无线传感网络中媒质访问控制的研究和设计
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摘要
无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)综合了微电子技术、嵌入式计算技术、现代网络及无线通信技术、分布式信息处理技术等先进技术,能够协同地实时监测、感知和采集网络覆盖区域中各种环境或监测对象的信息,并对其进行处理,处理后的信息通过无线方式发送,并以自组多跳的网络方式传送给观察者。传感器网络的应用前景十分广阔,在军事、工农业、环境监测,医疗护理、抢险救灾、危险区域远程控制以及智能家居等领域都有潜在的使用价值,已经引起了许多国家学术界和工业界的高度重视。
802.15.4/ZigBee是一个由ZigBee联盟定义的低速率、低功耗的无线个域网通信标准,802.15.4/ZigBee是目前在无线传感网络中应用最为广泛的协议体系,无线传感网络的特性决定了其无线应用不需要较高的传输带宽,而需要较低的传输延时和极低的功率消耗,低成本、低功耗、应用简单的IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee协议的诞生为无线传感器网络及大量基于微控制的应用提供了互联互通的国际标准。
本文基于802.15.4/ZigBee,为无线传感网络在智能楼宇监测系统中的应用研究设计了一个结合时分复用和多信道调度(频分复用)的动态按需MAC机制-ZTF-MAC,并分别针对星型和簇树结构网络拓扑进行了详细研究和讨论。在星型结构网络中,按需对节点进行分组并对各组进行时隙调度。在簇树结构网络中,除按需性的分组机制外,加入了多信道的调度,为子网分配和使用多信道机制,这种按需性的分组和动态的多信道调度,可减少由网络节点密度大所造成的冲突和干扰,增加网络吞吐量。此外,为了适应网络中的实时性紧急事件的数据传输要求,ZTF-MAC中特别考虑和设计了对紧急事务的响应机制,这样,在保证网络整体吞吐量的同时,还可获得对紧急事务的快速响应。
本文通过仿真分析了ZTF-MAC的吞吐量、能耗和紧急事务响应时延三个方面的性能。仿真结果表明ZTF-MAC可改善802.15.4的吞吐量和能耗性能,同时具有对网络应用紧急事务快速响应的特性。服务原语和命令帧的设计是通信标准协议栈设计的原型和参考规范,本文最后研究和分析了802.15.4/ZigBee协议规范中的服务原语和命令帧,并为ZTF-MAC设计实现了相关的原语和命令帧。
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) combines some advanced technologies such as microelectronics, embedded computing, modern network, wireless communication and distributed information processing. It can real-timely monitor and collect various environmental information data that are processed and then sent through wireless communication. The transmission is in multi-hop and Ad hoc mode. WSN has broad application prospect. It can be applied to military affairs, industry, agriculture, environment monitoring, health care, emergency and disaster relief, remote control, smart home, et al. WSN has been highly emphasized by academic circles and industrial community in many countries.
802.15.4/ZigBee is a low rate, low energy consumption Wireless Pan Area Network (WPAN) protocol defined by ZigBee Alliance. At present, 802.15.4/ZigBee is the most widely protocol architecture used in WSN. Characteristics of WSN determine that its wireless applications do not need high transfer bandwidth, but low latency and energy consumption. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee provides international communication standard to WSN and vast applications based on Micro Control Unit (MCU。
Based on 802.15.4/ZigBee, this paper researches and designs a dynamic and on-demand MAC scheme called ZTF-MAC for application of Smart Building in WSN. ZTF-MAC combines Time Division Multiple Access and multi-channel scheduling. ZTF-MAC is discussed in detail for Star and Cluster-tree topology network respectively. In Star network, nodes are on-demand grouped and scheduled by time slots. In Cluster-tree network, in addition to grouping scheme, multi-channel scheduling is added for subnet. The on-demand grouping and dynamic multi-channel scheduling can reduce collision and interference induced by high node density, then increase network throughput. Furthermore, there are some real-time emergent data to transmit in WSN, and ZTF-MAC specially concerns and designs respond scheme for emergent events. In this way, ZTF-MAC can quickly responds for emergency with high throughput in the whole network.
Throughput, energy Consumption and latency in response of emergency in ZTF-MAC is simulated. The results indicate that ZTF-MAC can improve performance of them in 802.15.4. At the same time, ZTF-MAC can quickly response for emergency in WSN. Service primitive and command frame are prototypes and reference specifications for design of protocol stack. At last, this paper studies and analyzes primitives and command frames in 802.15.4/ZigBee, and realizes relevant primitives and command frames of ZTF-MAC.
802.15.4/ZigBee是一个由ZigBee联盟定义的低速率、低功耗的无线个域网通信标准,802.15.4/ZigBee是目前在无线传感网络中应用最为广泛的协议体系,无线传感网络的特性决定了其无线应用不需要较高的传输带宽,而需要较低的传输延时和极低的功率消耗,低成本、低功耗、应用简单的IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee协议的诞生为无线传感器网络及大量基于微控制的应用提供了互联互通的国际标准。
本文基于802.15.4/ZigBee,为无线传感网络在智能楼宇监测系统中的应用研究设计了一个结合时分复用和多信道调度(频分复用)的动态按需MAC机制-ZTF-MAC,并分别针对星型和簇树结构网络拓扑进行了详细研究和讨论。在星型结构网络中,按需对节点进行分组并对各组进行时隙调度。在簇树结构网络中,除按需性的分组机制外,加入了多信道的调度,为子网分配和使用多信道机制,这种按需性的分组和动态的多信道调度,可减少由网络节点密度大所造成的冲突和干扰,增加网络吞吐量。此外,为了适应网络中的实时性紧急事件的数据传输要求,ZTF-MAC中特别考虑和设计了对紧急事务的响应机制,这样,在保证网络整体吞吐量的同时,还可获得对紧急事务的快速响应。
本文通过仿真分析了ZTF-MAC的吞吐量、能耗和紧急事务响应时延三个方面的性能。仿真结果表明ZTF-MAC可改善802.15.4的吞吐量和能耗性能,同时具有对网络应用紧急事务快速响应的特性。服务原语和命令帧的设计是通信标准协议栈设计的原型和参考规范,本文最后研究和分析了802.15.4/ZigBee协议规范中的服务原语和命令帧,并为ZTF-MAC设计实现了相关的原语和命令帧。
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) combines some advanced technologies such as microelectronics, embedded computing, modern network, wireless communication and distributed information processing. It can real-timely monitor and collect various environmental information data that are processed and then sent through wireless communication. The transmission is in multi-hop and Ad hoc mode. WSN has broad application prospect. It can be applied to military affairs, industry, agriculture, environment monitoring, health care, emergency and disaster relief, remote control, smart home, et al. WSN has been highly emphasized by academic circles and industrial community in many countries.
802.15.4/ZigBee is a low rate, low energy consumption Wireless Pan Area Network (WPAN) protocol defined by ZigBee Alliance. At present, 802.15.4/ZigBee is the most widely protocol architecture used in WSN. Characteristics of WSN determine that its wireless applications do not need high transfer bandwidth, but low latency and energy consumption. IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee provides international communication standard to WSN and vast applications based on Micro Control Unit (MCU。
Based on 802.15.4/ZigBee, this paper researches and designs a dynamic and on-demand MAC scheme called ZTF-MAC for application of Smart Building in WSN. ZTF-MAC combines Time Division Multiple Access and multi-channel scheduling. ZTF-MAC is discussed in detail for Star and Cluster-tree topology network respectively. In Star network, nodes are on-demand grouped and scheduled by time slots. In Cluster-tree network, in addition to grouping scheme, multi-channel scheduling is added for subnet. The on-demand grouping and dynamic multi-channel scheduling can reduce collision and interference induced by high node density, then increase network throughput. Furthermore, there are some real-time emergent data to transmit in WSN, and ZTF-MAC specially concerns and designs respond scheme for emergent events. In this way, ZTF-MAC can quickly responds for emergency with high throughput in the whole network.
Throughput, energy Consumption and latency in response of emergency in ZTF-MAC is simulated. The results indicate that ZTF-MAC can improve performance of them in 802.15.4. At the same time, ZTF-MAC can quickly response for emergency in WSN. Service primitive and command frame are prototypes and reference specifications for design of protocol stack. At last, this paper studies and analyzes primitives and command frames in 802.15.4/ZigBee, and realizes relevant primitives and command frames of ZTF-MAC.
引文
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[2]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络.软件学报, 2003, 14(7):1282-1291
[3]孙利民,李建中,陈渝等.无线传感器网络.北京:清华大学出版社, 2005, 27-28
[4] Technology Review. 10 emerging technology that will change the world. www.techreview.com/articles/emerging0203.asp, 2003,1(1):22-49
[5]张文彬,张中兆,沙学军. Ad hoc网络中MAC协议的研究与综述.计算机工程与设计, 2007, 28(5):1054-1082
[6]黄韬,舒坚,陈宇斌等.事件驱动型无线传感器网络MAC协议研究.传感器与微系统, 2008,27(8):12-15
[7] Peng J, Chengdong W, Yun Z Z, et al. Research of an energy-aware MAC protocol in Wireless Sensor Network. In: Control and Decision Conference. Chinese, 2008,4686 - 4690
[8]谢茂涛.一种基于簇的无线传感器网MAC协议.传感技术学报, 2008, 21(10):1785-1788
[9]缪海翔,高航,赵国安.一种基于节能的无线传感器网络MAC协议.计算机仿真, 2008,25(9):107-110
[10]孙若玉,郑国强,李济顺.基于WSN的能量高效MAC协议研究.通信技术, 2008,41(8):169-172
[11] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Medium Access Control with Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks. Networking, IEEE/ACM Transactions, 2004, 12(3):493– 506
[12] Van D T, Langendoen K. An Adaptive Energy efficient MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc of 1st Int’1 Conf . on Embedded Networked Senor Systems(Sensys), Los Angeles ,CA, 2003, 62-67
[13] Chowdhury K R, Nandiraju N, Cavalcanti D, et al. CMAC - A multi-channel energy efficient MAC for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2006, 2(1):1172 - 1177
[14]张宏锋,李文锋.基于ZigBee技术的无线传感器网络的研究.武汉理工大学学报(信息与工程管理版), 2006,28(8):12-15
[15] Koubaa A, Cunha A, Alves M. A Time Division Beacon Scheduling Mechanism for IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Proc of 19th Euromicro Conference of Real-Time Systems. 2007,125– 135
[16] Sarvakar K, Patel P S. An efficient hybrid MAC layer protocol utilized for wireless sensor networks. In: Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks. 2008,22 - 26
[17] Ferrari M, Pizziniaco L. An Adaptive Scheme for Active Periods Schedule in IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Networks. In: Wireless Communication Systems. 2006, 665 - 670
[18]饶云华,代莉,赵存成等.基于无线传感器网络的环境监测系统.武汉大学学报(理学版), 2006,52(3):345-348
[19]刘敏钰,吴泳,伍卫国.无线传感网络(WSN)研究.微电子学与计算机. 2005,22(7):58-61
[20]陈积明,林瑞仲,孙优贤.无线传感器网络通信体系研究.传感技术学报. 2006,19(4):1290-1295
[21]吴键,袁慎芳.无线传感器网络节点的设计和实现.仪器仪表学报. 2006,27(9):1120-1124
[22] Raman L. OSI systems and network management. Communications Magazine, IEEE. 1998,36(3): 46 - 53
[23]张伟,周健,胡龙茂.无线Ad Hoc网络中MAC协议改进策略的研究.合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版). 2008,31(6):875-879
[24]雷磊,许宗泽.基于地理位置信息和功率控制的ad hoc网络并行MAC协议.通信学报. 2008,29(9):81-89
[25] Mingfei W, Linlin C, Ping Z, et al. Multi-channel MAC Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. In: Proc of Computing, Communication, Control, and Management, 2008. (CCCM '08), 2008, 562 - 566
[26]王勇,胡以华,时隙ALOHA系统稳定性分析.计算机应用研究. 2008,25(4):1175-1177
[27] Andrew S. Tanenbaum著,潘爱民译.计算机网络.第四版.北京:清华大学出版社, 2004,212-224
[28]张源,毕光国. CDMA媒体接入控制协议分析模型.应用科学学报. 2004, 22(4):438-442
[29] Ko C C, Lye K M, Wong WC. Simple priority scheme for multichannel CSMA/CD local area networks. Communications, Speech and Vision, IEEE Proceedings I, 1990, 137(6):365 - 370
[30] Chau Y A, Yao-Hua C. Adaptive Medium Access Control with CSMA/CA and TDMA for Overlay Networks. In: Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications. 2006,1 -5
[31]李一武,李乐民.波分复用访问控制(WDMA)协议.通信学报. 1997,18(5):45-51
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