土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫分子种系发生的研究
|
摘要
土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫(Orientobilharzia turkestanicum)是寄生于牛、羊等多种动物门静脉和肠系膜静脉的一种血吸虫。它与所在属内的其它血吸虫寄生于动物导致的疾病称为东毕吸虫病(orientobilharziasis),主要分布于亚洲和欧洲的一些国家和地区,常呈地方性流行,对畜牧业危害十分严重。近年来,土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的研究主要集中在其形态特征描述、生活史研究及东毕吸虫病的流行病学调查、诊断、药物防治和预防措施等方面,关于其分子分类和种系发生的基础研究少见报道。核糖体DNA是细胞核内编码核糖体RNA的基因,为一类中度重复序列,以串联多拷贝的形式存在于细胞核内染色体DNA中,每个重复单位由非转录间隔区(non-transcribed spacer regions, NTS)、内部转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer region, ITS)和3种核糖体基因编码区(18S、5.8S、28S)组成,不同区域其进化速率不同。线粒体为母系遗传,其基因间很少重组,所以可以反映出母系的进化历史,这样线粒体一个基因就可以代表整个线粒体基因组的变异情况。因此,我们以土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫核糖体内转录间隔区(ITS)序列、28S核糖体DNA大亚基序列(28S ribosomal DNA large-subunit sequences, 28S rDNA-LSU)、线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基1(cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene, cox1)基因和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶亚基1(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene, nad1)基因为研究对象,对目的片段进行克隆和序列测定,构建分子系统发生树,探讨土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫在裂体科中的系统发生位置。
从自然感染黄牛、绵羊、绒山羊和山羊的肝门静脉及肠系膜静脉内采集虫体,经形态学鉴定为土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫。以SDS-蛋白酶K法抽提不同终末宿主的土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫基因组DNA,根据GenBank上发表的土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫及相关血吸虫序列,利用Oligo6.0软件设计特异引物,PCR扩增ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、线粒体cox1基因和nad1基因,扩增产物经纯化后克隆于pMD18-T载体,转化到JM109感受态细胞,提取质粒DNA,经PCR和双酶切鉴定后,阳性质粒测序,应用DNAStar软件比较不同终末宿主土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫核苷酸序列的同源性,并应用DNAMAN软件分析28S rDNA-LSU序列RNA二级结构的改变情况。检索GenBank,查找血吸虫相关基因序列,应用Clustal X1.83软件对相关序列进行排序,提交引导树,使用MEGA软件采用邻接法(neighbor-joining method, NJ)和最大简约法(maximum parsimony method, MP),绘制系统发生树。序列分析结果表明,土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫核糖体ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、线粒体cox1编码基因、nad1编码基因大小分别为874 bp,1 304 bp,1 125 bp和518 bp;不同终末宿主土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、cox1基因序列和nad1基因序列存不同程度的差异,绵羊、绒山羊和山羊源土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫28S rDNA-LSU序列RNA二级结构相同或相似,黄牛源与羊源土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫28S rDNA-LSU序列RNA二级结构存在较大差异。以肝片形吸虫作外群,基于核糖体ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、线粒体cox1基因序列和nad1基因序列采用NJ法和MP法构建的系统发生树,其结果一致,均显示土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的分类地位处于裂体属内,同时土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫归属非洲血吸虫种群。
Adult worms of Orientobilharzia turkestanicum live in the portal veins or intestinal veins of cattle, sheep and other animals and cause orientobilharziasis, which have an important impact on livestock industry and have a large distribution in Asia and several areas of Europe. In recent years, researches are mainly focused on the morphology, life cycle of this pathogen, and epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention of orientobilharziasis. However, little has been done for the classification and molecular phylogeny of O. turkestanicum. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was generally existed in the living nature, it has numerous characters for using as the DNA molecular maker, and for example it has a lot of multicopy and different revolutionary rates in different regions; it is suitable for re-constructing the deep phylogenic trees due to its revolutionary rate is slow in the coding region of the rDNA; it is easy to contrive the universal primers, align and amplify, in hence, it is widely used as the molecular maker in the phylogenetic analysis. The ribosomal DNA contains non-transcribed spacer (NTS), internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), three ribosomal gene coding regions (18S, 5.8S and 28S), which be applied in molecular phylogeny. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternal inheritance, seldom recombination between them, and one of the mitochondrial genomes may represent the whole variation, they can be used to determine the molecular phylogeny. The ITS, 28S rDNA-LSU(28S ribosomal DNA large-subunit sequences)in the ribosomal DNA and the cox1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene) and nad1 (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene) genes were amplified by PCR and cloned into pMD18-T easy vector and then sequenced and analyzed, and compared with other sequences of schistosome, counstucted phylogeny tree then determined the molecular phylogeny.
O. turkestanicum was isolated from the portal veins or intestinal veins of cattle, sheep, cashmere goat and goat, and identified by morphology. Genomic DNA was extracted from parasites isolated from individual host by SDS-proteinase K method. The ITS, 28S rDNA-LSU, cox1 and nad1 genes were amplified by PCR and cloned into pMD18-T easy vector and then sequenced and compared with by Chromas and DNAStar software, and the RNA secondary structure of 28S-LSU were analyzed by DNAMAN software. The sequences were compared with other schistosomes published in GenBankTM using the Clustal X1.83 software and the phylogenic trees were generated using the MEGA software. Phylogenetic relationships between them were reconstructed using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) and the maximum parsimony method (MP). Sequencing results showed that ITS, 28S rDNA-LSU, cox1 and nad1 were 874 bp, 1 304 bp, 1 125 bp and 518 bp, respectively. The sequences from different definitive hosts exist nucleotide variations to some extent and the RNA secondary structure of 28S rDNA-LSU from caprine are identical or resemble, which have large variation compared with that of bovine. The phylogenetic tree revealed that O. turkestanicum is placed within the African schistosomes, and O. turkestanicum should be considered a sister species of Schistosoma spp.
从自然感染黄牛、绵羊、绒山羊和山羊的肝门静脉及肠系膜静脉内采集虫体,经形态学鉴定为土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫。以SDS-蛋白酶K法抽提不同终末宿主的土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫基因组DNA,根据GenBank上发表的土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫及相关血吸虫序列,利用Oligo6.0软件设计特异引物,PCR扩增ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、线粒体cox1基因和nad1基因,扩增产物经纯化后克隆于pMD18-T载体,转化到JM109感受态细胞,提取质粒DNA,经PCR和双酶切鉴定后,阳性质粒测序,应用DNAStar软件比较不同终末宿主土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫核苷酸序列的同源性,并应用DNAMAN软件分析28S rDNA-LSU序列RNA二级结构的改变情况。检索GenBank,查找血吸虫相关基因序列,应用Clustal X1.83软件对相关序列进行排序,提交引导树,使用MEGA软件采用邻接法(neighbor-joining method, NJ)和最大简约法(maximum parsimony method, MP),绘制系统发生树。序列分析结果表明,土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫核糖体ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、线粒体cox1编码基因、nad1编码基因大小分别为874 bp,1 304 bp,1 125 bp和518 bp;不同终末宿主土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、cox1基因序列和nad1基因序列存不同程度的差异,绵羊、绒山羊和山羊源土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫28S rDNA-LSU序列RNA二级结构相同或相似,黄牛源与羊源土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫28S rDNA-LSU序列RNA二级结构存在较大差异。以肝片形吸虫作外群,基于核糖体ITS区序列、28S rDNA-LSU序列、线粒体cox1基因序列和nad1基因序列采用NJ法和MP法构建的系统发生树,其结果一致,均显示土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的分类地位处于裂体属内,同时土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫归属非洲血吸虫种群。
Adult worms of Orientobilharzia turkestanicum live in the portal veins or intestinal veins of cattle, sheep and other animals and cause orientobilharziasis, which have an important impact on livestock industry and have a large distribution in Asia and several areas of Europe. In recent years, researches are mainly focused on the morphology, life cycle of this pathogen, and epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention of orientobilharziasis. However, little has been done for the classification and molecular phylogeny of O. turkestanicum. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was generally existed in the living nature, it has numerous characters for using as the DNA molecular maker, and for example it has a lot of multicopy and different revolutionary rates in different regions; it is suitable for re-constructing the deep phylogenic trees due to its revolutionary rate is slow in the coding region of the rDNA; it is easy to contrive the universal primers, align and amplify, in hence, it is widely used as the molecular maker in the phylogenetic analysis. The ribosomal DNA contains non-transcribed spacer (NTS), internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), three ribosomal gene coding regions (18S, 5.8S and 28S), which be applied in molecular phylogeny. Since mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is maternal inheritance, seldom recombination between them, and one of the mitochondrial genomes may represent the whole variation, they can be used to determine the molecular phylogeny. The ITS, 28S rDNA-LSU(28S ribosomal DNA large-subunit sequences)in the ribosomal DNA and the cox1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene) and nad1 (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 1 gene) genes were amplified by PCR and cloned into pMD18-T easy vector and then sequenced and analyzed, and compared with other sequences of schistosome, counstucted phylogeny tree then determined the molecular phylogeny.
O. turkestanicum was isolated from the portal veins or intestinal veins of cattle, sheep, cashmere goat and goat, and identified by morphology. Genomic DNA was extracted from parasites isolated from individual host by SDS-proteinase K method. The ITS, 28S rDNA-LSU, cox1 and nad1 genes were amplified by PCR and cloned into pMD18-T easy vector and then sequenced and compared with by Chromas and DNAStar software, and the RNA secondary structure of 28S-LSU were analyzed by DNAMAN software. The sequences were compared with other schistosomes published in GenBankTM using the Clustal X1.83 software and the phylogenic trees were generated using the MEGA software. Phylogenetic relationships between them were reconstructed using the neighbor-joining method (NJ) and the maximum parsimony method (MP). Sequencing results showed that ITS, 28S rDNA-LSU, cox1 and nad1 were 874 bp, 1 304 bp, 1 125 bp and 518 bp, respectively. The sequences from different definitive hosts exist nucleotide variations to some extent and the RNA secondary structure of 28S rDNA-LSU from caprine are identical or resemble, which have large variation compared with that of bovine. The phylogenetic tree revealed that O. turkestanicum is placed within the African schistosomes, and O. turkestanicum should be considered a sister species of Schistosoma spp.
引文
[1] 王春仁, 皮宝安, 仇建华, 等. 黑龙江省牛羊东毕吸虫病研究概况[J]. 肉品卫生, 2002, 11: 9-13.
[2] Farley B.A review of the Family Schistosomatidae: excluding the Genus Schistosoma from mammals [J]. Journal of Hel minthology, 1971, 45: 289-320.
[3] Dutt SC, Srivastava HD. A revision of the genus Ornithobilharzia Odhner, 1912 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) (Abstract) [C]. Proc 42nd Sci Conger, 1955, 3: 285.
[4] 许绶泰, 杨平. 甘肃省牛羊血吸虫的初步研究包括一新种的描述[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 1957, 2(2): 117-124.
[5] 刘忠, 赵鑫, 牛淑范. 吉林省稻田皮炎病因的调查及土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种的观察[J]. 动物学报, 1976, 22(3): 279-287.
[6] 唐崇惕, 唐仲璋, 曹华, 等. 内蒙古东部绵羊土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的研究[J].动物学报, 1983, 29(3): 249-255.
[7] 唐崇惕, 崔贵文, 钱玉春, 等. 土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的扫描电镜观察[J]. 动物学报, 1983, 29(2): 159-162.
[8] 沈杰. 程氏东毕吸虫不宜定为独立种[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2001, 9(1): 14.
[9] 张广军, 邱东川, 王春仁. 中华血吸虫和土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种扫描电镜观察及与其它血吸虫的比较[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2001, 9(3): 1-5.
[10] 张广军, 陈勤, 邱持平, 等. 中国大陆两种东毕吸虫 rDNA-LSU 基因的序列分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2002, 20(2): 86-89.
[11] 王春仁, 何国声, 仇建华. 东毕属三种吸虫分类地位的研究[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2002, 10(4): 41-45.
[12] Hsü HF. Schistosoma turkestanicum in North China [J]. Chinese Med J, 1938, 54:1240–1243.
[13] Srivastava HD, Trisal KN. On the occurrence of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in cattle in India [C]. Proc 44th Indian Sci Congr, 1957, 3: 370.
[14] Abdussalam M, Sarwar MH. Occurrence of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in Pakistan [C]. Proc 4th Pakistan Sci Conf, 1952, 3: 143.
[15] Yamagiwa S. A study of lesions caused by the invasion of Schistosoma turkestanicum in cattle [J]. J Jap Soc Vet Sci, 1931, 2: 131-132.
[16] Arfaa F, Sabaghian H, Ale-Dawood H. Studies on Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913), Price, 1929 in Iran [J]. Ann Parasitol, 1965, 40: 45-50.
[17] MacHattie C. A preliminary note on the life-history of Schistosoma turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913) [J]. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1936, 30: 115-124.
[18] Schneider CR, Kitikoon V, Sornmani S, et al. Mekongschistosomiasis Ⅲ: A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos [J]. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1975, 69(2): 227-232.
[19] Harinasuta C, Kruatrachue M. the first recognizes endemic area of bilharziasis in Thailand [J]. AnnTrop Med Parasitol, 1962, 56: 314.
[20] Witenberg G, Lengy J. A case of natural infection of field rats with Orientobilharzia turkestanica (Skrjabin, 1913) [J]. Refuah Vet, 1966, 23: 67-74.
[21] Skrjabin KI. Schistosoma turkestanicum nov. sp. ein neuer parasit des Rindes aus Russisch, Turkestan[J]. Ztschr Infektionskr u Haus tier, 1913, 13: 457-468.
[22] 王春仁, 皮宝安, 宋卓, 等. 黑龙江省牛羊东毕吸虫病流行情况与地理分布特征的调查研究 [J]. 动物医学进展, 2002, 25(5): 91-93.
[23] M?nnig HO. Veterinary helminthology and entomology [M]. Third Edition Reprinted 1950, London: Mens sana in corpore sano, 1950. 86.
[24] 白功懋, 刘忠, 刘兆铭. 吉林省稻田皮炎病因的调查研究 I. 土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫及其与稻田皮炎的关系[C]. 一九六三年寄生虫专业学术讨论会论文摘要集汇编, 1963. 167-168.
[25] 李志华, 李春礼. 黑龙江省稻田皮炎病因学的研究[C]. 全国家畜寄生虫病科研工作第二次会议论文摘要文集, 1980. 129-130.
[26] 杨明富, 陈代荣, 颜洁邦. 四川黄牛东毕属血吸虫病调查研究报告[J]. 中国兽医杂志, 1983, 9(9): 4-5.
[27] Shakarbaev E, Habery B, Loy C, et al. Recognition of cattle skin by cercariaae of Orientobilharzia turkestanica[J]. Parasitol Res, 2001, 87(9): 705-707.
[28] 包金权, 褚世新, 魏广祥. 绵羊东毕吸虫胎盘感染四例[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2000, 8(1): 13.
[29] Massoud J. Studies on the Schistosomes of domestic animals in Iran. I. Observations on Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913) in Khuzestan [J]. J Helminthol, 1973, 47(2): 165-180.
[30] 全国栋, 魏荫塘, 刘新京, 等. 黄牛蠕虫感染调查[C]. 中国畜牧兽医学会寄生虫研究会第一次学术讨论会论文集, 1986. 4.
[31] 孔繁瑶, 周源昌, 汪志楷, 等. 家畜寄生虫学(第二版)[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 1997: 74-76.
[32] 耿进明, 史学增, 周贵. 牛羊东毕吸虫病的研究进展[J]. 甘肃畜牧兽医, 1994, (4): 22-24.
[33] 崔海, 史学增, 温伟, 等. 吉林省动物东毕吸虫病的病理形态学研究[J]. 吉林农业大学学报, 1992, 14(4): 70-73.
[34] Price EW. A synopsis of the trematode family schistosomatidae with descriptions of new genera and species [J]. Proc US Nat mus Wash 1929, 75(3): 1-39.
[35] 唐仲璋, 唐崇惕. 中国裂体科血吸虫和稻田皮肤疹[J]. 动物学报, 1976, 22(4): 341-356.
[36] 舒利民. 东毕血吸虫幼虫期在宿主体内发育的组织化学和扫描电镜观察[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 38(5): 769-774
[37] 林邦发, 施福恢, 钱承贵, 等. 内蒙古土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫及其在终末宿主体内发育的研究[J]. 中国兽医科技, 1992, 22(10): 4-7.
[38] Wang CR, Qiu JH, Zhu XQ, et al. Survey of helminths in adult sheep in Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China [J]. Vet Parasitol, 2006, 140(3-4): 378-382.
[39] 耿进明, 史学增, 周贵. 牛羊东毕吸虫病的研究进展[J]. 甘肃畜牧兽医, 1994, (4): 22-24.
[40] Loker, ES. A comparative study of the life-histories of mammalian schistosomes [J]. Parasitology, 1983, 87(2): 343-369.
[41] World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope [J]. WHO, Geneva. 2001.
[42] Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, et al. Human schistosomiasis [J]. Lancet, 2006, 368(9541): 1106–1111.
[43] Martin JE, Naftale K, Paulo MZ. A case of Schistosoma mansoni infection treated during the prepatent period [J]. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 5(2): 112-115.
[44] Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, et al. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control [J]. Acta Tropica, 2000, 77(1): 41-51.
[45] Asha M, Jessica K. Urinary schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause of gross hematuria in the industrialized countries [J]. Pediatr Nephrol, 2007, 22(8): 1225-1227
[46] Zhou XN, Wang LY, Chen MG, et a1. The public health significance and control of schistosomiasis in China-then and now [J]. Acta Trop, 2005, 96(2-3): 97-105.
[47] Rollinson D, Simpson AJ. The biology of Schistosomes: from genes to latrines [M]. London UK A cadem ic Press, 1987: 1-49.
[48] 赵慰先, 高淑芬. 实用血吸虫病学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1996: 13-20.
[49] 潘卫庆, 汤林华. 分子寄生虫学[M]. 上海科学技术出版社, 2004: 522-527.
[50] Saiki RK, Shcarf S, Faloona F, et al. Enzymatic amplification of β 2g lobin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia [J]. Science, 1985, 230(4732): 1350-1354.
[51] Mullis KB, Faloona FA, Scharf S, et al. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction [J]. Cold Spring Harbor SymP Quant Biol, 1986, 51(1): 263-273.
[52] Mullis KB, Faloona FA. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via apolymerasecatalyzed chain reaction [J]. Methods Enzymol, 1987, 155: 335-350.
[53] Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, et al. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase [J]. Science, 1988, 239(4839): 487-491.
[54] 解生勇. 分子细胞遗传学[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1998: 67.
[55] 郑敏, 罗玉萍. 真核生物基因组多态性分析的 DNA 指纹技术[J]. 生物技术, 1999, 9(3): 35-38.
[56] Rollinson D, Walker TK, Simpson AJ. New approaches to schistosome identification [J]. Parasitol Today, 1986, 2(1): 24-25.
[57] 罗雅, 黄启华, 谭琪. 中国大陆三个地区日本血吸虫基因组 DNA 的 RFLP 的初步研究[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 1992, 4(5): 257-259.
[58] 谢觅, 何毅勋, 裘丽妹, 等. 我国与日本山梨不同地域品系日本血吸虫 DNA 的限制性片段长度多态性分析中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,1997,15(4): 216-219.
[59] 肖建华, 詹希美, 李桂云, 等. PCR-单链构像多态性分析在中国大陆日本血吸虫品系研究中的应用[J]. 中国寄生虫病防治杂志, 1998, 11(2): 135-137.
[60] Willimas JG, Kubelik AR, Liavk KJ. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers [J]. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 18(22): 6531-6535.
[61] Welsh JK. Finger primting genoms using PCR with arbitary primers [J]. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 18(24): 7213-7218.
[62] Bandi C, La Rosa G, Bardin MG, et al. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints of the eight taxa of Trichinella and their comparison with allozyme analysis[J]. Parasitology, 1995, 110(4): 401-407.
[63] Guo ZG, Johnson AM. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 111(2):127-132.
[64] Humbert JF, Cabaret J. Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA of identification of ruminant trichostrongylid nematodes [J]. Parasitol Res, 1995, 81(1): l-5.
[65] Johnston DA, Femando MA. Eimeria sppof the domestic fowl: analysis of genetic variability between species and strains using DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitary primers and denaturing gradient-tgel electrophoresis [J]. Parasitol Res, 1995, 81(2): 91-97.
[66] McManus DP, Bryant C. Biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology of Echinococcus[M]. In Thompson RCA, Lymbery AJ, editors. Echinococus and Hydatid Disease. Chapter 4. Wallingford: CAB Int, 1995: 135-181.
[67] Stevens J, Wall R. The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for studies of genetic variation in populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southern England [J]. Bull Entomol Res, 1995, 85: 549-555.
[68] Gasser RB, Qian BZ, Nansen P, et al. Use of RAPD for the detection of genetic variation in the human blood fiuke, Schistosoma japonicum, from mainland China [J]. Mol Cell Probes, 1996, 10(5): 353-358.
[69] Bowles J, Hope M, Tiu W. Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers highly conserved between Chinese and Philippine Schistosoma japonicum [J]. Acta Trop, 1993, 55(4): 217-229.
[70] 冯友仁, 牛安欧. 分子生物学方法研究血吸虫种株遗传变异及分类应用进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病杂志, 1999, 15(6): 88-90.
[71] 牛安欧, 冯友仁, 方正明. 中国日本血吸虫 DNA 遗传变异及聚类分析[J]. 寄生虫与医学昆虫学报, 2003, 10(2): 70-73.
[72] Oliveira RP, Macedo AM, Chiari E, et al. An alternative approach to evaluating the intraspecific genetic variability of parasites [J]. Parasitol Today, 1997, 13(5): 196-200.
[73] Anou N, Yanwen X, Youren F. Schistosoma japonicum strains: differentiation by RAPD and SSR-PCR [J]. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2002, 33(4): 720-724.
[74] Maxam AM, Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1977, 74(2): 560-564.
[75] Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1977, 74(12): 5463-5467.
[76] Innis MA, Myambo KB, Gelfand DH, et al. DNA sequencing with Thermus aquaticus DNApolymerase and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1988, 85(24): 9436-9440.
[77] Gasser GB, Chilton NB, Hoste H, et al. Raqid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminthes [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1993, 21(10): 2525-2526.
[78] Murray V. Improved double-strand DNA sequencing using the linear polymerase chain reaction [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989, 17(21): 8889.
[79] Johnson AM, Baverstock PR. Rapid ribosomal RNA sequencing and the phylogenetic analysis of protists [J]. Parasitol Today, 1989, 5(4): 102-105.
[80] Johnson AM, Fielke R, Lumb R, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium determined by ribosomal RNA sequence comparison [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1990, 20(2): 141-147.
[81] Nadler SA. Phylogeny of some ascaridoid nematodes, inferred from comparison of 18S and 28S rRNA sequences [J]. Mol Biol Evol, 1992, 9(5): 932-944.
[82] Wesson DM, Porter CH, Collins FH. Sequence and secondary structure comparisons of ITS rDNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) [J]. Mol phylogenet Evol, 1992, 1(4): 253-269.
[83] Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 110(3): 317-328.
[84] Crampton A, Mckay I, Barker SC. Phylogeny of ticks (Ixodida) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1996, 26(5): 511-517.
[85] Chilton NB, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. Phylogenetic relationships of Australian strongyloid nematodes inferred from ribosomal DNA sequence data [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1997, 27(12): 1481-1494.
[86] Hoste H, Chilton NB, Beveridge I, et al. A comparison of the frist internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA in seven species of Trichost rongylus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidag) [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1998, 28(8): 1251-1260.
[87] Morgan UM, Sargent KD, Deplazes P, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from various hosts [J]. Parasitology, 1998, 117(1): 31-37.
[88] 唐伯平, 周开亚, 宋大祥. 核 rDNA-ITS 区在无脊椎动物分子系统学研究中的应用[J]. 动物学杂志, 2002, 37(4): 67-73.
[89] Dover GA. Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution [J]. Nature, 1982, 299(5879): 111-117.
[90] David MH, Scott KD. Ribosomal DNA: Intraspecific polymorphism, concerted evolution and phylogeny reconstruction [J]. Syst Zool, 1998, 37(1): 63-66.
[91] Motgan JA, Blair D.Nuclear rDNA ITS sequence variation in the Trematode genus Echinostoma: an aid to establishing relationships within the 37-collar-spine group [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 111(5): 609-615.
[92] Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. A molecular phylogeny of the human schistosomes [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 1995, 4(2): 103-109.
[93] van Herwerden L, Blair D, Agatsuma T. Intra- and interindividual variation in ITS-1 ofParagonimus westermani (Trematoda: Digenea) and related species: implications for phylogenetic studies [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 1999, 12(1): 67-73.
[94] Dietrich CH, Rakitov RA, Holmes JL, et al. Phylogeny of the major lineages of Membracoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) based on 28S rDNA sequences [J]. Mol Phylogened Evol, 2001, 18(2): 293-305.
[95] Nass MM, Nass S. Intramitochondrial fibers with DNA characteristics. I. Fixation and electron stainning reactions [J]. J Cell Biol, 1963, 19: 593-611.
[96] Vaughan HE, Heslop-Harrison JS, Hewitt GM. The localization of mitochondrial sequences to chromosomal DNA in orthopterans [J]. Genome, 1999, 42(5): 874-880.
[97] Bensasson D, Zhang DX, Hewitt GM. Frequent assimilation of mitochondrial DNA by grasshopper nuclear genomes [J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2000, 17(3): 406-415.
[98] 易冰, 李卓雅, 孟锦绣, 等. 微卫星 DNA 在寄生虫学研究中的应用[J]. 中国人兽共患病杂志, 2003, 19 (2): 85-87.
[99] 卢圣栋. 现代分子生物学实验技术[M]. 第 2 版, 北京: 中国协和医科大学出版社, 1999, 677.
[100] Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, et a1. Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mensoni on chromosome 5q31-q33 [J]. Nat Genet, 1996, 14(2): 181-184..
[101] Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, Dominique H, et al. Fu1l results of the genome-wide scan which localises a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schismsoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33 [J]. Eur J Hum Genet, 1999, 7(1): 88.
[102] Roberts LJ, Baldwin TM, Curtis JM, et a1. Resistance to Leishmania major is linked to the H2 region on chromosome 17 and to chromosome 9 [J]. J Exp Med, 1997, 85(9): 1705.
[103] Roberts LJ, Baldwin TM, Speed TP, et a1. Chromosomes X, 9, and the H2 locus interact epistatically to control Leishmania major infection [J]. Eur J Immunol, 1999, 29(9): 3047.
[104] 宋慧群, 李宾, 林瑞庆, 等. 我国犬钩虫 ITS 及 5.8S rDNA 的克隆与序列分析[J]. 中国兽医科学, 2007, 37(9): 756-759.
[105] 程双怀, 席贻龙, 项贤领, 等. 基于 28S rDNA 基因序列研究十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位[J]. 动物分类学报, 2007, 32(3): 599-605.
[106] 杨益超, 黎学铭, 赵同领, 等. 广西扇棘单睾吸虫 5.8S rRNA 序列及二级结构的研究[J]. 应用预防医学, 2007, 13(4): 193-196.
[107] 舒利民, 彭宣宪, 王三英. 冷血和温血动物血吸虫 28S rRNA 基因的扩增和酶切片段分析[J]. 寄生虫与医学昆虫学报, 2000, 7(3): 140-144.
[108] 林瑞庆, 吕晓生, 邓艳, 等. 犬复孔绦虫 ITS 及 5.8 S rDNA 的 PCR 扩增、克隆及序列分析[J]. 热带医学杂志, 2007, 7(2): 109-111.
[109] 李自慧, 冯宪敏, 卢思奇, 等. 长爪沙鼠源肺孢子虫 ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 序列测定及分析[J]. 首都医科大学学报, 2006, 27(1): 135-136.
[110] Hoeh WR, Blakley KH, Brown WM. Heteroplasmy suggests limited biparental inheritance of mytilus mitochondrial DNA [J]. Science, 1991, 251(5000): 1488-1490.
[111] Gyllensten U, Wharton D, Wilson AC. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice[J]. J Hered, 1985, 76(5): 321-324.
[112] Boore JL. Animal mitochondrial genomes [J]. Nucl Acids Res, 1999, 27(8): 1767-1780.
[113] Ouvrard D, Campbell BC, Bourgoin T, et al. 18S rRNA secondary structure and phylogenetic position of Peloridiidae (Insecta, hemiptera) [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2000,16(3): 403-417.
[114] Gagnon S, Bourbeau D, Levesque RC. Secondary structuresand features of the 18S, 5.8S and 26S ribosomal RNAs from the Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii [J]. Gene, 1996, 173(2):129-35.
[115] Erpenbeck D, Nichols SA, Voigt O, et al. Phylogenetic analyses under secondary structure-specific substitution models outperform traditional approaches: case studies with diploblast LSU [J]. J Mol Evol, 2007, 64(5): 543-557.
[116] Friedrich M, Tautz D. Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods [J]. Nature, 1995, 376(6536): 165-167.
[117] Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstruction phylogenetic trees [J]. Mol Biol Evol, 1987, 4(4): 406-425.
[118] 常青, 周开亚. 分子进化研究中系统发生树的重建[J]. 生物多样性, 1998, 6(1): 55-62.
[119] Synder SD, Loker ES. Evolutionary relationships among the Schistosomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) and an Asian origin for Schistosoma [J]. J Parasitol, 2000, 86(2): 283-288.
[120] Brant SV, Loker ES. Can Specialized Pathogens Colonize Distantly Related Hosts? Schistosome Evolution as a Case Study [J]. PLoS Pathog, 2005, 1(3): e38.
[121] Lockyer AE, Olson PD, Ostergaard P, et al. The phylogeny of the Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 [J]. Parasitology, 2003, 126(3): 203-224.
[2] Farley B.A review of the Family Schistosomatidae: excluding the Genus Schistosoma from mammals [J]. Journal of Hel minthology, 1971, 45: 289-320.
[3] Dutt SC, Srivastava HD. A revision of the genus Ornithobilharzia Odhner, 1912 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) (Abstract) [C]. Proc 42nd Sci Conger, 1955, 3: 285.
[4] 许绶泰, 杨平. 甘肃省牛羊血吸虫的初步研究包括一新种的描述[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 1957, 2(2): 117-124.
[5] 刘忠, 赵鑫, 牛淑范. 吉林省稻田皮炎病因的调查及土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种的观察[J]. 动物学报, 1976, 22(3): 279-287.
[6] 唐崇惕, 唐仲璋, 曹华, 等. 内蒙古东部绵羊土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的研究[J].动物学报, 1983, 29(3): 249-255.
[7] 唐崇惕, 崔贵文, 钱玉春, 等. 土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫的扫描电镜观察[J]. 动物学报, 1983, 29(2): 159-162.
[8] 沈杰. 程氏东毕吸虫不宜定为独立种[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2001, 9(1): 14.
[9] 张广军, 邱东川, 王春仁. 中华血吸虫和土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种扫描电镜观察及与其它血吸虫的比较[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2001, 9(3): 1-5.
[10] 张广军, 陈勤, 邱持平, 等. 中国大陆两种东毕吸虫 rDNA-LSU 基因的序列分析[J]. 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志, 2002, 20(2): 86-89.
[11] 王春仁, 何国声, 仇建华. 东毕属三种吸虫分类地位的研究[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2002, 10(4): 41-45.
[12] Hsü HF. Schistosoma turkestanicum in North China [J]. Chinese Med J, 1938, 54:1240–1243.
[13] Srivastava HD, Trisal KN. On the occurrence of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in cattle in India [C]. Proc 44th Indian Sci Congr, 1957, 3: 370.
[14] Abdussalam M, Sarwar MH. Occurrence of Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum in Pakistan [C]. Proc 4th Pakistan Sci Conf, 1952, 3: 143.
[15] Yamagiwa S. A study of lesions caused by the invasion of Schistosoma turkestanicum in cattle [J]. J Jap Soc Vet Sci, 1931, 2: 131-132.
[16] Arfaa F, Sabaghian H, Ale-Dawood H. Studies on Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913), Price, 1929 in Iran [J]. Ann Parasitol, 1965, 40: 45-50.
[17] MacHattie C. A preliminary note on the life-history of Schistosoma turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913) [J]. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1936, 30: 115-124.
[18] Schneider CR, Kitikoon V, Sornmani S, et al. Mekongschistosomiasis Ⅲ: A parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos [J]. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1975, 69(2): 227-232.
[19] Harinasuta C, Kruatrachue M. the first recognizes endemic area of bilharziasis in Thailand [J]. AnnTrop Med Parasitol, 1962, 56: 314.
[20] Witenberg G, Lengy J. A case of natural infection of field rats with Orientobilharzia turkestanica (Skrjabin, 1913) [J]. Refuah Vet, 1966, 23: 67-74.
[21] Skrjabin KI. Schistosoma turkestanicum nov. sp. ein neuer parasit des Rindes aus Russisch, Turkestan[J]. Ztschr Infektionskr u Haus tier, 1913, 13: 457-468.
[22] 王春仁, 皮宝安, 宋卓, 等. 黑龙江省牛羊东毕吸虫病流行情况与地理分布特征的调查研究 [J]. 动物医学进展, 2002, 25(5): 91-93.
[23] M?nnig HO. Veterinary helminthology and entomology [M]. Third Edition Reprinted 1950, London: Mens sana in corpore sano, 1950. 86.
[24] 白功懋, 刘忠, 刘兆铭. 吉林省稻田皮炎病因的调查研究 I. 土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫及其与稻田皮炎的关系[C]. 一九六三年寄生虫专业学术讨论会论文摘要集汇编, 1963. 167-168.
[25] 李志华, 李春礼. 黑龙江省稻田皮炎病因学的研究[C]. 全国家畜寄生虫病科研工作第二次会议论文摘要文集, 1980. 129-130.
[26] 杨明富, 陈代荣, 颜洁邦. 四川黄牛东毕属血吸虫病调查研究报告[J]. 中国兽医杂志, 1983, 9(9): 4-5.
[27] Shakarbaev E, Habery B, Loy C, et al. Recognition of cattle skin by cercariaae of Orientobilharzia turkestanica[J]. Parasitol Res, 2001, 87(9): 705-707.
[28] 包金权, 褚世新, 魏广祥. 绵羊东毕吸虫胎盘感染四例[J]. 中国兽医寄生虫病, 2000, 8(1): 13.
[29] Massoud J. Studies on the Schistosomes of domestic animals in Iran. I. Observations on Ornithobilharzia turkestanicum (Skrjabin, 1913) in Khuzestan [J]. J Helminthol, 1973, 47(2): 165-180.
[30] 全国栋, 魏荫塘, 刘新京, 等. 黄牛蠕虫感染调查[C]. 中国畜牧兽医学会寄生虫研究会第一次学术讨论会论文集, 1986. 4.
[31] 孔繁瑶, 周源昌, 汪志楷, 等. 家畜寄生虫学(第二版)[M]. 北京: 中国农业大学出版社, 1997: 74-76.
[32] 耿进明, 史学增, 周贵. 牛羊东毕吸虫病的研究进展[J]. 甘肃畜牧兽医, 1994, (4): 22-24.
[33] 崔海, 史学增, 温伟, 等. 吉林省动物东毕吸虫病的病理形态学研究[J]. 吉林农业大学学报, 1992, 14(4): 70-73.
[34] Price EW. A synopsis of the trematode family schistosomatidae with descriptions of new genera and species [J]. Proc US Nat mus Wash 1929, 75(3): 1-39.
[35] 唐仲璋, 唐崇惕. 中国裂体科血吸虫和稻田皮肤疹[J]. 动物学报, 1976, 22(4): 341-356.
[36] 舒利民. 东毕血吸虫幼虫期在宿主体内发育的组织化学和扫描电镜观察[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 1999, 38(5): 769-774
[37] 林邦发, 施福恢, 钱承贵, 等. 内蒙古土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫及其在终末宿主体内发育的研究[J]. 中国兽医科技, 1992, 22(10): 4-7.
[38] Wang CR, Qiu JH, Zhu XQ, et al. Survey of helminths in adult sheep in Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China [J]. Vet Parasitol, 2006, 140(3-4): 378-382.
[39] 耿进明, 史学增, 周贵. 牛羊东毕吸虫病的研究进展[J]. 甘肃畜牧兽医, 1994, (4): 22-24.
[40] Loker, ES. A comparative study of the life-histories of mammalian schistosomes [J]. Parasitology, 1983, 87(2): 343-369.
[41] World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2001: Mental Health: New Understanding, New Hope [J]. WHO, Geneva. 2001.
[42] Gryseels B, Polman K, Clerinx J, et al. Human schistosomiasis [J]. Lancet, 2006, 368(9541): 1106–1111.
[43] Martin JE, Naftale K, Paulo MZ. A case of Schistosoma mansoni infection treated during the prepatent period [J]. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 5(2): 112-115.
[44] Chitsulo L, Engels D, Montresor A, et al. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control [J]. Acta Tropica, 2000, 77(1): 41-51.
[45] Asha M, Jessica K. Urinary schistosomiasis: an uncommon cause of gross hematuria in the industrialized countries [J]. Pediatr Nephrol, 2007, 22(8): 1225-1227
[46] Zhou XN, Wang LY, Chen MG, et a1. The public health significance and control of schistosomiasis in China-then and now [J]. Acta Trop, 2005, 96(2-3): 97-105.
[47] Rollinson D, Simpson AJ. The biology of Schistosomes: from genes to latrines [M]. London UK A cadem ic Press, 1987: 1-49.
[48] 赵慰先, 高淑芬. 实用血吸虫病学[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 1996: 13-20.
[49] 潘卫庆, 汤林华. 分子寄生虫学[M]. 上海科学技术出版社, 2004: 522-527.
[50] Saiki RK, Shcarf S, Faloona F, et al. Enzymatic amplification of β 2g lobin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia [J]. Science, 1985, 230(4732): 1350-1354.
[51] Mullis KB, Faloona FA, Scharf S, et al. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction [J]. Cold Spring Harbor SymP Quant Biol, 1986, 51(1): 263-273.
[52] Mullis KB, Faloona FA. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via apolymerasecatalyzed chain reaction [J]. Methods Enzymol, 1987, 155: 335-350.
[53] Saiki RK, Gelfand DH, Stoffel S, et al. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase [J]. Science, 1988, 239(4839): 487-491.
[54] 解生勇. 分子细胞遗传学[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 1998: 67.
[55] 郑敏, 罗玉萍. 真核生物基因组多态性分析的 DNA 指纹技术[J]. 生物技术, 1999, 9(3): 35-38.
[56] Rollinson D, Walker TK, Simpson AJ. New approaches to schistosome identification [J]. Parasitol Today, 1986, 2(1): 24-25.
[57] 罗雅, 黄启华, 谭琪. 中国大陆三个地区日本血吸虫基因组 DNA 的 RFLP 的初步研究[J].中国血吸虫病防治杂志, 1992, 4(5): 257-259.
[58] 谢觅, 何毅勋, 裘丽妹, 等. 我国与日本山梨不同地域品系日本血吸虫 DNA 的限制性片段长度多态性分析中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志,1997,15(4): 216-219.
[59] 肖建华, 詹希美, 李桂云, 等. PCR-单链构像多态性分析在中国大陆日本血吸虫品系研究中的应用[J]. 中国寄生虫病防治杂志, 1998, 11(2): 135-137.
[60] Willimas JG, Kubelik AR, Liavk KJ. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers [J]. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 18(22): 6531-6535.
[61] Welsh JK. Finger primting genoms using PCR with arbitary primers [J]. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 18(24): 7213-7218.
[62] Bandi C, La Rosa G, Bardin MG, et al. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints of the eight taxa of Trichinella and their comparison with allozyme analysis[J]. Parasitology, 1995, 110(4): 401-407.
[63] Guo ZG, Johnson AM. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 111(2):127-132.
[64] Humbert JF, Cabaret J. Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA of identification of ruminant trichostrongylid nematodes [J]. Parasitol Res, 1995, 81(1): l-5.
[65] Johnston DA, Femando MA. Eimeria sppof the domestic fowl: analysis of genetic variability between species and strains using DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitary primers and denaturing gradient-tgel electrophoresis [J]. Parasitol Res, 1995, 81(2): 91-97.
[66] McManus DP, Bryant C. Biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology of Echinococcus[M]. In Thompson RCA, Lymbery AJ, editors. Echinococus and Hydatid Disease. Chapter 4. Wallingford: CAB Int, 1995: 135-181.
[67] Stevens J, Wall R. The use of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for studies of genetic variation in populations of the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southern England [J]. Bull Entomol Res, 1995, 85: 549-555.
[68] Gasser RB, Qian BZ, Nansen P, et al. Use of RAPD for the detection of genetic variation in the human blood fiuke, Schistosoma japonicum, from mainland China [J]. Mol Cell Probes, 1996, 10(5): 353-358.
[69] Bowles J, Hope M, Tiu W. Nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers highly conserved between Chinese and Philippine Schistosoma japonicum [J]. Acta Trop, 1993, 55(4): 217-229.
[70] 冯友仁, 牛安欧. 分子生物学方法研究血吸虫种株遗传变异及分类应用进展[J]. 中国人兽共患病杂志, 1999, 15(6): 88-90.
[71] 牛安欧, 冯友仁, 方正明. 中国日本血吸虫 DNA 遗传变异及聚类分析[J]. 寄生虫与医学昆虫学报, 2003, 10(2): 70-73.
[72] Oliveira RP, Macedo AM, Chiari E, et al. An alternative approach to evaluating the intraspecific genetic variability of parasites [J]. Parasitol Today, 1997, 13(5): 196-200.
[73] Anou N, Yanwen X, Youren F. Schistosoma japonicum strains: differentiation by RAPD and SSR-PCR [J]. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2002, 33(4): 720-724.
[74] Maxam AM, Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1977, 74(2): 560-564.
[75] Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1977, 74(12): 5463-5467.
[76] Innis MA, Myambo KB, Gelfand DH, et al. DNA sequencing with Thermus aquaticus DNApolymerase and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 1988, 85(24): 9436-9440.
[77] Gasser GB, Chilton NB, Hoste H, et al. Raqid sequencing of rDNA from single worms and eggs of parasitic helminthes [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1993, 21(10): 2525-2526.
[78] Murray V. Improved double-strand DNA sequencing using the linear polymerase chain reaction [J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989, 17(21): 8889.
[79] Johnson AM, Baverstock PR. Rapid ribosomal RNA sequencing and the phylogenetic analysis of protists [J]. Parasitol Today, 1989, 5(4): 102-105.
[80] Johnson AM, Fielke R, Lumb R, et al. Phylogenetic relationships of Cryptosporidium determined by ribosomal RNA sequence comparison [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1990, 20(2): 141-147.
[81] Nadler SA. Phylogeny of some ascaridoid nematodes, inferred from comparison of 18S and 28S rRNA sequences [J]. Mol Biol Evol, 1992, 9(5): 932-944.
[82] Wesson DM, Porter CH, Collins FH. Sequence and secondary structure comparisons of ITS rDNA in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) [J]. Mol phylogenet Evol, 1992, 1(4): 253-269.
[83] Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. A molecular phylogeny of the genus Echinococcus [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 110(3): 317-328.
[84] Crampton A, Mckay I, Barker SC. Phylogeny of ticks (Ixodida) inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1996, 26(5): 511-517.
[85] Chilton NB, Gasser RB, Beveridge I. Phylogenetic relationships of Australian strongyloid nematodes inferred from ribosomal DNA sequence data [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1997, 27(12): 1481-1494.
[86] Hoste H, Chilton NB, Beveridge I, et al. A comparison of the frist internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA in seven species of Trichost rongylus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidag) [J]. Int J Parasitol, 1998, 28(8): 1251-1260.
[87] Morgan UM, Sargent KD, Deplazes P, et al. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium from various hosts [J]. Parasitology, 1998, 117(1): 31-37.
[88] 唐伯平, 周开亚, 宋大祥. 核 rDNA-ITS 区在无脊椎动物分子系统学研究中的应用[J]. 动物学杂志, 2002, 37(4): 67-73.
[89] Dover GA. Molecular drive: a cohesive mode of species evolution [J]. Nature, 1982, 299(5879): 111-117.
[90] David MH, Scott KD. Ribosomal DNA: Intraspecific polymorphism, concerted evolution and phylogeny reconstruction [J]. Syst Zool, 1998, 37(1): 63-66.
[91] Motgan JA, Blair D.Nuclear rDNA ITS sequence variation in the Trematode genus Echinostoma: an aid to establishing relationships within the 37-collar-spine group [J]. Parasitology, 1995, 111(5): 609-615.
[92] Bowles J, Blair D, McManus DP. A molecular phylogeny of the human schistosomes [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 1995, 4(2): 103-109.
[93] van Herwerden L, Blair D, Agatsuma T. Intra- and interindividual variation in ITS-1 ofParagonimus westermani (Trematoda: Digenea) and related species: implications for phylogenetic studies [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 1999, 12(1): 67-73.
[94] Dietrich CH, Rakitov RA, Holmes JL, et al. Phylogeny of the major lineages of Membracoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) based on 28S rDNA sequences [J]. Mol Phylogened Evol, 2001, 18(2): 293-305.
[95] Nass MM, Nass S. Intramitochondrial fibers with DNA characteristics. I. Fixation and electron stainning reactions [J]. J Cell Biol, 1963, 19: 593-611.
[96] Vaughan HE, Heslop-Harrison JS, Hewitt GM. The localization of mitochondrial sequences to chromosomal DNA in orthopterans [J]. Genome, 1999, 42(5): 874-880.
[97] Bensasson D, Zhang DX, Hewitt GM. Frequent assimilation of mitochondrial DNA by grasshopper nuclear genomes [J]. Mol Biol Evol, 2000, 17(3): 406-415.
[98] 易冰, 李卓雅, 孟锦绣, 等. 微卫星 DNA 在寄生虫学研究中的应用[J]. 中国人兽共患病杂志, 2003, 19 (2): 85-87.
[99] 卢圣栋. 现代分子生物学实验技术[M]. 第 2 版, 北京: 中国协和医科大学出版社, 1999, 677.
[100] Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, et a1. Genetic localization of a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schistosoma mensoni on chromosome 5q31-q33 [J]. Nat Genet, 1996, 14(2): 181-184..
[101] Marquet S, Abel L, Hillaire D, Dominique H, et al. Fu1l results of the genome-wide scan which localises a locus controlling the intensity of infection by Schismsoma mansoni on chromosome 5q31-q33 [J]. Eur J Hum Genet, 1999, 7(1): 88.
[102] Roberts LJ, Baldwin TM, Curtis JM, et a1. Resistance to Leishmania major is linked to the H2 region on chromosome 17 and to chromosome 9 [J]. J Exp Med, 1997, 85(9): 1705.
[103] Roberts LJ, Baldwin TM, Speed TP, et a1. Chromosomes X, 9, and the H2 locus interact epistatically to control Leishmania major infection [J]. Eur J Immunol, 1999, 29(9): 3047.
[104] 宋慧群, 李宾, 林瑞庆, 等. 我国犬钩虫 ITS 及 5.8S rDNA 的克隆与序列分析[J]. 中国兽医科学, 2007, 37(9): 756-759.
[105] 程双怀, 席贻龙, 项贤领, 等. 基于 28S rDNA 基因序列研究十种臂尾轮虫的系统关系和分类地位[J]. 动物分类学报, 2007, 32(3): 599-605.
[106] 杨益超, 黎学铭, 赵同领, 等. 广西扇棘单睾吸虫 5.8S rRNA 序列及二级结构的研究[J]. 应用预防医学, 2007, 13(4): 193-196.
[107] 舒利民, 彭宣宪, 王三英. 冷血和温血动物血吸虫 28S rRNA 基因的扩增和酶切片段分析[J]. 寄生虫与医学昆虫学报, 2000, 7(3): 140-144.
[108] 林瑞庆, 吕晓生, 邓艳, 等. 犬复孔绦虫 ITS 及 5.8 S rDNA 的 PCR 扩增、克隆及序列分析[J]. 热带医学杂志, 2007, 7(2): 109-111.
[109] 李自慧, 冯宪敏, 卢思奇, 等. 长爪沙鼠源肺孢子虫 ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 序列测定及分析[J]. 首都医科大学学报, 2006, 27(1): 135-136.
[110] Hoeh WR, Blakley KH, Brown WM. Heteroplasmy suggests limited biparental inheritance of mytilus mitochondrial DNA [J]. Science, 1991, 251(5000): 1488-1490.
[111] Gyllensten U, Wharton D, Wilson AC. Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA during backcrossing of two species of mice[J]. J Hered, 1985, 76(5): 321-324.
[112] Boore JL. Animal mitochondrial genomes [J]. Nucl Acids Res, 1999, 27(8): 1767-1780.
[113] Ouvrard D, Campbell BC, Bourgoin T, et al. 18S rRNA secondary structure and phylogenetic position of Peloridiidae (Insecta, hemiptera) [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2000,16(3): 403-417.
[114] Gagnon S, Bourbeau D, Levesque RC. Secondary structuresand features of the 18S, 5.8S and 26S ribosomal RNAs from the Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii [J]. Gene, 1996, 173(2):129-35.
[115] Erpenbeck D, Nichols SA, Voigt O, et al. Phylogenetic analyses under secondary structure-specific substitution models outperform traditional approaches: case studies with diploblast LSU [J]. J Mol Evol, 2007, 64(5): 543-557.
[116] Friedrich M, Tautz D. Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods [J]. Nature, 1995, 376(6536): 165-167.
[117] Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstruction phylogenetic trees [J]. Mol Biol Evol, 1987, 4(4): 406-425.
[118] 常青, 周开亚. 分子进化研究中系统发生树的重建[J]. 生物多样性, 1998, 6(1): 55-62.
[119] Synder SD, Loker ES. Evolutionary relationships among the Schistosomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) and an Asian origin for Schistosoma [J]. J Parasitol, 2000, 86(2): 283-288.
[120] Brant SV, Loker ES. Can Specialized Pathogens Colonize Distantly Related Hosts? Schistosome Evolution as a Case Study [J]. PLoS Pathog, 2005, 1(3): e38.
[121] Lockyer AE, Olson PD, Ostergaard P, et al. The phylogeny of the Schistosomatidae based on three genes with emphasis on the interrelationships of Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 [J]. Parasitology, 2003, 126(3): 203-224.