FDTD在舰船RCS计算中的应用研究
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摘要
雷达散射截面值(Radar Cross Section, RCS)的减少对于海军舰艇的安全来说非常重要。舰船隐身性是当今各海军大国普遍关注的大问题。
本论文介绍了舰船RCS的特点,主要使用时域有限差分法(Finite Difference Time domain Method, FDTD)对大型舰船的RCS进行了计算,取得了舰船外壁倾角和整体RCS减缩量之间的关系,为舰船隐身设计技术提供了部分数据。
首先,本文建立以某舰船为参照,建立了艏向与正横向的近似二维模型,基于二维时域有限差分法计算舰船的艏向与正横向在不同频率入射波情况下的雷达散射截面。并根据计算结果,对某舰船的雷达隐身特性进行分析。
其次,为了减少舰船整体的RCS,需要对舰船的外壁采用倾斜的设计。本文进一步讨论了舰船上层建筑的内倾角度增加与舰船整体RCS减缩的关系,通过理论分析和多次仿真得出了舰船上层建筑的内倾角度与舰船整体RCS之间的定量关系,为舰船的隐身设计提供参考。
本文采用软件编程预估舰船RCS的方法具有节约设计成本和周期的好处,此方法能用于分析现有舰船的电磁散射特性,又能用来预估和优化未来武器系统对舰船目标的电磁散射特性要求,为大型舰船的RCS预估计提供依据。
Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction technologies are very important in the survivability of the military naval vessels. Ship appearance shaping as an effective countermeasure of RCS reduction redirects the scattered energy from one angular region of interest in space to another region of little or no interest.
This thesis introduces the characteristics of the naval vessel's RCS, calculates and simulates the RCS of the large military naval vessels mainly using the theory of Finite Difference Time domain Method (FDTD). The results provide partial data for the military naval vessels' stealth technique.
In this paper, the 2-D model of a naval vessel's ship-bow and athwarship is modeled, which is reference to a naval vessel. based on the 2-D FDTD method, the RCS of a naval vessel's ship-bow and athwarship in the conditions of the incident wave with different frequency are calculated. Then based on the results, the paper analyses the characteristics of the radar stealth.
In order to reduce the military naval vessels'RCS, the naval vessels'outer wall needs to be inclined. This thesis discusses the relationship between the obliquity's increase of ships' superstructure and decrease of naval vessels'RCS further. Through the multiple simulations, the quantitative relation has been obtained between the obliquity's increase of ships' superstructure and decrease of naval vessels' RCS, which provides the reference for ships' stealth design.
This article uses the software programming method to estimate the naval vessels'RCS. This kind of method has the advantages that it can save the design cost and reduce the cycle. The calculations and estimations for RCS are not only used to analyze existing ships' electromagnetic scattering characteristic, but also used to forecast and optimize future weapons systems' electromagnetic scattering characteristic requirements. The results can provide basis for the RCS estimations of large military naval vessels in the further research.
本论文介绍了舰船RCS的特点,主要使用时域有限差分法(Finite Difference Time domain Method, FDTD)对大型舰船的RCS进行了计算,取得了舰船外壁倾角和整体RCS减缩量之间的关系,为舰船隐身设计技术提供了部分数据。
首先,本文建立以某舰船为参照,建立了艏向与正横向的近似二维模型,基于二维时域有限差分法计算舰船的艏向与正横向在不同频率入射波情况下的雷达散射截面。并根据计算结果,对某舰船的雷达隐身特性进行分析。
其次,为了减少舰船整体的RCS,需要对舰船的外壁采用倾斜的设计。本文进一步讨论了舰船上层建筑的内倾角度增加与舰船整体RCS减缩的关系,通过理论分析和多次仿真得出了舰船上层建筑的内倾角度与舰船整体RCS之间的定量关系,为舰船的隐身设计提供参考。
本文采用软件编程预估舰船RCS的方法具有节约设计成本和周期的好处,此方法能用于分析现有舰船的电磁散射特性,又能用来预估和优化未来武器系统对舰船目标的电磁散射特性要求,为大型舰船的RCS预估计提供依据。
Radar Cross Section (RCS) reduction technologies are very important in the survivability of the military naval vessels. Ship appearance shaping as an effective countermeasure of RCS reduction redirects the scattered energy from one angular region of interest in space to another region of little or no interest.
This thesis introduces the characteristics of the naval vessel's RCS, calculates and simulates the RCS of the large military naval vessels mainly using the theory of Finite Difference Time domain Method (FDTD). The results provide partial data for the military naval vessels' stealth technique.
In this paper, the 2-D model of a naval vessel's ship-bow and athwarship is modeled, which is reference to a naval vessel. based on the 2-D FDTD method, the RCS of a naval vessel's ship-bow and athwarship in the conditions of the incident wave with different frequency are calculated. Then based on the results, the paper analyses the characteristics of the radar stealth.
In order to reduce the military naval vessels'RCS, the naval vessels'outer wall needs to be inclined. This thesis discusses the relationship between the obliquity's increase of ships' superstructure and decrease of naval vessels'RCS further. Through the multiple simulations, the quantitative relation has been obtained between the obliquity's increase of ships' superstructure and decrease of naval vessels' RCS, which provides the reference for ships' stealth design.
This article uses the software programming method to estimate the naval vessels'RCS. This kind of method has the advantages that it can save the design cost and reduce the cycle. The calculations and estimations for RCS are not only used to analyze existing ships' electromagnetic scattering characteristic, but also used to forecast and optimize future weapons systems' electromagnetic scattering characteristic requirements. The results can provide basis for the RCS estimations of large military naval vessels in the further research.
引文
[1]朱英富.舰船隐身技术[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学,2005.1
[2]JAMES G L. History of Warships [M]. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1998.
[3]HARTMANN H. Developments in Naval Surface Vessel Technology [J]. Naval Forces,2001,18(3).
[4]ALFREDS SON O. The Visby Class Corvette-The Future is Now [J]. Naval Forces,2001,44(3).
[5]林忆宁.21世纪水面战舰设计的新攻略——隐身性和战斗力兼优[J].船舶工程,2004,26(5)：1-7页
[6]朱锡,胡忠平,石勇.预报基座结构噪声的有限元方法研究[J].海军工程大学学报,2003,15(6)：33-36页.
[7]金咸定.振动阻尼物隔振的模型试验研究[R].上海：上海交通大学船舶与海洋工程学院,2001.
[8]R. M. Grice and R.J. Pinnington A Method for the Vibration Analysis of Built-Up Structures, Part I:Introduction and Analytical Analysis of the PlateStiffened Beam[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2000,230(4):825-849p
[9]阮颖铮.雷达截面与隐身技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1998.53-61p
[10]郭凤骏.舰船外形雷达隐身与减震优化设计.上海交通大学硕士学位论文.2008：15页
[11]余音,廖建国,杨德庆.有限差分法在舰船RCS计算中的应用[R].船海工程.2006,6：70-73页
[12]匡磊,金亚秋.三维随机粗糙面与目标复和电磁散射的FDTD方法[R].上海：上海复旦大学.计算物理：2007,24(5)：550-560页
[13]R. F. Harrington, Time-harmonic electromagnetic fields [R],John Wiley&Sons, Inc.2001
[14]王家礼,朱满座,路宏敏著.电磁场与电磁波[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2000.12
[15]K. S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media [R], IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.14,pp.302-307, Mar.1966
[16]Trylor C D,Lam D H and Shumpert T H.EM pulse scattering in time varying in homogeneous media [R]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. Sept 1969,AP-17(5):585-589p
[17]Merewether D E.Transient currents induced on a metallic body of revolution by an EM pulse [R]. IEEE Electromagn. Compat. May 1971, EMC-13(1):41-44p
[18]Holland R. THREDE:A free-field EMP coupling and scattering code [R]. IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science, Dec 1977, NS-24(6):2416-2421p
[19]Umashankar KR and Taflove A. A novel method of analyzing electromagnetic scattering of complex objects [R]. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. Nov,1982, EMC-24(4):397-405p
[20]Choi DH and hoefer WJR. The FDTD method and its application to eigenvalue problem [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Dec.1986, MTT-34(12):1464-1470p
[21]Zhang X and Mei KK. TD-FD approach to the calculation of the frequency dependent characteristics of microstrip discontinuities [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Dec 1988, MTT-36(12):1775-1787p
[22]Liang GC, Lin YW and Mei KK. Full wave analysis of coplanar waveguide and slotline using the FDTD method [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Dec 1989, MTT-37(12):1949-1957p
[23]Gwarek WK. Analysis of arbitrarily shaped 2-D microwave circuit by FDTD method [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Apr 1988, MTT-36(4):738-744p
[24]Sheen DM, Ali SM. Application of the 3-D FDTD method to the analysis of planar microstrip circuit [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. July 1990, MTT-38(7):849-857p
[25]Sullivan D M.3-D computer simulation in deep regional hyperthermia using the FDTD method [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwaver Theory Tech..1990.2, MTT-38(2):204-211p
[26]Prather DW and Shi SY. Formulation and application of the FDTD method for the analysis of axially symmetric diffractive optical elements [R]. J, Opt. Soc. Am. A, May 1999,16(5):1131-1142p
[27]葛德彪,闫玉波.电磁波时域有限差分方法[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.4
[28]T. G. Moore, J. G. Blaschak, A. Taflove, etc. Theory and application of radiation boundary operators [R], IEEE Trans.on AP, vol.36, no.12, 1988:1797-1812p
[29]A. Bayliss, E. Turkel. Radiation Boundary Conditions for Wave-Like Equations [R],Cornm. Pure Appl. Math.,vol.33,1980:707-725p
[30]J. P. Berenger, A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electro-magnetics waves [R], J. Comput. Ps. vol.114,no.1,1994:185-200p
[31]O. M. Ramahi, Complementary operators:A method to annihilate artificial reflections arising from the truncation of the computation domain in the solution of partial differential equations [R], IEEE Trans. on AR,vo 1.43,1995:697-640p
[32]G. A. Kriegsmann, etc. Acoustic pulse scattering by baffled membrance [R], J. Acoust. soc. Amer.,vol.79(1),198:1-8p
[33]Yu Zhiyuan. A bandpass source technique for the FDTD analysis of waveguide discontinuity [R], Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.17,1998:132-135p
[34]黄培康,殷红成,许小剑.雷达目标特性[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2005.3
[35]庄钊文,袁乃昌,莫锦军,刘少斌.军用目标雷达散射截面预估与测量[M].北京：科学出版社.2007.6
[36]黎峰.复杂目标的RCS计算.西北工业大学硕士学位论文.2001：6-8页
[37]吕英华.计算电磁学的数值方法[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2006.1
[38]王长清,祝西里.电磁场计算中的时域有限差分法[M].北京大学出版社.1994
[39]刁鸣.雷达对抗技术[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社.2005.8
[40]David K.Barton雷达系统分析与建模.南京电子技术研究所.北京：电子工业出版社.2007.6
[41]何红雨编著.电磁场数值计算法与MATLAB实现[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2004.1：1-101页
[42]胡添元.飞行器外形隐身优化方法及应用研究.南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文.2006：12-13页
[2]JAMES G L. History of Warships [M]. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1998.
[3]HARTMANN H. Developments in Naval Surface Vessel Technology [J]. Naval Forces,2001,18(3).
[4]ALFREDS SON O. The Visby Class Corvette-The Future is Now [J]. Naval Forces,2001,44(3).
[5]林忆宁.21世纪水面战舰设计的新攻略——隐身性和战斗力兼优[J].船舶工程,2004,26(5)：1-7页
[6]朱锡,胡忠平,石勇.预报基座结构噪声的有限元方法研究[J].海军工程大学学报,2003,15(6)：33-36页.
[7]金咸定.振动阻尼物隔振的模型试验研究[R].上海：上海交通大学船舶与海洋工程学院,2001.
[8]R. M. Grice and R.J. Pinnington A Method for the Vibration Analysis of Built-Up Structures, Part I:Introduction and Analytical Analysis of the PlateStiffened Beam[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,2000,230(4):825-849p
[9]阮颖铮.雷达截面与隐身技术[M].北京：国防工业出版社,1998.53-61p
[10]郭凤骏.舰船外形雷达隐身与减震优化设计.上海交通大学硕士学位论文.2008：15页
[11]余音,廖建国,杨德庆.有限差分法在舰船RCS计算中的应用[R].船海工程.2006,6：70-73页
[12]匡磊,金亚秋.三维随机粗糙面与目标复和电磁散射的FDTD方法[R].上海：上海复旦大学.计算物理：2007,24(5)：550-560页
[13]R. F. Harrington, Time-harmonic electromagnetic fields [R],John Wiley&Sons, Inc.2001
[14]王家礼,朱满座,路宏敏著.电磁场与电磁波[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2000.12
[15]K. S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media [R], IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol.14,pp.302-307, Mar.1966
[16]Trylor C D,Lam D H and Shumpert T H.EM pulse scattering in time varying in homogeneous media [R]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. Sept 1969,AP-17(5):585-589p
[17]Merewether D E.Transient currents induced on a metallic body of revolution by an EM pulse [R]. IEEE Electromagn. Compat. May 1971, EMC-13(1):41-44p
[18]Holland R. THREDE:A free-field EMP coupling and scattering code [R]. IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science, Dec 1977, NS-24(6):2416-2421p
[19]Umashankar KR and Taflove A. A novel method of analyzing electromagnetic scattering of complex objects [R]. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. Nov,1982, EMC-24(4):397-405p
[20]Choi DH and hoefer WJR. The FDTD method and its application to eigenvalue problem [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Dec.1986, MTT-34(12):1464-1470p
[21]Zhang X and Mei KK. TD-FD approach to the calculation of the frequency dependent characteristics of microstrip discontinuities [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Dec 1988, MTT-36(12):1775-1787p
[22]Liang GC, Lin YW and Mei KK. Full wave analysis of coplanar waveguide and slotline using the FDTD method [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Dec 1989, MTT-37(12):1949-1957p
[23]Gwarek WK. Analysis of arbitrarily shaped 2-D microwave circuit by FDTD method [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. Apr 1988, MTT-36(4):738-744p
[24]Sheen DM, Ali SM. Application of the 3-D FDTD method to the analysis of planar microstrip circuit [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. July 1990, MTT-38(7):849-857p
[25]Sullivan D M.3-D computer simulation in deep regional hyperthermia using the FDTD method [R]. IEEE Trans. Microwaver Theory Tech..1990.2, MTT-38(2):204-211p
[26]Prather DW and Shi SY. Formulation and application of the FDTD method for the analysis of axially symmetric diffractive optical elements [R]. J, Opt. Soc. Am. A, May 1999,16(5):1131-1142p
[27]葛德彪,闫玉波.电磁波时域有限差分方法[M].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.4
[28]T. G. Moore, J. G. Blaschak, A. Taflove, etc. Theory and application of radiation boundary operators [R], IEEE Trans.on AP, vol.36, no.12, 1988:1797-1812p
[29]A. Bayliss, E. Turkel. Radiation Boundary Conditions for Wave-Like Equations [R],Cornm. Pure Appl. Math.,vol.33,1980:707-725p
[30]J. P. Berenger, A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electro-magnetics waves [R], J. Comput. Ps. vol.114,no.1,1994:185-200p
[31]O. M. Ramahi, Complementary operators:A method to annihilate artificial reflections arising from the truncation of the computation domain in the solution of partial differential equations [R], IEEE Trans. on AR,vo 1.43,1995:697-640p
[32]G. A. Kriegsmann, etc. Acoustic pulse scattering by baffled membrance [R], J. Acoust. soc. Amer.,vol.79(1),198:1-8p
[33]Yu Zhiyuan. A bandpass source technique for the FDTD analysis of waveguide discontinuity [R], Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.17,1998:132-135p
[34]黄培康,殷红成,许小剑.雷达目标特性[M].北京：电子工业出版社.2005.3
[35]庄钊文,袁乃昌,莫锦军,刘少斌.军用目标雷达散射截面预估与测量[M].北京：科学出版社.2007.6
[36]黎峰.复杂目标的RCS计算.西北工业大学硕士学位论文.2001：6-8页
[37]吕英华.计算电磁学的数值方法[M].北京：清华大学出版社.2006.1
[38]王长清,祝西里.电磁场计算中的时域有限差分法[M].北京大学出版社.1994
[39]刁鸣.雷达对抗技术[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社.2005.8
[40]David K.Barton雷达系统分析与建模.南京电子技术研究所.北京：电子工业出版社.2007.6
[41]何红雨编著.电磁场数值计算法与MATLAB实现[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2004.1：1-101页
[42]胡添元.飞行器外形隐身优化方法及应用研究.南京航空航天大学硕士学位论文.2006：12-13页