无线传感器网络中网络层节能策略研究
|
摘要
由具有感知能力、计算能力和通信能力的大量微型传感器组成的无线传感器网络是计算机科学技术的一个新的研究领域，在民用和军事方面具有十分广阔的应用前景，已经引起了学术界和工业界的高度重视，被认为是本世纪的一项具有重大意义的研究课题。
无线传感器网络节点能源配置比较有限，通常情况下也不容易进行节点更换和充电，为了提高网络系统寿命，设计高效的能量受限的路由协议至关重要。而无线传感器网络与其它无线网络存在许多不同特点，因此其它无线网络中的路由协议并不能简单地移植到无线传感器网络当中来，这使得无线传感器网络中的路由技术设计面临诸多挑战：
能量均衡问题。网络中节点中继负载不同导致节点能量消耗不同，因此有必要把可能影响系统通信性能的关键节点或关键路径上的负载转移到其它节点或其它路径，达到能量均衡的目的，从而提高通信系统寿命。目前解决能量均衡问题主要是采用节点切换技术或多径传输技术，它们都没有很好地考虑资源的使用率问题和切换的复杂性问题。
QoS路由技术。随着科学和技术的进步，以及应用的需求，传感器网络必须要求满足一定的QoS要求。多数无线传感器网络路由协议仅仅考虑可达性问题和节能问题，一些协议虽然提供了一定的QoS保证但还很不成熟。因此，需要研究和设计满足一定QoS要求的无线传感器网络路由协议，才能确保传感器节点对采集数据的及时处理与传输。
拓扑结构研究。无线传感器网络主要有两种拓扑结构：平面结构和分簇结构，分簇结构由于其可扩展性和易管理性而得到了广泛的重视。现已有多种簇头选举方案，但是这些方案本身很少关心选举过程中的能量消耗，而且簇头工作轮换时间都是事先设置，不能够根据网络运行状况自动进行调整。因此，有必要研究一种根据系统运行状况自适应的分簇形成策略。本文针对上述问题，主要从以下几个方面研究无线传感器网络中能量受限的路由技术：(1)能量均衡的多径传输策略；(2)有效的中继能量均分技术；(3)实时环境应用中的传感器网络路由协议；(4)最小转换代价分簇形成策略。本课题的研究得到了国家自然科学基金No.60572049、湖北省自然科学基金No.2005ABA264和国家自然科学基金No.60302004的资助。
本文取得的研究成果包括如下几个方面：
1.基于决定性能量比例的多径传输技术：提出了一种基于决定性能量比例(DER)和冲突避免机制的决定性能量比例(DEROA)的多径传输技术，可以有效地达到能量敏感和负载均衡。
2.最大化中继能量均分策略：严格分析了中继能量的消耗，指出距离sink只有一跳的节点对系统寿命具有最显著的影响，在此基础上提出了一种有效的最大化中继能量均分(MRED)的传输技术，可以有效地延长系统寿命。
3.能量敏感时延受限的传感器网络路由协议：引入有效传输(ET)概念确定路由查找过程中的前向候选节点集合，通过受限等效时延(CED)度量值提供时延保证，并提出了一种能量和时延同时敏感的路由协议。
4.自适应最小转换代价分簇形成策略：提出了一种自适应最小化转换代价法(AMRC)动态选择簇头，有效减少了簇头转换次数，从而大幅降低了转换开销，并结合了簇头选取过程中静态和动态的优点，保证了分簇结构的灵活性。
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), consisting of a large number of small sensor nodes with sensing, computing, and communication capabilities, recently received tremendous attention from both academia and industry because of its promise of a wide range of potential applications in both civil and military areas. It is declared as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century.
The wireless sensor nodes are often only equipped with limited power resources, and it is very hard to change and recharge. In order to increase the system lifetime, it is crucial to develop an energy-efficient routing protocol in the design of the WSN. Since many differences are existed between the WSN and the other traditional wireless networks, the routing protocols in those wireless networks cannot simply be transplanted to the design of the WSN. This brings new challenges and pressures to the routing technologies for WSN in the following issues:
The problem of energy distribution. The relaying burden is not the same for all the nodes, which will incur the different energy consumption for each node. It is necessary to switch some traffic on the critical nodes or critical paths that will greatly affect the system performance to some other nodes or some other paths, this can achieve energy distribution and increase the system lifetime. Node switching and multipath methods are the main solutions to the problem of energy distribution in the present, but they all have not carefully considered the problems of the resource usage and the switching complexity.
The QoS routing strategy. With the development of the science and technology and the requirement of the applications, the WSN must meet a certain QoS requirement in some areas. Most routing protocols in WSN only consider the reachability and energy efficiency, though some protocols have provided some QoS metric, they are far away from perfect. So studying and developing a routing protocol to meet some certain QoS requirement is important to ensure efficient usage of the sensors and effective access to the gathered measurements.
Topology analysis. Two main architectures are existed in the WSN: flat and hierarchical. The latter one gains much attractive for the reason of scalability, management and energy efficiency. Many methods for selecting the cluster headers are presented, but they don't pay a critical attention to the overhead during the role rotations. And they decide the beginning of a new round by some constant experimental periodical time which cannot adjust according to the actual working state. So it is necessary to develop an adaptive clustering formation based on the actual network situation.
To solve the above problems, this paper addresses on the energy-constrained routing technologies in the WSN. The contents of this thesis include the following issues: (1) an energy-aware load-balancing multipath delivery strategy; (2) an efficient energy distribution scheme; (3) a real-time routing protocol in the sensor network; (4) adaptive minimum rotational cost for cluster formation in sensor networks. The work in this thesis has been supported by the National Science Foundation of China under contract No.60572049 and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China under contract No. 2005ABA264.
The contributions of this thesis include:
1. Multipath delivery scheme based on Decisive Energy Ratio: Propose a multipath delivery scheme based on Decisive Energy Ratio (DER) and DER with Overload Avoidance (DEROA). It can effectively achieve energy-awareness and load-balancing.
2. Maximum relay energy distribution strategy: Critically analyze the relay energy consumption and point out the nodes one hop to the sink will affect the system lifetime prominently. Propose an efficient Maximum Relay Energy Distribution (MRED) strategy which can prolong the system's lifetime without partitioning.
3. Energy-aware real-time routing protocol for sensor networks: Introduce a novel concept of Effective Transmission (ET) to limit the forwarding candidate area. The end-to-end delay requirement is separated into the sum of each link's Constrained Equivalent Delay (CED), which can simplify the route discovery process. An energy-aware real-time routing protocol for sensor network is proposed.
4. Adaptive minimum rotational cost for cluster formation strategy: Putforward a method to adaptively minimize the rotational cost and reduce the rotational overhead. It combines the dynamic and static advantages in the selection of the cluster head and ensures the flexibility of the hierarchical architecture.
无线传感器网络节点能源配置比较有限，通常情况下也不容易进行节点更换和充电，为了提高网络系统寿命，设计高效的能量受限的路由协议至关重要。而无线传感器网络与其它无线网络存在许多不同特点，因此其它无线网络中的路由协议并不能简单地移植到无线传感器网络当中来，这使得无线传感器网络中的路由技术设计面临诸多挑战：
能量均衡问题。网络中节点中继负载不同导致节点能量消耗不同，因此有必要把可能影响系统通信性能的关键节点或关键路径上的负载转移到其它节点或其它路径，达到能量均衡的目的，从而提高通信系统寿命。目前解决能量均衡问题主要是采用节点切换技术或多径传输技术，它们都没有很好地考虑资源的使用率问题和切换的复杂性问题。
QoS路由技术。随着科学和技术的进步，以及应用的需求，传感器网络必须要求满足一定的QoS要求。多数无线传感器网络路由协议仅仅考虑可达性问题和节能问题，一些协议虽然提供了一定的QoS保证但还很不成熟。因此，需要研究和设计满足一定QoS要求的无线传感器网络路由协议，才能确保传感器节点对采集数据的及时处理与传输。
拓扑结构研究。无线传感器网络主要有两种拓扑结构：平面结构和分簇结构，分簇结构由于其可扩展性和易管理性而得到了广泛的重视。现已有多种簇头选举方案，但是这些方案本身很少关心选举过程中的能量消耗，而且簇头工作轮换时间都是事先设置，不能够根据网络运行状况自动进行调整。因此，有必要研究一种根据系统运行状况自适应的分簇形成策略。本文针对上述问题，主要从以下几个方面研究无线传感器网络中能量受限的路由技术：(1)能量均衡的多径传输策略；(2)有效的中继能量均分技术；(3)实时环境应用中的传感器网络路由协议；(4)最小转换代价分簇形成策略。本课题的研究得到了国家自然科学基金No.60572049、湖北省自然科学基金No.2005ABA264和国家自然科学基金No.60302004的资助。
本文取得的研究成果包括如下几个方面：
1.基于决定性能量比例的多径传输技术：提出了一种基于决定性能量比例(DER)和冲突避免机制的决定性能量比例(DEROA)的多径传输技术，可以有效地达到能量敏感和负载均衡。
2.最大化中继能量均分策略：严格分析了中继能量的消耗，指出距离sink只有一跳的节点对系统寿命具有最显著的影响，在此基础上提出了一种有效的最大化中继能量均分(MRED)的传输技术，可以有效地延长系统寿命。
3.能量敏感时延受限的传感器网络路由协议：引入有效传输(ET)概念确定路由查找过程中的前向候选节点集合，通过受限等效时延(CED)度量值提供时延保证，并提出了一种能量和时延同时敏感的路由协议。
4.自适应最小转换代价分簇形成策略：提出了一种自适应最小化转换代价法(AMRC)动态选择簇头，有效减少了簇头转换次数，从而大幅降低了转换开销，并结合了簇头选取过程中静态和动态的优点，保证了分簇结构的灵活性。
A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), consisting of a large number of small sensor nodes with sensing, computing, and communication capabilities, recently received tremendous attention from both academia and industry because of its promise of a wide range of potential applications in both civil and military areas. It is declared as one of the most important technologies for the 21st century.
The wireless sensor nodes are often only equipped with limited power resources, and it is very hard to change and recharge. In order to increase the system lifetime, it is crucial to develop an energy-efficient routing protocol in the design of the WSN. Since many differences are existed between the WSN and the other traditional wireless networks, the routing protocols in those wireless networks cannot simply be transplanted to the design of the WSN. This brings new challenges and pressures to the routing technologies for WSN in the following issues:
The problem of energy distribution. The relaying burden is not the same for all the nodes, which will incur the different energy consumption for each node. It is necessary to switch some traffic on the critical nodes or critical paths that will greatly affect the system performance to some other nodes or some other paths, this can achieve energy distribution and increase the system lifetime. Node switching and multipath methods are the main solutions to the problem of energy distribution in the present, but they all have not carefully considered the problems of the resource usage and the switching complexity.
The QoS routing strategy. With the development of the science and technology and the requirement of the applications, the WSN must meet a certain QoS requirement in some areas. Most routing protocols in WSN only consider the reachability and energy efficiency, though some protocols have provided some QoS metric, they are far away from perfect. So studying and developing a routing protocol to meet some certain QoS requirement is important to ensure efficient usage of the sensors and effective access to the gathered measurements.
Topology analysis. Two main architectures are existed in the WSN: flat and hierarchical. The latter one gains much attractive for the reason of scalability, management and energy efficiency. Many methods for selecting the cluster headers are presented, but they don't pay a critical attention to the overhead during the role rotations. And they decide the beginning of a new round by some constant experimental periodical time which cannot adjust according to the actual working state. So it is necessary to develop an adaptive clustering formation based on the actual network situation.
To solve the above problems, this paper addresses on the energy-constrained routing technologies in the WSN. The contents of this thesis include the following issues: (1) an energy-aware load-balancing multipath delivery strategy; (2) an efficient energy distribution scheme; (3) a real-time routing protocol in the sensor network; (4) adaptive minimum rotational cost for cluster formation in sensor networks. The work in this thesis has been supported by the National Science Foundation of China under contract No.60572049 and the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China under contract No. 2005ABA264.
The contributions of this thesis include:
1. Multipath delivery scheme based on Decisive Energy Ratio: Propose a multipath delivery scheme based on Decisive Energy Ratio (DER) and DER with Overload Avoidance (DEROA). It can effectively achieve energy-awareness and load-balancing.
2. Maximum relay energy distribution strategy: Critically analyze the relay energy consumption and point out the nodes one hop to the sink will affect the system lifetime prominently. Propose an efficient Maximum Relay Energy Distribution (MRED) strategy which can prolong the system's lifetime without partitioning.
3. Energy-aware real-time routing protocol for sensor networks: Introduce a novel concept of Effective Transmission (ET) to limit the forwarding candidate area. The end-to-end delay requirement is separated into the sum of each link's Constrained Equivalent Delay (CED), which can simplify the route discovery process. An energy-aware real-time routing protocol for sensor network is proposed.
4. Adaptive minimum rotational cost for cluster formation strategy: Putforward a method to adaptively minimize the rotational cost and reduce the rotational overhead. It combines the dynamic and static advantages in the selection of the cluster head and ensures the flexibility of the hierarchical architecture.
引文
[1]I.F.Akyildiz, W.Su, Y.Sankarasubramanisam, and E.Cayirci. Wireless sensor networks: a survey. Computer Networks, Elsevier, 38(4):393 422, March 2002.
[2]孙利民，李建中，陈渝，朱红松．无线传感器网络．清华大学出版社，北京，5月，2005．
[3]21 Ideas for the 21st Century. Business Week,页码: 78-167, August 1999.
[4]10 Emerging Technologies That will Change the World. MIT Technology Review,106(1):33 49, 2003.
[5]Rabaey M J, Ammer M, Silva L J, and et al. PicoRadio Supports Ad Hoc Ultra-Low Power Wireless Networking. IEEE Computer Magazine, 33(7):42 48,2000.
[6]Pottle J G and Kaiser J W. Wireless Integrated Network Sensors [A]. In Proc of Communications of the ACM, pages 551-558, New York, USA, 2000.
[7]University of California at Los Angeles. WINS: Wireless Integrated Network Sensors. http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/biblio.htm.
[8]Kahn J,Katz R,and Pister S J K. Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust [A].In Proc of ACM Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 271-278, Washington, USA, 1999.
[9]Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, and Pister KSJ. Smart Dust: Communicating with a Cubic-millimeter Computer. IEEE Computer Magazine, 34(1):44-51, 2001.
[10]Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, Min R, Sinha A, Wang A, and Chandrakasan A. Physical Layer Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001,pages 272-286,Rome,Italy,2001.
[11]Yew.SCADDS: Scalable Coordination Architectures for Deeply Distributed Systems.http://www.isi.edu/scadds,2002.
[12]Raghunathan V, Schurgers C, Park S, and et al. Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 19(2):40-50,2002.
[13]Pering T,Burd T,and Brodersen R. The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms. In The ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design(ISLPED1998), pages 76-81, Monterey, CA, USA,1998.
[14]Sinha A, Wang A, and Chandrakasan A P.Algorithmic transforms for efficient energy scalable computation.In The ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronic Design (ISLPED2000), pages 31-36, Rapallo, Italy, 2000.
[15]Benini L, Bogliolo A, and De Micheli G. A survey of design techniques for systemlevel dynamic power management. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,pages 299-316, 2000.
[16]Sinha A and Chandrakasan A. Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Design and Test of Computers, 18(2):62-74, 2001.
[17]Qiangfeng Jiang and D. Manivannan. Routing Protocols for Sensor Networks.In Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE 2004 (CCNC 2004), pages 93-98, January 2004.
[18]任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，14(7)：1282-1291，2003．
[19]李建中，李金宝，石胜飞．传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展．软件学报，14(10)：1717-1727，2003．
[20]于海斌，曾鹏，王忠锋，梁英，尚志军．分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究．通信学报，25(10)：102-110，10月，2004．
[21]Ding Wei, Iyengar S.S.,Kannan Rajgopal, and Rummler William. Energy Equivalence Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.Microprocessors and Microsystems,Elsevier, 28(8):467-475, October 2004.
[22]Shih-Chang Huang and Rong-Hong Jan. Energy-aware, Load Balanced Routing Schemes for Sensor Networks.In Tenth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPDS 2004), pages 419-425, 7-9 July 2004.
[23]A.Tsirigos and Z.J.Hass. Multipath Routing in The Presence of Frequent Topological Changes.IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(11):132-138, November 2001.
[24]S. De, C. Qiao, and H. Wu. Meshed Multipath Routing: An Efficient Strategy in Sensor Networks. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003(WCNC 2003),volume 3, pages 1912-1917, New Orleans, LA, March 2003.
[25]S.-J.Lee and M.Gerla. Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad hoc Networks. In IEEE International Conference on Communications 2001(ICC 2001), pages 3201-3205, Helsinki, Finland, June 2001.
[26]D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin. Highly-Resilient, Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 5(4):10-24, 2001.
[27]A. Nasipuri and S. R. Das. On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.In International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN 1999), pages 64-70, October 1999.
[28]Xiaoyan Hong, M. Gerla, and H. Wang. Load Balanced, Energy-Aware Communications for Mars Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference 2002, volume 3, pages 1109-1115, March 2002.
[29]Stefan Dulman, Tim Nieberg, Jian Wu, and Paul Havinga. Trade-Off between Traffic Overhead and Reliability in Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003 (WCNC 2003), volume 3, pages 1918-1922, March 2003.
[30]Tian He, J.A. Stankovic, Chenyang Lu, and T. Abdelzaher. SPEED: A Stateless Protocol for Real-time Communication in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2003),pages 46-55, May 2003.
[31]Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis. An Energy-Aware QoS Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW 2003), pages 710-715,19-22 May 2003.
[32]K.Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi, and G.J. Pottle. Protocols for Self-organization of a Wireless Sensor Network. IEEE Personal Communications, pages 16-27,October 2000.
[33]Quanhong Wang, Hossam Hassanein, and Glen Takahara.Stochastic Modeling of Distributed, Dynamic, Randomized Clustering Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW'04), pages 1-8, 2004.
[34]Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy. Distributed Clustering in Ad-hoc Sensor Networks: A Hybrid, Energy-efficient Approach. In Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2004),volume 1, pages 629-640, USA,7-11 March 2004.
[35] W.B.Heinzelman,A.P.Chandrakasan,and H.Balakrishnan.An Applicationspecific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks.IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications, 1(4):660-670, October 2002.
[36] Seema Bandyopadhyay and Edward J. Coyle. An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2003), volume 3, pages 1713-1723, USA, 30 March-3 April 2003.
[37] Linfeng Yuan. Routing Protocols in Sensor Networks. Technical report, January 2005.
[38] TinyOS. http://tinyos.millennium.berkeley.edu.
[39] Pister K, Hohlt B, Jeong J, Doherty L, and Vainio J.P.Ivy. A Sensor Network Infrastructure.http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/projects/ivy, 2003.
[40] ALERT. http://www.altersystem.org.
[41] Bonnet P, Gehrke J, and Seshadri P. Querying the Physical World. IEEE Personal Communication, 7(5):10-15, 2000.
[42] Noury N, Herve T, Rialle V, Virone G, and Mercier E. Monitoring Behavior in Home Using a Smart Fall Sensor. In Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, pages 607-610, Lyon, 2000.
[43] Sensor Webs. http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/.
[44] J. Macker and S. Corson. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter-html, IETF Working Group Charter, 1997.
[45]于宏毅等著．无线移动自组织网．人民邮电出版社，北京，863通信高技术丛书，4月，2005．
[46] Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J, and Kumar S. Next Century Challenges:Scalable Coordinate in Sensor Network. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 1999),pages 263-270, Seattle, USA, 1999.
[47] Saltzer J, Reed D, and Clark D. End-to-End Arguments in System Design. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 2(4):195-206, 1984.
[48]Rentala P, Musunuri R, Gandham S, and Saxena U. Survey on Sensor Networks.Technical Report, UTDCS-33-O2, 2002.
[49]C.Perkins. Ad Hoc Networks. Addison-Wesley, MA, 2000.
[50]Ganesan, Deepak, Cerpa, and et al. Networking Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Elsevier, 64(7):799-814,July 2004.
[51]Ahmed A. Ahmed, Hongchi Shi, and Yi Shang. A Survey on Network Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In International Conference on Information Technology: Research and Education, 2003 (ITRE 2003), pages 301-305, Washington,USA, August 2003.
[52]Vivek Mhatre and Catherine Rosenberg. Design Guidelines for Wireless Sensor Networks: Communication, Clustering and Aggregation. Ad hoe Networks,Elsevier, 2:45-63, 2004.
[53]John A. Stankovic, Tarek F. Abdelzaher, Chenyang Lu, Lui Sha, and Jennifer C.Hou. Real-Time Communication and Coordination in Embedded Sensor Networks.Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(7):1002-1022, July 2003.
[54]Bao L and Garcia-Luna-Aceves J.J. Topology Management in Ad Hoc Networks.In 4th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoe Networking and Computing (MobiHoc 2003), pages 129-140, Annaplois, Maryland, 2003.
[55]Ram Ramanathan and Regina Rosales-Hain.Topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit Power Adjustment.In Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2000), volume 2, pages 404-413, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 26-30 March 2000.
[56]Malka N. Halgamuge, Siddeswara Mayura Guru, and Andrew Jennings. Energy Efficient Cluster Formation in Wireless Sensor Networks.In 10th International Conference on Telecommunications 2003(ICT 2003), volume 2, pages 1571-1576,23 Feb-1 March 2003.
[57]Koustuv Dasgupta,Konstantinos Kalpakis,and Parag Namjoshi. An Efficient Clustering-based Heuristic for Data Gathering and Aggregation in Sensor Networks.In IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003(WCNC 2003),volume 3, pages 1948-1953, 16-20 March 2003.
[58]Gaurav Gupta and Mohamed Younis. Fault-Tolerant Clustering of Wireless Sensor Networks.In IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003 (WCNC 2003), volume 3, pages 1579 1584, 16-20 March 2003.
[59]David Braginsky and Deborah Estrin.Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks.In Proc. of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2002), pages 22-31, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,September 2002.
[60]Boukerche A, Cheng X, and Linus J. Energy-Aware Data-Centric Routing in Microsensor Networks. In 6th A CM International Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM'03), pages 42-49, San Deigo,CA, 19 September 2003.
[61]Newsome J and Song D. Graph Embedding for Routing and Data-Centric Storage in Sensor Networks without Geographic Information. In 1st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'03), Redwood, CA, November 2003.
[62]Krishnamachari B, Estrin D, and Wicker D. Modelling Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. USC Computer Engineering Technical Report, CENG 02-14, 2002.
[63]Rajgopal Kannan, Sudipta Sarangi, S. S. Iyengar, and Lydia Ray. Sensor-Centric Quality of Routing in Sensor Networks. In Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conferonce of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2003),volume 1, pages 692-701, March 2003.
[64]Shigang Chen and Nlara Nahrstedt. An Overview of Quality of Service Routing for Next-generation High-speed Networks: Problems and Solutions.IEEE Network, pages 64 79, November/December 1998.
[65]B. Karp and H. Kung. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Sensor Networks.In IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), pages 243-254, 2000.
[66]T. He, C. Huang, B. Blum, J. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher. Range-Free Localization Schemes for Large Scale Sensor Networks. In 9th IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2003),San Diego, CA, 14-19 September 2003.
[67]L. Doherty, K.S.J. Pister, and L. E. Ghaoui. Convex Position Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2001), volume 3,pages 1655-1663, 22-26 April 2001.
[68]Rao A, Ratnasamy S, Papadimitriou C, Shenker S, and Stoica I. Geographic Routing without Location Information.In 9th IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2003), pages 96-108, San Diego, CA, 14-19 September 2003.
[69]Niculescu D and Nath B. Trajectory Based Forwarding and Its Applications.In 9th IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2003), pages 260-272, San Diego, CA, 14-19 September 2003.
[70]Sooyeon Kim, Sang H. Son, John A. Stankovic, Shuoqi Li, and Yanghee Choi.SAFE: A Data Dissemination Protocol for Periodic Updates in Sensor Networks.In 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops 2003 (ICDCSW 2003), pages 228 234, 19-22 May 2003.
[71]Fan Ye, Haiyun Luo, Jerry Cheng, Songwu Lu, and Lixia Zhang. A Two-tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks. In 8th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2002),pages 148-159, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, September 2002.
[72]Athanassios Boulis, Saurabh Ganeriwal, and Mani B. Srivastava. Aggregation in Sensor Networks: An Energy-accuracy Trade-off. In First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications (SNPA 2003),pages 128-138,11 May 2003.
[73]Kumar R, Wolenetz M, Agarwalla B, Shin J, Hutto P, Paul A, and Ramachandran U. DFuse: A Framework for Distributed Data Fusion. In First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2003), pages 114-125, Los Angeles, CA, November 2003.
[74]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, and Nath B. ReInForM: Reliable Information Forwarding using Multiple paths in sensor networks.In 28th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks 2003 (LCN 2003), pages 406-415, October 2003.
[75]Chalermek Intanagonwiwat,Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin, John Heidemann, and Fabio Silva.Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 11(1):2-16, February 2003.
[76]W.R.Heinzelman, J.Nulik, and H.Balakrishnan.Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99, pages 174-185, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
[77]S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra.PEGASIS: Power-Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information Systems. In IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings 2002, volume 3,pages 1125-1130, 2002.
[78]Stephanie Lindsey, Cauligi Raghavendra, and Krishna M. Sivalingam. Data Gathering Algorithms in Sensor Networks Using Energy Metrics. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 13(9):924-935, September 2002.
[79]Arati Manjeshwar and Dharma P. Agrawal. TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks. In International Proc. of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, pages 2009-2015, San Francisco,2001.
[80]Yan Yu, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin.Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: a recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks.In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), August 2000.
[81]L.Li and J.Y.Halpern. Minimum-Energy Mobile Wireless Networks Revisited. In IEEE International Conference on Communications 2001 (ICC 2001), volume 1,pages 278 283, Helsinki, Finland,11-14 June 2001.
[82]V. Rodoplu and T. H. Meng. Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8):1333-1344, August 1999.
[83]Fan Ye, Alvin Chen, Songwu Lu, and Lixia Zhang.A Scalable Solution to Minimum Cost Forwarding in Large Sensor Networks. In Tenth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks 2001 (ICCCN 2001), pages 304-309, 15-17 October 2001.
[84]S. Servetto and G. Barrenechea. Constrained Random Walks on Random Graphs:Routing Algorithms for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications(WSNA 2002), pages 12-21, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, September 2002.
[85]Tarun Banka,Gagan Tandon,and Anura P.Jayasumana.Zonal Rumor Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.In Information Technology:Coding and Computing,2005 (ITCC 2005),volume 2,pages 562-567,April 2005.
[86]Alberto Cerpa and Deborah Estrin.ASCENT:Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks Topologies.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,3(3):272-285,July-September 2004.
[87]Mark Perillo and Wendi Heinzelman.DAPR:A Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Utilizing an Application-based Routing Cost.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2004 (WCNC 2004),volume 3,pages 1540-1545,March 2004.
[88]Estrin D.Tutorial:Wireless Sensor Networks,Part Ⅳ:Sensor Network Protocols.In IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2002),http://nestl.ee.ucla.edu/tutorials/mobicom02/,2002.
[89]S.Murthy and J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves.Congestion-Oriented Shortest Multipath Routing.In Fifteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 1996),volume 3,pages 1028-1036,San Francisco,CA,24-28 March 1996.
[90]J.Chen,P.Druschel,and D.Subramanian.An Efficient Multipath Forwarding Method.In Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 1998),pages 1418-1425,San Francisco,CA,March 1998.
[91]D.Sidhu,R.Nair,and S.Abdallah.Finding Disjoint Paths in Networks.In ACM SIGCOMM' 91,pages 43-51,Zurich,Switzerland,September 1991.
[92]N.Taft-Plotkin,B.Bellur,and R.Ogier.Quality-of-Service Routing Using Maximally Disjoint Paths.In Seventh International Workshop on Quality of Service 1999 (IWQoS'99),pages 119-128,London,UK,31 May-4 June 1999.
[93]I.Cidon,R.Rom,and Y.Shavitt.Analysis of Multi-Path Routing.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,7(6):885-896,December 1999.
[94]R.Ogier,V.Rutenburg,and N.Shacham.Distributed Algorithms for Computing Shortest Pairs of Disjoint Paths.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Information Theory,39(2):443-455,March 1993.
[95]S.-J.Lee and M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2000 (WCNC 2000),volume 3,pages 1311-1316,Chicago,IL,23-28 September 2000.
[96]V.D.Park and M.S.Corson.A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks.In Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 1997),pages 1405-1413,Kobe,Japan,April 1997.
[97]J.Raju and J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves.A New Approach to On-demand Loop-free Multipath Routing.In International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks 1999 (ICCCN 1999),pages 522-527,Boston,MA,October 1999.
[98]Swades De and Chunming Qiao.On Throughput and Load Balancing of Multipath Routing in Wireless Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2004 (WCNC 2004),volume 3,pages 1551-1556,March 2004.
[99]Yang Zongkai,Yuan Linfeng,Du Xu,and Zhang Qifei.Multipath Load-Balancing Delivery Based on Decisive Energy Ratio in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Proc.11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and applications (RTCSA 2005),pages 277-280,Hongkong,China,17-19 August 2005.
[100]袁林锋，杜旭，杨宗凯．基于决定性能量比例的多径传输技术．计算机科学，2006年．已录用．
[101]程文青，袁林锋，杜旭．能量敏感负载均衡的多径传输策略．小型微型计算机系统，2006年．已录用．
[102]UCB/LBNL/VINT.ns-2 Network Simulator.http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/,1998.
[103]Jamal N.Al-karaki and Ahmed E.Kamal.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey.Wireless Communications,IEEE [see also IEEE Personal Communications],11(6):6-28,December 2004.
[104]袁林锋，杨宗凯，杜旭，张棋飞．一种基于能量消耗的有效传输策略．信息与控制，34(6)：685-689，12月，2005年．
[105]Du Xu,Yuan Linfeng,Cheng Wenqing,and Zhang Qifei.An Efficient Energy Distribution Scheme in Sensor Networks.In Proc.The 1st International Confer- ence on Wireless Communications,Networking and Mobile Computing (WCNM 2005),volume 2,pages 925-929,Wuhan,Hubei,China,23-26 September 2005.
[106]Shigang Chen and Klara Nahrstedt.Distributed Quality-of-Service Routing in Ad-hoc Networks.IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communications,17(8):1488-1505,August 1999.
[107]T.W.Chen,J.T.Tsai,and M.Gerla.QoS Routing Performance in Multihop Multimedia Wireless Networks.In IEEE Sixth International Conference of Universal Personal Communications,volume 2,pages 557-561,12-16 October 1997.
[108]R.Sivakumar,P.Sinha,and V.Bharghavan.CEDAR:Core Exraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,17(8):1454-1465,August 1999.
[109]B.Hughes and V.Cahill.Achieving Real-time Guarantees in Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks.In Proceedings of the Work-in-Progress session of the 24th IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium,December 2003.
[110]S.Giordano,I.Stojmenovic,and L.Blazevic.Position Based Routing Algorithms for Ad Hoc Networks:A Taxonomy.Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,2003.
[111]G.G.Finn.Routing and Addressing Problem in Large Metropolitan-Scale Internetworks.ISI res.Rep ISU/RF-87-180,March 1987.
[112]H.Takagi and L.Kleinrock.Optimal Transmission Ranges for Randomly Distributed Packet Radio Terminals.IEEE Transactions on Communications,32(3):246-257,1984.
[113]E.Kranakis,H.Singh,and J.Urrutia.Compass Routing on Geometric Networks.In Proceedings of the 11th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry,pages 51-54,Vancouver,Canada,August 1999.
[114]Wook Choi,Sajal K.Das,and Kalyan Basu.Angle-based Dynamic Path Construction for Route Load Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2000 (WCNC 2004),volume 4,pages 2474-2479,March 2004.
[115]Linfeng Yuan,Zongkai Yang,Liang Ou,Wenqing Cheng,and Xu Du.An Energy-Aware Position-Based Routing Strategy.In The First International Conference on Grid and Pervasive Computing (GPC 2006),LNCS 3947,pages 279-288,TaiChung,Taiwan,3-5 May 2006.
[116]Wenqing Cheng,Linfeng Yuan,Zongkai Yang,and Xu Du.A Real-time Routing Protocol with Equivalent Delay Guarantee in Sensor Networks.In The 11th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 2006),Cagliari,Sardinia,Italy,26-29 June 2006.Accepted.
[117]Yuan Linfeng,Yang Zongkai,Cheng Wenqing,and Du Xu.An Energy-aware Routing Protocol Based on Effective Transmission in Sensor Networks.Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2006.Accepted.
[118]Ranjit Iyer and Leonard Kleinrock.QoS Control for Sensor Networks.In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications 2003 (ICC2003),volume 1,pages 517-521,May 2003.
[119]Mark A.Perillo and Wendi B.Heinzelman.Sensor Management Policies to Provide Application QoS.Ad Hoc Networks,1(2-3):235-246,September 2003.
[120]Emad Felemban,Chang-Gun Lee,Eylem Ekici,Ryan Boder,and Serdar Vural.Probabilistic QoS Guarantee in Reliability and Timeliness Domains in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Twenty-Fourth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2005),volume 4,pages 2646-2657,March 2005.
[121]Ivan Stojmenovic.Position-Based Routing in Ad Hoc Networks.Communications Magazine,IEEE,40(7):128-134,July 2002.
[122]Tommaso Melodia,Dario Pompili,and Ian F.Akyildiz.Optimal Local Topology Knowledge for Energy Efficient Geographical Routing in Sensor Networks.In Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2004),volume 3,pages 1705-1716,7-11 March 2004.
[123]C.F.Chiasserini,I.Chlamtac,P.Monti,and A.Nucci.Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.In Proc.of Networking 2002,Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS),No.2345,pages 387-398,Italy,May 2002.
[124]S.Ghiasi,A.Srivastava,X.Yang,and M.Sarrafzadeh.Optimal Energy Aware Clustering in Sensor Networks.Sensors Magazine,19(2):258-269,2002.
[125]袁林锋，程文青，杜旭，杨宗凯．自适应最小转换代价分簇形成策略．通信学报，2006年．已投稿．
[126]A.Manjeshwar, Q.Zeng, and D.P.Agrawal.An Analytical Model for Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Enhanced APTEEN Protocol.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 13(12):1290-1302, December 2002.
[127]Ahmed Safwat, Hossam Hassanein, and Hussein Mouftah.Power-Aware Fair Infrastructure Formation for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Communications.In Global Telecommunications Conference 2001 (GLOBECOM 2001), volume 5, pages 2832-2836, USA, November 2001.
[128]S.Basagni.Distributed Clustering Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks.In Proc.International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks (ISPAN), 1999.
[129]M.Chatterjee, S.K.Das, and D.Turgut.WCA:a Weighted Clustering Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.Clustering Computing (Kluwer Academic Pub.), 5,pages 193-204, 2002.
[130]D.J.Baker and A.Ephremides.The Architecture Organization of a Mobile Radio Network via a Distributed Algorithm.IEEE Transactions on Communications (Legacy, pre 1988), 29(11):1694-1701, November 1981.
[131]A.Ephremides, J.E.Wieselthier, and D.J.Baker.A Design Concept for Reliable Mobile Radio Networks with Frequency Hopping Signaling.Proceedings of IEEE,75(l):56-73, January 1987.
[132]M.Gerla and J.T.C.Tsai.Multi Cluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio Network.Wireless Networks, 1(3):255-265, 1995.
[133]W.Heinzelman.Application-specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Networks.Ph.D Dissertation, June 2000.Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
[134]V.Mhatre et.al.A Minimum Cost Heterogeneous Sensor Network with a Lifetime Constraint.IEEE Transactions On Mobile Computing, 4(1):4-15, Jan-Feb 2005.
[135]W.Heinzelman, A.Chandrakasan, and H.Balakrishnan.Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Microsensor Networks.In Proc.33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), USA, January 2000.
[136]Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy.HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 3(4):366-379, October-December 2004.
[137]Xu Y,Heidemann J,and Estrin D.Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing.In Proc.7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCOM 2001),pages 70-84,July 2001.
[138]Shuguang Cui,Andrea J.Goldsmith,and Ahmad Bahai.Energy-Efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO Techniques in Sensor Networks.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,22(6):1089-1098,August 2004.
[139]Sudharman K.Jayaweera and Madhavi L.Chebolu.Virtual MIMO and Distributed Signal Processing for Sensor Networks-An Integrated Approach.In IEEE International Conference on Communications 2005 (ICC 2005),volume 2,pages 1214-1218,Seoul,Korea,16-20May 2005.
[140]Aria Nosratinia,Todd E.Hunter,and Ahmadreza Hedayat.Cooperative Communication in Wireless Networks.IEEE Communications Magazine,42(10):74-80,October 2004.
[141]Jared Burdin and James Dunyak.Cohesion of Wireless Sensor Networks with MIMO Communications.In SoutheastCon,2005.Proceedings.IEEE,pages 547-551,8-10 April 2005.
[142]Ying-Hong Wang,Hung-Zu Lin,and Shu-Min Chang.Interference on Multipath QoS Routing for Ad Hoc Wireless Network.In 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops 2004 (ICDCSW 2004),pages 104-109,23-24 March 2004.
[143]Youssef M.A.,Younis M.F.,and Arisha K.A.A Constrained Shortest-Path Energy-Aware Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2002 (WCNC 2002),volume 2,pages 794-799,17-21 March 2002.
[144]Yinong Chen and Zhongshi He.Bounds on the Reliability of Distributed Systems With Unreliable Nodes & Links.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,53(2):205-215,June 2004.
[145]Hosam M.F.AboElFotoh,S.S.Iyengar,and Krishnendu Chakrabarty.Computing Reliability and Message Delay for Cooperative Wireless Distributed Sensor Networks Subject to Random Failures.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,54(1):145-155,March 2005.
[146] Min Qin and Roger Zimmermann. An Energy-Efficient Voting-Based Clustering Algorithm for Sensor Networks. In Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing,2005 and First ACIS International Workshop on Self-Assembling Wireless Networks. SNPD/SAWN 2005, pages 444-451, 23-25 May 2005.
[147] Jain-Shing Liu and Chun-Hung Richard Lin. Energy-efficiency clustering protocol in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 3:371-388, 2005.
[2]孙利民，李建中，陈渝，朱红松．无线传感器网络．清华大学出版社，北京，5月，2005．
[3]21 Ideas for the 21st Century. Business Week,页码: 78-167, August 1999.
[4]10 Emerging Technologies That will Change the World. MIT Technology Review,106(1):33 49, 2003.
[5]Rabaey M J, Ammer M, Silva L J, and et al. PicoRadio Supports Ad Hoc Ultra-Low Power Wireless Networking. IEEE Computer Magazine, 33(7):42 48,2000.
[6]Pottle J G and Kaiser J W. Wireless Integrated Network Sensors [A]. In Proc of Communications of the ACM, pages 551-558, New York, USA, 2000.
[7]University of California at Los Angeles. WINS: Wireless Integrated Network Sensors. http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/biblio.htm.
[8]Kahn J,Katz R,and Pister S J K. Next Century Challenges: Mobile Networking for Smart Dust [A].In Proc of ACM Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 271-278, Washington, USA, 1999.
[9]Warneke B, Last M, Liebowitz B, and Pister KSJ. Smart Dust: Communicating with a Cubic-millimeter Computer. IEEE Computer Magazine, 34(1):44-51, 2001.
[10]Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, Min R, Sinha A, Wang A, and Chandrakasan A. Physical Layer Driven Protocol and Algorithm Design for Energy-Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001,pages 272-286,Rome,Italy,2001.
[11]Yew.SCADDS: Scalable Coordination Architectures for Deeply Distributed Systems.http://www.isi.edu/scadds,2002.
[12]Raghunathan V, Schurgers C, Park S, and et al. Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 19(2):40-50,2002.
[13]Pering T,Burd T,and Brodersen R. The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms. In The ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design(ISLPED1998), pages 76-81, Monterey, CA, USA,1998.
[14]Sinha A, Wang A, and Chandrakasan A P.Algorithmic transforms for efficient energy scalable computation.In The ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronic Design (ISLPED2000), pages 31-36, Rapallo, Italy, 2000.
[15]Benini L, Bogliolo A, and De Micheli G. A survey of design techniques for systemlevel dynamic power management. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,pages 299-316, 2000.
[16]Sinha A and Chandrakasan A. Dynamic power management in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Design and Test of Computers, 18(2):62-74, 2001.
[17]Qiangfeng Jiang and D. Manivannan. Routing Protocols for Sensor Networks.In Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, IEEE 2004 (CCNC 2004), pages 93-98, January 2004.
[18]任丰原，黄海宁，林闯．无线传感器网络．软件学报，14(7)：1282-1291，2003．
[19]李建中，李金宝，石胜飞．传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展．软件学报，14(10)：1717-1727，2003．
[20]于海斌，曾鹏，王忠锋，梁英，尚志军．分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究．通信学报，25(10)：102-110，10月，2004．
[21]Ding Wei, Iyengar S.S.,Kannan Rajgopal, and Rummler William. Energy Equivalence Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks.Microprocessors and Microsystems,Elsevier, 28(8):467-475, October 2004.
[22]Shih-Chang Huang and Rong-Hong Jan. Energy-aware, Load Balanced Routing Schemes for Sensor Networks.In Tenth International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPDS 2004), pages 419-425, 7-9 July 2004.
[23]A.Tsirigos and Z.J.Hass. Multipath Routing in The Presence of Frequent Topological Changes.IEEE Communications Magazine, 39(11):132-138, November 2001.
[24]S. De, C. Qiao, and H. Wu. Meshed Multipath Routing: An Efficient Strategy in Sensor Networks. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003(WCNC 2003),volume 3, pages 1912-1917, New Orleans, LA, March 2003.
[25]S.-J.Lee and M.Gerla. Split Multipath Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad hoc Networks. In IEEE International Conference on Communications 2001(ICC 2001), pages 3201-3205, Helsinki, Finland, June 2001.
[26]D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, and D. Estrin. Highly-Resilient, Energy-Efficient Multipath Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 5(4):10-24, 2001.
[27]A. Nasipuri and S. R. Das. On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.In International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN 1999), pages 64-70, October 1999.
[28]Xiaoyan Hong, M. Gerla, and H. Wang. Load Balanced, Energy-Aware Communications for Mars Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference 2002, volume 3, pages 1109-1115, March 2002.
[29]Stefan Dulman, Tim Nieberg, Jian Wu, and Paul Havinga. Trade-Off between Traffic Overhead and Reliability in Multipath Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003 (WCNC 2003), volume 3, pages 1918-1922, March 2003.
[30]Tian He, J.A. Stankovic, Chenyang Lu, and T. Abdelzaher. SPEED: A Stateless Protocol for Real-time Communication in Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS 2003),pages 46-55, May 2003.
[31]Kemal Akkaya and Mohamed Younis. An Energy-Aware QoS Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW 2003), pages 710-715,19-22 May 2003.
[32]K.Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi, and G.J. Pottle. Protocols for Self-organization of a Wireless Sensor Network. IEEE Personal Communications, pages 16-27,October 2000.
[33]Quanhong Wang, Hossam Hassanein, and Glen Takahara.Stochastic Modeling of Distributed, Dynamic, Randomized Clustering Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 2004 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW'04), pages 1-8, 2004.
[34]Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy. Distributed Clustering in Ad-hoc Sensor Networks: A Hybrid, Energy-efficient Approach. In Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2004),volume 1, pages 629-640, USA,7-11 March 2004.
[35] W.B.Heinzelman,A.P.Chandrakasan,and H.Balakrishnan.An Applicationspecific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks.IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications, 1(4):660-670, October 2002.
[36] Seema Bandyopadhyay and Edward J. Coyle. An Energy Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2003), volume 3, pages 1713-1723, USA, 30 March-3 April 2003.
[37] Linfeng Yuan. Routing Protocols in Sensor Networks. Technical report, January 2005.
[38] TinyOS. http://tinyos.millennium.berkeley.edu.
[39] Pister K, Hohlt B, Jeong J, Doherty L, and Vainio J.P.Ivy. A Sensor Network Infrastructure.http://www-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/projects/ivy, 2003.
[40] ALERT. http://www.altersystem.org.
[41] Bonnet P, Gehrke J, and Seshadri P. Querying the Physical World. IEEE Personal Communication, 7(5):10-15, 2000.
[42] Noury N, Herve T, Rialle V, Virone G, and Mercier E. Monitoring Behavior in Home Using a Smart Fall Sensor. In Proceedings of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology, pages 607-610, Lyon, 2000.
[43] Sensor Webs. http://sensorwebs.jpl.nasa.gov/.
[44] J. Macker and S. Corson. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/manet-charter-html, IETF Working Group Charter, 1997.
[45]于宏毅等著．无线移动自组织网．人民邮电出版社，北京，863通信高技术丛书，4月，2005．
[46] Estrin D, Govindan R, Heidemann J, and Kumar S. Next Century Challenges:Scalable Coordinate in Sensor Network. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 1999),pages 263-270, Seattle, USA, 1999.
[47] Saltzer J, Reed D, and Clark D. End-to-End Arguments in System Design. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, 2(4):195-206, 1984.
[48]Rentala P, Musunuri R, Gandham S, and Saxena U. Survey on Sensor Networks.Technical Report, UTDCS-33-O2, 2002.
[49]C.Perkins. Ad Hoc Networks. Addison-Wesley, MA, 2000.
[50]Ganesan, Deepak, Cerpa, and et al. Networking Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Elsevier, 64(7):799-814,July 2004.
[51]Ahmed A. Ahmed, Hongchi Shi, and Yi Shang. A Survey on Network Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In International Conference on Information Technology: Research and Education, 2003 (ITRE 2003), pages 301-305, Washington,USA, August 2003.
[52]Vivek Mhatre and Catherine Rosenberg. Design Guidelines for Wireless Sensor Networks: Communication, Clustering and Aggregation. Ad hoe Networks,Elsevier, 2:45-63, 2004.
[53]John A. Stankovic, Tarek F. Abdelzaher, Chenyang Lu, Lui Sha, and Jennifer C.Hou. Real-Time Communication and Coordination in Embedded Sensor Networks.Proceedings of the IEEE, 91(7):1002-1022, July 2003.
[54]Bao L and Garcia-Luna-Aceves J.J. Topology Management in Ad Hoc Networks.In 4th ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoe Networking and Computing (MobiHoc 2003), pages 129-140, Annaplois, Maryland, 2003.
[55]Ram Ramanathan and Regina Rosales-Hain.Topology Control of Multihop Wireless Networks Using Transmit Power Adjustment.In Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference on IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2000), volume 2, pages 404-413, Tel-Aviv, Israel, 26-30 March 2000.
[56]Malka N. Halgamuge, Siddeswara Mayura Guru, and Andrew Jennings. Energy Efficient Cluster Formation in Wireless Sensor Networks.In 10th International Conference on Telecommunications 2003(ICT 2003), volume 2, pages 1571-1576,23 Feb-1 March 2003.
[57]Koustuv Dasgupta,Konstantinos Kalpakis,and Parag Namjoshi. An Efficient Clustering-based Heuristic for Data Gathering and Aggregation in Sensor Networks.In IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003(WCNC 2003),volume 3, pages 1948-1953, 16-20 March 2003.
[58]Gaurav Gupta and Mohamed Younis. Fault-Tolerant Clustering of Wireless Sensor Networks.In IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2003 (WCNC 2003), volume 3, pages 1579 1584, 16-20 March 2003.
[59]David Braginsky and Deborah Estrin.Rumor Routing Algorithm for Sensor Networks.In Proc. of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications (WSNA 2002), pages 22-31, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,September 2002.
[60]Boukerche A, Cheng X, and Linus J. Energy-Aware Data-Centric Routing in Microsensor Networks. In 6th A CM International Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM'03), pages 42-49, San Deigo,CA, 19 September 2003.
[61]Newsome J and Song D. Graph Embedding for Routing and Data-Centric Storage in Sensor Networks without Geographic Information. In 1st ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys'03), Redwood, CA, November 2003.
[62]Krishnamachari B, Estrin D, and Wicker D. Modelling Data-Centric Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. USC Computer Engineering Technical Report, CENG 02-14, 2002.
[63]Rajgopal Kannan, Sudipta Sarangi, S. S. Iyengar, and Lydia Ray. Sensor-Centric Quality of Routing in Sensor Networks. In Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conferonce of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2003),volume 1, pages 692-701, March 2003.
[64]Shigang Chen and Nlara Nahrstedt. An Overview of Quality of Service Routing for Next-generation High-speed Networks: Problems and Solutions.IEEE Network, pages 64 79, November/December 1998.
[65]B. Karp and H. Kung. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Sensor Networks.In IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), pages 243-254, 2000.
[66]T. He, C. Huang, B. Blum, J. Stankovic, and T. Abdelzaher. Range-Free Localization Schemes for Large Scale Sensor Networks. In 9th IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2003),San Diego, CA, 14-19 September 2003.
[67]L. Doherty, K.S.J. Pister, and L. E. Ghaoui. Convex Position Estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2001), volume 3,pages 1655-1663, 22-26 April 2001.
[68]Rao A, Ratnasamy S, Papadimitriou C, Shenker S, and Stoica I. Geographic Routing without Location Information.In 9th IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2003), pages 96-108, San Diego, CA, 14-19 September 2003.
[69]Niculescu D and Nath B. Trajectory Based Forwarding and Its Applications.In 9th IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2003), pages 260-272, San Diego, CA, 14-19 September 2003.
[70]Sooyeon Kim, Sang H. Son, John A. Stankovic, Shuoqi Li, and Yanghee Choi.SAFE: A Data Dissemination Protocol for Periodic Updates in Sensor Networks.In 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops 2003 (ICDCSW 2003), pages 228 234, 19-22 May 2003.
[71]Fan Ye, Haiyun Luo, Jerry Cheng, Songwu Lu, and Lixia Zhang. A Two-tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks. In 8th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2002),pages 148-159, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, September 2002.
[72]Athanassios Boulis, Saurabh Ganeriwal, and Mani B. Srivastava. Aggregation in Sensor Networks: An Energy-accuracy Trade-off. In First IEEE International Workshop on Sensor Network Protocols and Applications (SNPA 2003),pages 128-138,11 May 2003.
[73]Kumar R, Wolenetz M, Agarwalla B, Shin J, Hutto P, Paul A, and Ramachandran U. DFuse: A Framework for Distributed Data Fusion. In First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2003), pages 114-125, Los Angeles, CA, November 2003.
[74]Deb B, Bhatnagar S, and Nath B. ReInForM: Reliable Information Forwarding using Multiple paths in sensor networks.In 28th Annual IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks 2003 (LCN 2003), pages 406-415, October 2003.
[75]Chalermek Intanagonwiwat,Ramesh Govindan, Deborah Estrin, John Heidemann, and Fabio Silva.Directed Diffusion for Wireless Sensor Networking.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 11(1):2-16, February 2003.
[76]W.R.Heinzelman, J.Nulik, and H.Balakrishnan.Adaptive Protocols for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom'99, pages 174-185, Seattle, Washington, 1999.
[77]S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra.PEGASIS: Power-Efficient GAthering in Sensor Information Systems. In IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings 2002, volume 3,pages 1125-1130, 2002.
[78]Stephanie Lindsey, Cauligi Raghavendra, and Krishna M. Sivalingam. Data Gathering Algorithms in Sensor Networks Using Energy Metrics. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 13(9):924-935, September 2002.
[79]Arati Manjeshwar and Dharma P. Agrawal. TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks. In International Proc. of the 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, pages 2009-2015, San Francisco,2001.
[80]Yan Yu, Ramesh Govindan, and Deborah Estrin.Geographical and Energy Aware Routing: a recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks.In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), August 2000.
[81]L.Li and J.Y.Halpern. Minimum-Energy Mobile Wireless Networks Revisited. In IEEE International Conference on Communications 2001 (ICC 2001), volume 1,pages 278 283, Helsinki, Finland,11-14 June 2001.
[82]V. Rodoplu and T. H. Meng. Minimum Energy Mobile Wireless Networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(8):1333-1344, August 1999.
[83]Fan Ye, Alvin Chen, Songwu Lu, and Lixia Zhang.A Scalable Solution to Minimum Cost Forwarding in Large Sensor Networks. In Tenth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks 2001 (ICCCN 2001), pages 304-309, 15-17 October 2001.
[84]S. Servetto and G. Barrenechea. Constrained Random Walks on Random Graphs:Routing Algorithms for Large Scale Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proc. of the 1st ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications(WSNA 2002), pages 12-21, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, September 2002.
[85]Tarun Banka,Gagan Tandon,and Anura P.Jayasumana.Zonal Rumor Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.In Information Technology:Coding and Computing,2005 (ITCC 2005),volume 2,pages 562-567,April 2005.
[86]Alberto Cerpa and Deborah Estrin.ASCENT:Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks Topologies.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,3(3):272-285,July-September 2004.
[87]Mark Perillo and Wendi Heinzelman.DAPR:A Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Utilizing an Application-based Routing Cost.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2004 (WCNC 2004),volume 3,pages 1540-1545,March 2004.
[88]Estrin D.Tutorial:Wireless Sensor Networks,Part Ⅳ:Sensor Network Protocols.In IEEE/ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2002),http://nestl.ee.ucla.edu/tutorials/mobicom02/,2002.
[89]S.Murthy and J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves.Congestion-Oriented Shortest Multipath Routing.In Fifteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 1996),volume 3,pages 1028-1036,San Francisco,CA,24-28 March 1996.
[90]J.Chen,P.Druschel,and D.Subramanian.An Efficient Multipath Forwarding Method.In Seventeenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 1998),pages 1418-1425,San Francisco,CA,March 1998.
[91]D.Sidhu,R.Nair,and S.Abdallah.Finding Disjoint Paths in Networks.In ACM SIGCOMM' 91,pages 43-51,Zurich,Switzerland,September 1991.
[92]N.Taft-Plotkin,B.Bellur,and R.Ogier.Quality-of-Service Routing Using Maximally Disjoint Paths.In Seventh International Workshop on Quality of Service 1999 (IWQoS'99),pages 119-128,London,UK,31 May-4 June 1999.
[93]I.Cidon,R.Rom,and Y.Shavitt.Analysis of Multi-Path Routing.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,7(6):885-896,December 1999.
[94]R.Ogier,V.Rutenburg,and N.Shacham.Distributed Algorithms for Computing Shortest Pairs of Disjoint Paths.IEEE/ACM Transactions on Information Theory,39(2):443-455,March 1993.
[95]S.-J.Lee and M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2000 (WCNC 2000),volume 3,pages 1311-1316,Chicago,IL,23-28 September 2000.
[96]V.D.Park and M.S.Corson.A Highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Algorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks.In Sixteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 1997),pages 1405-1413,Kobe,Japan,April 1997.
[97]J.Raju and J.J.Garcia-Luna-Aceves.A New Approach to On-demand Loop-free Multipath Routing.In International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks 1999 (ICCCN 1999),pages 522-527,Boston,MA,October 1999.
[98]Swades De and Chunming Qiao.On Throughput and Load Balancing of Multipath Routing in Wireless Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2004 (WCNC 2004),volume 3,pages 1551-1556,March 2004.
[99]Yang Zongkai,Yuan Linfeng,Du Xu,and Zhang Qifei.Multipath Load-Balancing Delivery Based on Decisive Energy Ratio in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Proc.11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and applications (RTCSA 2005),pages 277-280,Hongkong,China,17-19 August 2005.
[100]袁林锋，杜旭，杨宗凯．基于决定性能量比例的多径传输技术．计算机科学，2006年．已录用．
[101]程文青，袁林锋，杜旭．能量敏感负载均衡的多径传输策略．小型微型计算机系统，2006年．已录用．
[102]UCB/LBNL/VINT.ns-2 Network Simulator.http://www-mash.cs.berkeley.edu/ns/,1998.
[103]Jamal N.Al-karaki and Ahmed E.Kamal.Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey.Wireless Communications,IEEE [see also IEEE Personal Communications],11(6):6-28,December 2004.
[104]袁林锋，杨宗凯，杜旭，张棋飞．一种基于能量消耗的有效传输策略．信息与控制，34(6)：685-689，12月，2005年．
[105]Du Xu,Yuan Linfeng,Cheng Wenqing,and Zhang Qifei.An Efficient Energy Distribution Scheme in Sensor Networks.In Proc.The 1st International Confer- ence on Wireless Communications,Networking and Mobile Computing (WCNM 2005),volume 2,pages 925-929,Wuhan,Hubei,China,23-26 September 2005.
[106]Shigang Chen and Klara Nahrstedt.Distributed Quality-of-Service Routing in Ad-hoc Networks.IEEE Journal on Selected areas in Communications,17(8):1488-1505,August 1999.
[107]T.W.Chen,J.T.Tsai,and M.Gerla.QoS Routing Performance in Multihop Multimedia Wireless Networks.In IEEE Sixth International Conference of Universal Personal Communications,volume 2,pages 557-561,12-16 October 1997.
[108]R.Sivakumar,P.Sinha,and V.Bharghavan.CEDAR:Core Exraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,17(8):1454-1465,August 1999.
[109]B.Hughes and V.Cahill.Achieving Real-time Guarantees in Mobile Ad Hoc Wireless Networks.In Proceedings of the Work-in-Progress session of the 24th IEEE Real-time Systems Symposium,December 2003.
[110]S.Giordano,I.Stojmenovic,and L.Blazevic.Position Based Routing Algorithms for Ad Hoc Networks:A Taxonomy.Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,2003.
[111]G.G.Finn.Routing and Addressing Problem in Large Metropolitan-Scale Internetworks.ISI res.Rep ISU/RF-87-180,March 1987.
[112]H.Takagi and L.Kleinrock.Optimal Transmission Ranges for Randomly Distributed Packet Radio Terminals.IEEE Transactions on Communications,32(3):246-257,1984.
[113]E.Kranakis,H.Singh,and J.Urrutia.Compass Routing on Geometric Networks.In Proceedings of the 11th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry,pages 51-54,Vancouver,Canada,August 1999.
[114]Wook Choi,Sajal K.Das,and Kalyan Basu.Angle-based Dynamic Path Construction for Route Load Balancing in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2000 (WCNC 2004),volume 4,pages 2474-2479,March 2004.
[115]Linfeng Yuan,Zongkai Yang,Liang Ou,Wenqing Cheng,and Xu Du.An Energy-Aware Position-Based Routing Strategy.In The First International Conference on Grid and Pervasive Computing (GPC 2006),LNCS 3947,pages 279-288,TaiChung,Taiwan,3-5 May 2006.
[116]Wenqing Cheng,Linfeng Yuan,Zongkai Yang,and Xu Du.A Real-time Routing Protocol with Equivalent Delay Guarantee in Sensor Networks.In The 11th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 2006),Cagliari,Sardinia,Italy,26-29 June 2006.Accepted.
[117]Yuan Linfeng,Yang Zongkai,Cheng Wenqing,and Du Xu.An Energy-aware Routing Protocol Based on Effective Transmission in Sensor Networks.Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2006.Accepted.
[118]Ranjit Iyer and Leonard Kleinrock.QoS Control for Sensor Networks.In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications 2003 (ICC2003),volume 1,pages 517-521,May 2003.
[119]Mark A.Perillo and Wendi B.Heinzelman.Sensor Management Policies to Provide Application QoS.Ad Hoc Networks,1(2-3):235-246,September 2003.
[120]Emad Felemban,Chang-Gun Lee,Eylem Ekici,Ryan Boder,and Serdar Vural.Probabilistic QoS Guarantee in Reliability and Timeliness Domains in Wireless Sensor Networks.In Twenty-Fourth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2005),volume 4,pages 2646-2657,March 2005.
[121]Ivan Stojmenovic.Position-Based Routing in Ad Hoc Networks.Communications Magazine,IEEE,40(7):128-134,July 2002.
[122]Tommaso Melodia,Dario Pompili,and Ian F.Akyildiz.Optimal Local Topology Knowledge for Energy Efficient Geographical Routing in Sensor Networks.In Twenty-third Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2004),volume 3,pages 1705-1716,7-11 March 2004.
[123]C.F.Chiasserini,I.Chlamtac,P.Monti,and A.Nucci.Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks.In Proc.of Networking 2002,Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS),No.2345,pages 387-398,Italy,May 2002.
[124]S.Ghiasi,A.Srivastava,X.Yang,and M.Sarrafzadeh.Optimal Energy Aware Clustering in Sensor Networks.Sensors Magazine,19(2):258-269,2002.
[125]袁林锋，程文青，杜旭，杨宗凯．自适应最小转换代价分簇形成策略．通信学报，2006年．已投稿．
[126]A.Manjeshwar, Q.Zeng, and D.P.Agrawal.An Analytical Model for Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Enhanced APTEEN Protocol.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 13(12):1290-1302, December 2002.
[127]Ahmed Safwat, Hossam Hassanein, and Hussein Mouftah.Power-Aware Fair Infrastructure Formation for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Communications.In Global Telecommunications Conference 2001 (GLOBECOM 2001), volume 5, pages 2832-2836, USA, November 2001.
[128]S.Basagni.Distributed Clustering Algorithm for Ad Hoc Networks.In Proc.International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks (ISPAN), 1999.
[129]M.Chatterjee, S.K.Das, and D.Turgut.WCA:a Weighted Clustering Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.Clustering Computing (Kluwer Academic Pub.), 5,pages 193-204, 2002.
[130]D.J.Baker and A.Ephremides.The Architecture Organization of a Mobile Radio Network via a Distributed Algorithm.IEEE Transactions on Communications (Legacy, pre 1988), 29(11):1694-1701, November 1981.
[131]A.Ephremides, J.E.Wieselthier, and D.J.Baker.A Design Concept for Reliable Mobile Radio Networks with Frequency Hopping Signaling.Proceedings of IEEE,75(l):56-73, January 1987.
[132]M.Gerla and J.T.C.Tsai.Multi Cluster, Mobile, Multimedia Radio Network.Wireless Networks, 1(3):255-265, 1995.
[133]W.Heinzelman.Application-specific Protocol Architecture for Wireless Networks.Ph.D Dissertation, June 2000.Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
[134]V.Mhatre et.al.A Minimum Cost Heterogeneous Sensor Network with a Lifetime Constraint.IEEE Transactions On Mobile Computing, 4(1):4-15, Jan-Feb 2005.
[135]W.Heinzelman, A.Chandrakasan, and H.Balakrishnan.Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Microsensor Networks.In Proc.33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), USA, January 2000.
[136]Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy.HEED:A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks.IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 3(4):366-379, October-December 2004.
[137]Xu Y,Heidemann J,and Estrin D.Geography-informed Energy Conservation for Ad Hoc Routing.In Proc.7th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCOM 2001),pages 70-84,July 2001.
[138]Shuguang Cui,Andrea J.Goldsmith,and Ahmad Bahai.Energy-Efficiency of MIMO and Cooperative MIMO Techniques in Sensor Networks.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,22(6):1089-1098,August 2004.
[139]Sudharman K.Jayaweera and Madhavi L.Chebolu.Virtual MIMO and Distributed Signal Processing for Sensor Networks-An Integrated Approach.In IEEE International Conference on Communications 2005 (ICC 2005),volume 2,pages 1214-1218,Seoul,Korea,16-20May 2005.
[140]Aria Nosratinia,Todd E.Hunter,and Ahmadreza Hedayat.Cooperative Communication in Wireless Networks.IEEE Communications Magazine,42(10):74-80,October 2004.
[141]Jared Burdin and James Dunyak.Cohesion of Wireless Sensor Networks with MIMO Communications.In SoutheastCon,2005.Proceedings.IEEE,pages 547-551,8-10 April 2005.
[142]Ying-Hong Wang,Hung-Zu Lin,and Shu-Min Chang.Interference on Multipath QoS Routing for Ad Hoc Wireless Network.In 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops 2004 (ICDCSW 2004),pages 104-109,23-24 March 2004.
[143]Youssef M.A.,Younis M.F.,and Arisha K.A.A Constrained Shortest-Path Energy-Aware Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.In Wireless Communications and Networking Conference 2002 (WCNC 2002),volume 2,pages 794-799,17-21 March 2002.
[144]Yinong Chen and Zhongshi He.Bounds on the Reliability of Distributed Systems With Unreliable Nodes & Links.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,53(2):205-215,June 2004.
[145]Hosam M.F.AboElFotoh,S.S.Iyengar,and Krishnendu Chakrabarty.Computing Reliability and Message Delay for Cooperative Wireless Distributed Sensor Networks Subject to Random Failures.IEEE Transactions on Reliability,54(1):145-155,March 2005.
[146] Min Qin and Roger Zimmermann. An Energy-Efficient Voting-Based Clustering Algorithm for Sensor Networks. In Sixth International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking and Parallel/Distributed Computing,2005 and First ACIS International Workshop on Self-Assembling Wireless Networks. SNPD/SAWN 2005, pages 444-451, 23-25 May 2005.
[147] Jain-Shing Liu and Chun-Hung Richard Lin. Energy-efficiency clustering protocol in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, Elsevier, 3:371-388, 2005.