamson, M.D. and Teale, S.A. (2001) Resource partitioning and overlap in three sympatric species of Ips bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Oecologia,128,443-453.
117. Bakke A, Kvamme T.1978. Kairomone response by the predators Thanasimus formicarius and Thanasimus rufipes to the synthetic pheromone of Ips typographus. Norw. J. Entomol.25, 41-44.
118. Bakke A, Kvamme T.1981. Kairomone response in Thanasimus predators to pheromone components of Ips typographus. J. Chem. Ecol.7,305-312.
119. Birch, M.C., Svihra, P., Paine, T.D. and Miller, J.C. (1980) Olfactory discrimination among four sympatric species of bark beetles:a mechanism of resource partitioning. Journal of Chemical Ecology,6,395-414.
120. Borden JH, Wilson IM, Gries R, Chong LJ, Pierce HDJ, Gries G.1998. Volatiles from the bark of trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. (Salicaceae) disrupt secondary attraction by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Chemoecology.8,69-75.
121.Coulson, R. N., Mayyasi, A. M., Foltz, J. L.,Hain, F. P., Martin, W. C.1976. Resource utilization by the southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Can. Ent 108:353-362
122. Coulson, R. N., Pope, D. N., Gagne, J. A., Fargo, W. S., Pulley, P. E., Edson, L. J., Wagner, T. L..1980.Impact of foraging by Monochamus titillator (Col.:Cerambycidae) on within-tree populations of Dendroctonus frontalis (Col.:Scolytidae). Entomophaga 25:155-170
123. DENG Gang, HE Cong-xin, WANG Yue-jie,Zhang Wen-li, Song Xian-quan, Meng Fang-aeng.2002. Using Luseweilei insecticide to control Dendrolimus superans. Journal of Forestry Research 13(2):162-163
124. Dodds, K.J., Graber, C. and Stephen, F.M. (2001) Facultative Intraguild Predation by Larval Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) on Bark Beetle Larvae (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology,30,17-22.
125. Erbilgin N, Kenneth F, Raffa KF.2000. Opposing effects of host monoterpenes on responses by two sympatric species of bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones. J. Chem. Ecol.26, 2527-2548.
126. Erik N. Valendik, Yegor K. Kisilyakhov, Sergey V. Verkhovets.2005. Forest fire management technologies. International Forest Fire News (32):64-67
127. Flamm, R.O., Wagner, T.L., Cook, S.P., Pulley, P.E., Coulson, R.N. and Mcardle, T.M. (1987) Host colonization by cohabiting Dendroctonus frontalis, Ips avulsus, and Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Environmental Entomology,16,390-399.
128. Flamm, R.O.,Coulson, R.N., Beckley, P., Pulley, P. E.,Wagner, T. L..1989.Maintenance of a phloem-inhabiting guild. Environ. Ent 18:381-387
129. Fu, W. J., Qi, Y. T., Qiu, H.G., Shen, B. J., Wu, X. D.1988.Study on the aggregation pheromone of Ips subelongatus:Characteristic of aggregation behavior and the extraction of active materials. Contrib. Shanghai Inst. Entomol 8:61-66
130. Ginzel MD, Blomquist GJ, Millar JG, LM Hanks.2003.Role of contact pheromones in mate recognition in Xylotrechus colonus. J.Chem.Ecol.29(3):533-545
131.Hansen K.1983. Reception of bark beetle pheromone in the predaceous clerid beetle Thanasimus formicarius Coleoptera Cleridae. J. Comp. Physiol. A. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol.150,371-378.
132. Higashiura,Y.1991. Pest-Control in natural and man-made forests in northern Japan. Forest Ecology and Management 39(1-4):55-64
133. Hua L. List of Chinese Insects(Vol. II).2002. Guangzhou:Zhongshan(Sun Yat-sen) University Press PP 612
134. Jarkko H, Pekka Niemela.2005. Border Inspection of Roundwood Imports:Pathogens and Pests. Finnish Forest Sector Economic Outlook 45-47
135. Kharuk, V.I., Ranson, K.J., Kozuhovskaya, A.G.,et al.2004. NOAA/AVHRR satellite detection of Siberian silkmoth outbreaks in eastern Siberia. International Journal of Remote Sensing.25(24):5543-5555
136. Kharuk, V.I., Ranson, K.J., Kuz'michev,V.V., et al.2003. Landsat-based analysis of insect outbreaks in southern Siberia.29(2):286-297
137. Khrimian, A., Klun, JA., Hijji, Y., et al.2002. Syntheses of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, Lepidoptera pheromone components, via zinc reduction of enyne precursors. Test of pheromone efficacy against the Siberian moth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.50(22):6366-6370
138. Kohnle U, Vite JP, Erbacher C, Bartels J, Francke W.1988. Aggregation response of European engraver beetles of the genus Ips mediated by terpenoid pheromone. Entomol. Exp. Appl.49,43-53.
139. Kovacs K., Ranson K.J., Kharuk V.I..2005. Detecting Siberian silk moth damage in central Siberian using multi-temporal MODIS data.45(25):25-29
140. Light DM.1983. Sensitivity of antennae of male and female Ips paraconfusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to their natural aggregation pheromone and its enantiomeric components. J. Chem. Ecol.9,561-584.
141. Liu kuanyu.1994.Causes of outbreak of the larch caterpillar(Dendrolimus superans) in Da Xing'an Mountain and its control strategy. Northeast For. Univ 5(1):34-40
142. Ma Dongmei, Qin Shili, Song Chunbin, et al.1998. The effect of Dendrolimus superans breakout on growth of trees. Journal of Forestry Research 9(4):269-272
143. Marin, Mauricio, Preisig.2005. Phenotypic and DNA sequence data comparisons reveal three discrete species in the Ceratocystis polonica species complex. Mycological Research 109 (Part 10):1137-1148
144. Meng Qingfan, Yan Shanchun, Wang Yun, et al.1996.The influences of stand state on the occurrence of Dendrolimus superans in Da Xing'an Mounains. Northeast For. Univ (4): 32-36
145. Miller, M.C. (1985) The effect of Monochamus titillator (F.) (Col, Cerambycidae) foraging on the emergence of Ips calligraphus (Germ.) (Col., Scolytidae) insect associates. Zeitschrift for Angewandte Entomologie,100,189-197.
146. Munyaneza J., Obrycki J.J. Functional response of Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) to Colorado potato beetle eggs (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). Biol Control, 1997,8:215-224.
147. Paine, T.D., Birch, M.C. and Svihra, P. (1981) Niche Breadth and Resource Partitioning by Four Sympatric Species of Bark Beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae). Oecologia (Berl),48, 1-6.
148. Polyakova, GG, Vetrova, VP, Pashenova, NV, Osipov, VI.1995.Role of Proanthocyannidins and Lignin in the defense response of Siberian fir to inoculation with micromycetes, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 42(4):552-557
149. Qing-He Zhang, Goran B., Fredrik S., Guo-Fa Chen.2000.Pheromone components in the larch bark beetel Ips cembrae, from China:Quantitative variation among attack phases and individuals, Journal of Chemical Ecology 26(4):841-858
150. Q.H. Zhang, J. A. Byers, X.D. Zhang.1993. Influence of bark thickness, trunk diameter and height on reproduction of the longhorned beetle, Monochamus sutor (Col., Cerambycidae) in burned larch and pine, J. Appl. Ent 115:145-154
151.Qing-He Zhang, Till Tolasch, Fredrik Schlyter, Wittko Francke.2002.Enantiospecific Antennal Response of Bark Beetles to Spiroacetal (E)-Conophthorin. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28(9):1839-1852
152. Qiu, H. G., Fu, W.J., Qi, Y.T., He, L.F., Liang, X.D.1988. Study on the aggregation pheromone of Ips subelongatus:The relationship between aggregation pheromone behavior and host plant tree. Contrib. Shanghai Inst. Entomol 8:67-72
153. Rankin, L.J. and Borden, J.H. (1991) Competitive interactions between the mountain pine beetle and the pine engraver in lodgepole pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,21,1029-1036.
154. Renwick JAA, Dickens JC.1979. Control of pheromone production in the bark beetle, Ips cembrae. Physiol. Entomol.4,377-381.
155. Robins, G.L. and Reid, M.L. (1997) Effects of density on the reproductive success of pine engravers:is aggregation in dead trees beneficial?. Ecological Entomology,22, 329-334.
156. Schroeder. L.M., C.1992.Magnusson. Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda to branches and bolts of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies by the cerambycid beetle Monochamus sutor. Scandinavian J. Forest Res 7:107-112
157. Schroeder, L.M., Weslien, J., Lindelow, A., Lindhe, A..1999.Attacks by bark-and wood-boring Coleoptera on mechanically created high stumps of Norway spruce in the two years following cutting 123(1):21-30
158. Selander J, Nuorteva M.1980. Use of synthetic pheromones for the control of spruce bark beetles in a heavily infested spruce stand. Silva. Fenn.14,113-121.
159. Juan Shi, You-qing Luo, Fei Yuan, Jing Li, Kari Heliovaara, Sanna Valimaki. Studying on the invasion of secondary insect pests caused by drought. (Unpublished)
160. Siitonen J.1990. Potential forest pest beetles conveyed to Finland on timber from the Soviet Union. Silva Fenn.24,315-321.
161. Smith, M.T., Payne, T.L. and Birch, M.C. (1990) Olfactory-based behavioral interactions among five species in the southern pine bark beetle group. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 16,3317-3332.
162. Stauffer C, Kirisits T, Nussbaumer C, Pavlin R, Wingfield MJ.2001. Phylogenetic relationships between the European and Asian eight spined larch bark beetle populations (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) inferred from DNA sequences and fungal associates. Eur. J. Entomol.98,99-105.
163. Stoakley JT, Bakke A, Renwick JAA, Vite J P.1978. The aggregation pheromone system of the larch bark beetle Ips cembrae Heer. Z. Angew. Entomol.86,174-177.
164. Svihra, P., Paine, T.D. and Birch, M.C. (1980) Interspecific olfactory communications in southern pine beetles. Naturwissenschaften,67,518-519.
165. Sweeney, J, De Groot, P, MacDonald, L, Smith, S, Cocquempot, C, Kenis, M, Gutowski, JM. 2004. Host volatile attractants and traps for detection of Tetropium fuscum (F.), Tetropium castaneum L., and other longhorned beetles (Coleoptera:Cerambycidae), Environmental Entomology 33(4):844-854
166. Tommeras BA.1985. Specialization of the olfactory receptor cells in the bark beetle Ips typographus and its predator Thanasimus formicarius to bark beetle pheromones and host tree volatiles. J. Comp. Physiol. A. Sens. Neural. Behav. Physiol.157,335-342.
167. Thomas K, Mauricio M, Michael J. W, Paal K, Halvor S.1998.Ecology and Pathology of Ceratocystis species associated with conifer-infesting bark beetles, Phytopatjology (62): 221-225
168.Wallin, K.F., Kolb, T.E., Skov, K.R. and Wagner, M. (2008) Forest management treatments, tree resistance, and bark beetle resource utilization in ponderosa pine forests of northern Arizona. Forest Ecology and Management,225,3263-3269.
169. Wang Zhiyin, Yue Shukui, Jia Chunsheng, etc.1998. Study on Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on Dendrolimus superans. Journal of Forestry Research 9(4):261-263
170. Yanovskii, VM, Baranchikov, YN.1999.On polyphagy of the fir sawyer beetle Monochamus urussovi (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), Zoologichesky Zhurnal 78(7):889-890
171.Yuanfei, Luo Youqing, Shijuan, Kari Heliovaara, Qi Guoxin, Li Xiangjun, Han Yongshi, Chenchao. Invasive sequence and ecological niche of main insect borers of Larix gmelinii forest in the A'er Shan, Inner Mongolia. Forestry Studies in China,2008,10(1):9-13
172. Zhang QH, Niemeyer H.1992. Morphological characteristics for sexing living adults of Ips cembrae (Heer) (Col., Scolytidae). J. Appl. Entomol.114,403-409.
173. Zhang QH, Birgersson G, Schlyter F, Chen GF.2000. Pheromone components in the larch bark beetle, Ips cembrae, from China:quantitative variation among attack phases and individuals. J. Chem. Ecol.26,841-858.
174. Zhang QH, Schlyter F, Chen GF, Wang YJ.2007. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Ips subelongatus to semiochemicals from its hosts, non-hosts, and conspecifics in China. J. Chem. Ecol.33,391-404.
175. Zumr V.1983. Effect of pheroprax synthetic pheromones on the coleopterous predators of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Z. Angew. Entomol.95,47-50.