树木/林分蒸腾环境响应及其生理控制
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摘要
气候变化导致降雨模式改变,对水循环及植被分布具有潜在影响,而树木对区域水量平衡的影响一直以来受到争议,因此,明确树木耗水的环境响应和生理控制能够指导准确评价与预测不同生态系统环境下水量平衡各组分的分配,并对生态恢复的树种选择具有重要实践意义。本研究采用热扩散探针技术观测不同环境条件下不同树种的蒸腾活动,并同步对气象因子及土壤水分条件进行监测,从环境响应和生理控制角度对大连城市环境下园林树种雪松(Cedrus deodara),榉树(Zelkova schneideriana),丝棉木(Euonymus bungeanus)和水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、北京城郊杨树人工林(Populus×euramericana cv."74/76")和山西吉县刺槐-油松(Robinia pseudoacacia-Pinus tabulaeformis)混交林蒸腾进行区域间和种间比较,从而进一步掌握林分／树木的耗水特性,为城市绿地管理者及森林培育工作者制定日常养护措施和造林绿化的树种选择提供参考。研究旨在：(1)量化不同环境下观测林分／树木的蒸腾量；(2)比较不同环境条件下生态系统的不同时间尺度的蒸腾规律；(3)比较不同树种蒸腾活动环境响应方式和对干旱胁迫的应对策略；(4)评价不同树种通过气孔进行的生理控制在不同环境条件下的差异性,以及对VPD敏感度模型在不同树种间的差异；(5)比较城市与自然环境下植被蒸腾的环境响应。
研究结果表明：(1)生长季内城市环境下四种园林树木月冠层蒸腾量在16.92-60.01mm,北京城郊杨树人工林月冠层蒸腾量在22-76mm,山西刺槐-油松混交林月蒸腾量在9-15.46mm之间。
(2)不同样地树种／林分冠层蒸腾与树体大小呈现不同的数量关系。大连城市环境下样木冠层蒸腾随与胸径成指数相关,但该关系中树种影响仍非常显著,相同径阶内,不同树种日均蒸腾量差异可达5倍。北京城郊杨树人工林冠层蒸腾和边材面积均随DBH增大表现出相同变化趋势,但并不存在显著的量化关系。虽然边材面积与胸径成正比,但吉县黄土地区刺槐-油松混交林冠层蒸腾和液流通量密度则均与胸径成反比。
(3)不同树种液流日曲线相似,但蒸腾强度受到树种和树体大小影响存在显著差异。在日尺度上,观测林分／树木冠层与大气耦合状态良好,且不受土壤水分影响,表明树木能够对蒸腾进行有效的气孔控制。夜间液流在进行蒸腾的同时,还会对日间蒸腾造成的树体内水分亏缺进行补充,其在日总蒸腾量中占7-39%。树木液流与同步VPD的时滞关系不受土壤水分状况影响,而受到日均VPD影响。整个生长季过程中,观测林分／树木的蒸腾量较稳定,除了榉树和刺槐外,并未随生长季结束出现显著下降。降雨总量升高不会引起蒸腾量的必然升高,因此蒸腾在同期降雨中所占的比例在年间和月间存在较大波动,少雨情况下蒸腾量所占比例较大。
(4)太阳辐射对蒸腾的影响主要在1.8MJ m-2h-1之前诱导气孔开张,各研究区域冠层蒸腾与太阳辐射呈现饱和式响应。城市园林树种冠层蒸腾随VPD增大出现饱和；城郊杨树人工林对VPD的饱和响应受到土壤水分影响,出现数量关系的分层；而半干旱地区自然条件下刺槐-油松混交林在VPD过高的情况下,无法维持日最大蒸腾量。在单日尺度上,冠层与大气的耦合程度在上午相对较弱,退耦系数(Ω)最高可达0.35。但随VPD升高,冠层与大气的耦合程度逐渐变强,Ω分布在0.1水平。因此,太阳辐射对蒸腾贡献量最大时间集中在上午,而下午VPD就成为蒸腾的主要环境控制因子。分析表明除了降雨总量外,降雨在一天内的发生时间的频率也会影响当月蒸腾量。由于导致太阳辐射和VPD降低,生长季内日间发生降雨频率上升会导致蒸腾下降。土壤水分对蒸腾的影响在不同水分条件划分区间内体现。
(5)不同环境条件下,气孔导度随VPD升高均出现对数下降。不同大气和土壤水分条件下,林分／树木冠层均与大气耦合状态良好,退耦系数(Ω)均小于0.4,说明树木能够对蒸腾进行有效的生理控制。不同太阳辐射和土壤水分条件下,气孔对VPD的敏感度和参比气孔导度不同,但两者比值恒定为0.6。雨后蒸腾恢复受到VPD而非观测深度内土壤水分的影响,但土壤水分能够影响蒸腾增长到最大值所需的时间。
基于对不同环境下树种／林分蒸腾规律及环境与生理控制的响应结果。本研究认为：虽然不同环境下各树种均对蒸腾表现出等水势生理控制,但树木蒸腾的环境响应和生理控制存在显著种间差异,城市环境下树木冠层的耦合程度较自然环境下高。根据不同树种雨后蒸腾恢复的研究表明：降雨事件规模和发生频率的变化可能导致自然条件下植被组成发生变化。因此对人工环境下的树种,灌溉的实施应当直接深入到深层土。鉴于不同树种在对比环境下表现出相同的等水势水力控制特性,日常管护工作中操作中可利用低VPD条件下精确测定的气孔导度和气象数据对植物蒸腾进行简易可靠的估算。
Change of rainfall pattern induced by climate change has potential impact over water cycle and vegetation cover. Meanwhile, the influence of trees in regional water balance has long been debatable. Therefore, thorough understanding of the environmental response and biophysical control over tree water use will be conducive to accurate evaluation and prediction of the component quota in water balance. Such knowledge will also guide the practices in eco-restoration. Our study adopted thermal dissipation probes to monitor tree transpiration of four landscape tree species in Dalian, namely Cedrus deodara, Zelkova schneideriana, Euonymus bungeanus, Metasequoia glyptostroboides; the poplar plantatio (Populus×euramericana cv."74/76") in suburb-Beijing, and the Robinia pseudoacacia-Pinus tabulaeformis stand in Shanxi province to test differences derived from living environment and species and further the current understanding of stand water use. The simultaneous environmental factors were also observed. The specific objectives are:(1) to quantify transpiration of the stands and the species under different environment;(2) to compare transpiration patterns of varied time scale in contrasting environmental conditions;(3) to compare the environmental responses and coping strategy to drought stress by different species;(4) to analyze the differences of stomatal control over transpiration and modeled species sensitivity to VPD by species;(5) to compare transpiration responses to environmental factors under urban and natural conditions.
The results showed that:(1) the monthly transpiration of urban landscape tree cluster ranged from16.92to60.01mm. This value was22to76mm for suburb poplar plantation in Beijing and9to15.46mm for Robinia-Pinus stand in Shanxi.
(2) stand/tree canopy transpiration showed differed statistical relationship with tree size. Transpiration of urban landscape trees has exponential relationship with DBH. The species factor is significant. Transpiration of trees of different species in the same DBH class showed5time differences. The changing pattern of canopy transpiration of poplar plantation with DBH was the same as that of sapwood area with DBH, but no significant relationship with DBH.was observed. Canopy transpiration of Robinia-Pinus stand was negatively related with DBH.
(3) the sub-daily transpiration pattern were similar among species and sampled trees, but the magnitude was subjected to species and tree size. On daily scale, the canopy transpiration was well coupled with the atmosphere and not influenced by soil water condition. Therefore, trees exerted effective stomatal control over transpiration. The nocturnal sap flux was used for both transpiration and repletion for daytime water depletion of trunk water reservoir. It accounted7-39%of total daily transpiration. The time lag between VPD and transpiration was rather influenced daily average VPD than by soil water conditions. During the whole growing season, the stand/tree transpiration was kept at a stable level. Except for Zelkova schneideriana and Robinia pseudoacacia, transpiration did not show apparent decline as the growing season approached to the end. Increase of total rainfall did not trigger necessary increase of transpiration; therefore, the percentage of transpiration in rainfall fluctuated among years and months. This ratio was large under conditions with small rainfall amount.
(4) influence of solar radiation over transpiration was concentrated on inducing stomatal opening before it reached1.8MJ m-2h-1. Transpiration showed saturated relationship with solar radiation. The transpiration of landscape trees leveled off as VPD increased. Similar relationship was followed by poplar plantation but this relationship stratified by soil water conditions. Robinia-Pinus stand could not maintain the maximum transpiration under high VPD. On daily scale, the coupling status was relatively weak in the morning, the highest decoupling coeffecient (Ω) can be0.35. But the coupling improved as VPD increased with Ω around0.1. Therefore, environmental control over transpiration from solar radiation concentrated in the morning and switched to VPD in the afternoon. The analysis indicated that besides of rainfall amount, the frequency of rainfall timing influenced transpiration of corresponding month. The effect of soil water condition over transpiration appeared when being ranked.
(5) canopy conductance exhibited logarithm decrease as VPD increased under contrasting environmental conditions. The well coupled canopy transpiration to atmosphere suggested that trees exerted effective biophysical control over transpiration. The sensitivity of canopy conductance to VPD and reference Gc varied under different soil water and solar radiation conditions, but their ratio kept stably around0.6. Post-rainfall transpiration recovery was influenced by VPD rather than by soil water conditions. However, soil water affected time duration to attain maximum transpiration.
Based on the results, the study arrives to the conclusion that:species observe the same isohydraulic control over transpiration, but species differences can not be obscured. Trees under urban conditions tend to have stronger transpiration coupling with the atmosphere. Post-rainfall transpiration recovery results indicate that changes of the rainfall characteristics (scale and frequency) will lead to variation of vegetation cover under natural conditions. For species under management, the application of irrigation should be conducted directly into deep layers. The universally observed0.6ratio suggests that the canopy transpiration can be estimated reliably based on the accurate canopy conductance measurement under1kPa and concurrent meteorological data.
研究结果表明：(1)生长季内城市环境下四种园林树木月冠层蒸腾量在16.92-60.01mm,北京城郊杨树人工林月冠层蒸腾量在22-76mm,山西刺槐-油松混交林月蒸腾量在9-15.46mm之间。
(2)不同样地树种／林分冠层蒸腾与树体大小呈现不同的数量关系。大连城市环境下样木冠层蒸腾随与胸径成指数相关,但该关系中树种影响仍非常显著,相同径阶内,不同树种日均蒸腾量差异可达5倍。北京城郊杨树人工林冠层蒸腾和边材面积均随DBH增大表现出相同变化趋势,但并不存在显著的量化关系。虽然边材面积与胸径成正比,但吉县黄土地区刺槐-油松混交林冠层蒸腾和液流通量密度则均与胸径成反比。
(3)不同树种液流日曲线相似,但蒸腾强度受到树种和树体大小影响存在显著差异。在日尺度上,观测林分／树木冠层与大气耦合状态良好,且不受土壤水分影响,表明树木能够对蒸腾进行有效的气孔控制。夜间液流在进行蒸腾的同时,还会对日间蒸腾造成的树体内水分亏缺进行补充,其在日总蒸腾量中占7-39%。树木液流与同步VPD的时滞关系不受土壤水分状况影响,而受到日均VPD影响。整个生长季过程中,观测林分／树木的蒸腾量较稳定,除了榉树和刺槐外,并未随生长季结束出现显著下降。降雨总量升高不会引起蒸腾量的必然升高,因此蒸腾在同期降雨中所占的比例在年间和月间存在较大波动,少雨情况下蒸腾量所占比例较大。
(4)太阳辐射对蒸腾的影响主要在1.8MJ m-2h-1之前诱导气孔开张,各研究区域冠层蒸腾与太阳辐射呈现饱和式响应。城市园林树种冠层蒸腾随VPD增大出现饱和；城郊杨树人工林对VPD的饱和响应受到土壤水分影响,出现数量关系的分层；而半干旱地区自然条件下刺槐-油松混交林在VPD过高的情况下,无法维持日最大蒸腾量。在单日尺度上,冠层与大气的耦合程度在上午相对较弱,退耦系数(Ω)最高可达0.35。但随VPD升高,冠层与大气的耦合程度逐渐变强,Ω分布在0.1水平。因此,太阳辐射对蒸腾贡献量最大时间集中在上午,而下午VPD就成为蒸腾的主要环境控制因子。分析表明除了降雨总量外,降雨在一天内的发生时间的频率也会影响当月蒸腾量。由于导致太阳辐射和VPD降低,生长季内日间发生降雨频率上升会导致蒸腾下降。土壤水分对蒸腾的影响在不同水分条件划分区间内体现。
(5)不同环境条件下,气孔导度随VPD升高均出现对数下降。不同大气和土壤水分条件下,林分／树木冠层均与大气耦合状态良好,退耦系数(Ω)均小于0.4,说明树木能够对蒸腾进行有效的生理控制。不同太阳辐射和土壤水分条件下,气孔对VPD的敏感度和参比气孔导度不同,但两者比值恒定为0.6。雨后蒸腾恢复受到VPD而非观测深度内土壤水分的影响,但土壤水分能够影响蒸腾增长到最大值所需的时间。
基于对不同环境下树种／林分蒸腾规律及环境与生理控制的响应结果。本研究认为：虽然不同环境下各树种均对蒸腾表现出等水势生理控制,但树木蒸腾的环境响应和生理控制存在显著种间差异,城市环境下树木冠层的耦合程度较自然环境下高。根据不同树种雨后蒸腾恢复的研究表明：降雨事件规模和发生频率的变化可能导致自然条件下植被组成发生变化。因此对人工环境下的树种,灌溉的实施应当直接深入到深层土。鉴于不同树种在对比环境下表现出相同的等水势水力控制特性,日常管护工作中操作中可利用低VPD条件下精确测定的气孔导度和气象数据对植物蒸腾进行简易可靠的估算。
Change of rainfall pattern induced by climate change has potential impact over water cycle and vegetation cover. Meanwhile, the influence of trees in regional water balance has long been debatable. Therefore, thorough understanding of the environmental response and biophysical control over tree water use will be conducive to accurate evaluation and prediction of the component quota in water balance. Such knowledge will also guide the practices in eco-restoration. Our study adopted thermal dissipation probes to monitor tree transpiration of four landscape tree species in Dalian, namely Cedrus deodara, Zelkova schneideriana, Euonymus bungeanus, Metasequoia glyptostroboides; the poplar plantatio (Populus×euramericana cv."74/76") in suburb-Beijing, and the Robinia pseudoacacia-Pinus tabulaeformis stand in Shanxi province to test differences derived from living environment and species and further the current understanding of stand water use. The simultaneous environmental factors were also observed. The specific objectives are:(1) to quantify transpiration of the stands and the species under different environment;(2) to compare transpiration patterns of varied time scale in contrasting environmental conditions;(3) to compare the environmental responses and coping strategy to drought stress by different species;(4) to analyze the differences of stomatal control over transpiration and modeled species sensitivity to VPD by species;(5) to compare transpiration responses to environmental factors under urban and natural conditions.
The results showed that:(1) the monthly transpiration of urban landscape tree cluster ranged from16.92to60.01mm. This value was22to76mm for suburb poplar plantation in Beijing and9to15.46mm for Robinia-Pinus stand in Shanxi.
(2) stand/tree canopy transpiration showed differed statistical relationship with tree size. Transpiration of urban landscape trees has exponential relationship with DBH. The species factor is significant. Transpiration of trees of different species in the same DBH class showed5time differences. The changing pattern of canopy transpiration of poplar plantation with DBH was the same as that of sapwood area with DBH, but no significant relationship with DBH.was observed. Canopy transpiration of Robinia-Pinus stand was negatively related with DBH.
(3) the sub-daily transpiration pattern were similar among species and sampled trees, but the magnitude was subjected to species and tree size. On daily scale, the canopy transpiration was well coupled with the atmosphere and not influenced by soil water condition. Therefore, trees exerted effective stomatal control over transpiration. The nocturnal sap flux was used for both transpiration and repletion for daytime water depletion of trunk water reservoir. It accounted7-39%of total daily transpiration. The time lag between VPD and transpiration was rather influenced daily average VPD than by soil water conditions. During the whole growing season, the stand/tree transpiration was kept at a stable level. Except for Zelkova schneideriana and Robinia pseudoacacia, transpiration did not show apparent decline as the growing season approached to the end. Increase of total rainfall did not trigger necessary increase of transpiration; therefore, the percentage of transpiration in rainfall fluctuated among years and months. This ratio was large under conditions with small rainfall amount.
(4) influence of solar radiation over transpiration was concentrated on inducing stomatal opening before it reached1.8MJ m-2h-1. Transpiration showed saturated relationship with solar radiation. The transpiration of landscape trees leveled off as VPD increased. Similar relationship was followed by poplar plantation but this relationship stratified by soil water conditions. Robinia-Pinus stand could not maintain the maximum transpiration under high VPD. On daily scale, the coupling status was relatively weak in the morning, the highest decoupling coeffecient (Ω) can be0.35. But the coupling improved as VPD increased with Ω around0.1. Therefore, environmental control over transpiration from solar radiation concentrated in the morning and switched to VPD in the afternoon. The analysis indicated that besides of rainfall amount, the frequency of rainfall timing influenced transpiration of corresponding month. The effect of soil water condition over transpiration appeared when being ranked.
(5) canopy conductance exhibited logarithm decrease as VPD increased under contrasting environmental conditions. The well coupled canopy transpiration to atmosphere suggested that trees exerted effective biophysical control over transpiration. The sensitivity of canopy conductance to VPD and reference Gc varied under different soil water and solar radiation conditions, but their ratio kept stably around0.6. Post-rainfall transpiration recovery was influenced by VPD rather than by soil water conditions. However, soil water affected time duration to attain maximum transpiration.
Based on the results, the study arrives to the conclusion that:species observe the same isohydraulic control over transpiration, but species differences can not be obscured. Trees under urban conditions tend to have stronger transpiration coupling with the atmosphere. Post-rainfall transpiration recovery results indicate that changes of the rainfall characteristics (scale and frequency) will lead to variation of vegetation cover under natural conditions. For species under management, the application of irrigation should be conducted directly into deep layers. The universally observed0.6ratio suggests that the canopy transpiration can be estimated reliably based on the accurate canopy conductance measurement under1kPa and concurrent meteorological data.
引文
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