~（60）Co-γ射线全脑照射对小鼠视觉传导通路的影响
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摘要
目的:探讨~(60)Co-γ射线全脑照射对小鼠视觉传导通路的影响。
方法:20只昆明小鼠随机分成2组,每组10只,分别以~(60)Co-γ射线剂量0Gy、30Gy的强度进行照射,于照射后1月,各组随机取出7只小鼠,利用荧光金逆行追踪技术以及视网膜铺片技术,逆行追踪观察小鼠视网膜神经节细胞数目;另外各组再取出3只,灌注后制作超薄切片,电镜下观察小鼠外侧膝状体以及视束处的超微结构改变。
结果:1、与0Gy组相比,30Gy组视网膜上的荧光金阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.01)。2、正常组外侧膝状体及视束(opt)处视神经髓鞘完整,轴浆均匀,两层之间存在双层膜结构,轴膜层与层之间排列整齐,轴浆内可见清晰的线粒体、微管和微丝,各正常对照组间无明显差异。而30Gy实验组的髓鞘发生溶解,大多数轴突的轴膜与髓鞘之间出现间隙,可见线粒体肿胀,轴突间出现空泡,轴浆内呈电子低密度,颗粒状变性。
结论:大剂量全脑照射可能影响小鼠的视觉传导通路,造成小鼠外侧膝状体和视束超微结构的改变以及视网膜神经节细胞数目的减少。
Objective: To observe the changes of visual pathway of mice after ~(60)co-γwhole brain ray irradiation
Methods: 20 mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group and 30Gy-irradiated group (large dose irradiated group). After one month of irradiation, 7 mice were randomly selected in each group to evaluate the visual pathway changes, with the methods of retinal preparation and fluorogold (FG) retrograde tracing technique. The last 3 mice were selected to make into ultrathin sections.The uhrastructural changes of lateral geniculate nucleus and optic nerve were observed by electronic microscope.
Results: 1. compared to the control group , the FG-positive cells in 30Gy group were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in one month after irradiation. 2. The optic nerve of optic tract (opt) in control group at myelin, uniform axoplasm, membrane structure between two layers integrity, the axis between the layers and layers arranged in neat, axonal mitochondria, microtubules and microfilaments were clearly visibled. There is no significant difference in control group. The myelin was dissolved in 30Gy group, the gap emerged between most of the axis of the axon membrane and the myelin sheath, swelled mitochondria was visibled, the axoplasm was electron density, granular degeneration.
Conclusion: The visual pathway of mouse maybe change, the uhrastructural changes of lateral geniculate nucleus and optic nerve ,the amount of FG positive cells were observed after large dose whole brain ray irradiation.
方法:20只昆明小鼠随机分成2组,每组10只,分别以~(60)Co-γ射线剂量0Gy、30Gy的强度进行照射,于照射后1月,各组随机取出7只小鼠,利用荧光金逆行追踪技术以及视网膜铺片技术,逆行追踪观察小鼠视网膜神经节细胞数目;另外各组再取出3只,灌注后制作超薄切片,电镜下观察小鼠外侧膝状体以及视束处的超微结构改变。
结果:1、与0Gy组相比,30Gy组视网膜上的荧光金阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.01)。2、正常组外侧膝状体及视束(opt)处视神经髓鞘完整,轴浆均匀,两层之间存在双层膜结构,轴膜层与层之间排列整齐,轴浆内可见清晰的线粒体、微管和微丝,各正常对照组间无明显差异。而30Gy实验组的髓鞘发生溶解,大多数轴突的轴膜与髓鞘之间出现间隙,可见线粒体肿胀,轴突间出现空泡,轴浆内呈电子低密度,颗粒状变性。
结论:大剂量全脑照射可能影响小鼠的视觉传导通路,造成小鼠外侧膝状体和视束超微结构的改变以及视网膜神经节细胞数目的减少。
Objective: To observe the changes of visual pathway of mice after ~(60)co-γwhole brain ray irradiation
Methods: 20 mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: control group and 30Gy-irradiated group (large dose irradiated group). After one month of irradiation, 7 mice were randomly selected in each group to evaluate the visual pathway changes, with the methods of retinal preparation and fluorogold (FG) retrograde tracing technique. The last 3 mice were selected to make into ultrathin sections.The uhrastructural changes of lateral geniculate nucleus and optic nerve were observed by electronic microscope.
Results: 1. compared to the control group , the FG-positive cells in 30Gy group were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in one month after irradiation. 2. The optic nerve of optic tract (opt) in control group at myelin, uniform axoplasm, membrane structure between two layers integrity, the axis between the layers and layers arranged in neat, axonal mitochondria, microtubules and microfilaments were clearly visibled. There is no significant difference in control group. The myelin was dissolved in 30Gy group, the gap emerged between most of the axis of the axon membrane and the myelin sheath, swelled mitochondria was visibled, the axoplasm was electron density, granular degeneration.
Conclusion: The visual pathway of mouse maybe change, the uhrastructural changes of lateral geniculate nucleus and optic nerve ,the amount of FG positive cells were observed after large dose whole brain ray irradiation.
引文
1. Selles-Navarro, I., et al., Retinal ganglion cell death after different transient periods of pressure-induced ischemia and survival intervals. A quantitative in vivo study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 1996. 37(10): p. 2002-14.
2. Huang, W., Y. Hui and M. Zhang, Retrograde labeling of adult rat retinal ganglion cells with the flurogold. Yan Ke Xue Bao, 2000. 16(1): p. 29-33.
3. Vidal-Sanz, M., et al., Persistent retrograde labeling of adult rat retinal ganglion cells with the carbocyanine dye diI. Exp Neurol, 1988. 102(1): p. 92-101.
4. Danesh-Meyer, H.V., Radiation-induced optic neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci, 2008. 15(2): p. 95-100.
5. Lessell, S., Friendly fire: neurogenic visual loss from radiation therapy. J Neuroophthalmol, 2004. 24(3): p. 243-50.
6. Prise, K.M., M. Folkard and B.D. Michael, A review of the bystander effect and its implications for low-dose exposure. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2003. 104(4): p. 347-55.
7. Schettino, G., et al., Low-dose studies of bystander cell killing with targeted soft X rays. Radiat Res, 2003. 160(5): p. 505-11.
8. Shao, C., et al., Nitric oxide-mediated signaling in the bystander response of individually targeted glioma cells. Cancer Res, 2003. 63(23): p. 8437-42.
9. lampert, p.w. and r.l. davis, delayed effects of radiation on the human central nervous system; "early" and "late" delayed reactions. neurology, 1964. 14: p. 912-7.
10. van der Kogel, A.J., Radiation-induced damage in the central nervous system: an interpretation of target cell responses. Br J Cancer Suppl, 1986. 7: p. 207-17.
11. Hopewell, J.W. and A.J. van der Kogel, Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of late radiation-induced damage to the central nervous system. Front Radiat Ther Oncol, 1999. 33: p. 265-75.
12. Myers, R., M.A. Rogers and S. Hornsey, A reappraisal of the roles of glial and vascular elements in the development of white matter necrosis in irradiated rat spinal cord. Br J Cancer Suppl, 1986. 7: p. 221-3.
13. Omary, R.A., et al., 1995 AUR Memorial Award. Gamma knife irradiation-induced changes in the normal rat brain studied with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Acad Radiol, 1995. 2(12): p. 1043-51.
14. Levin, L.A., E.S. Gragoudas and S. Lessell, Endothelial cell loss in irradiated optic nerves. Ophthalmology, 2000. 107(2): p. 370-4.
15. Miller, N.R., Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: still no treatment. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2004. 32(3): p. 233-5.
16. Kline, L.B., J.Y. Kim and R. Ceballos, Radiation optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology, 1985. 92(8): p. 1118-26.
17. Demizu, Y., et al., Analysis of Vision loss caused by radiation-induced optic neuropathy after particle therapy for head-and-neck and skull-base tumors adjacent to optic nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009. 75(5): p. 1487-92.
18. Borruat, F.X., et al., Visual recovery from radiation-induced optic neuropathy. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 1993. 13(2): p. 98-101.
19. Rizzoli, H.V. and D.M. Pagnanelli, Treatment of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. A clinical observation. J Neurosurg, 1984. 60(3): p. 589-94.
20. Glantz, M.J., et al., Treatment of radiation-induced nervous system injury with heparin and warfarin. Neurology, 1994. 44(11): p. 2020-7.
21. Landau, K. and H.E. Killer, Radiation damage. Neurology, 1996. 46(3): p. 889.
22. Guy, J. and N.J. Schatz, Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology, 1986. 93(8): p. 1083-8.
23. Morris, R.G., et al., Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature, 1982. 297(5868): p. 681-3.
24. Yoneoka, Y., et al., An experimental study of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in an adult rat model. Br J Radiol, 1999. 72(864): p. 1196-201.
25. Olson, J.J., et al., Enhancement of the efficacy of x-irradiation by pentobarbital in a rodent brain-tumor model. J Neurosurg, 1990. 72(5): p.745-8.
26. Olson, J.J., et al., Cerebral radioprotection by pentobarbital: dose-response characteristics and association with GABA agonist activity. J Neurosurg, 1990. 72(5): p. 749-58.
27.王琛等,清醒状态下大鼠放射性脑损伤实验模型的建立.苏州大学学报(医学版), 2004. 24(4): p. 4.
28. Zhou, P., S.F. Wang and C.H. Miao, [Clinical study on optic neuropathy and retinopathy subsequent to radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 2003. 39(10): p. 616-20.
29.李为,王力威,魏世辉,放射性视神经损伤.中国误诊学杂志, 2004. 4(6): p. 847-849.
30.盛天金,魏世辉,放射性视神经病变.中国实用眼科杂志, 1996. 14(4): p. 197-199.
31.黄静,放射性视网膜病变大鼠视网膜内皮细胞改变的实验研究.医学研究杂志, 2008. 37(5): p. 78-81.
32. Lund, R.D., P.W. Land and J. Boles, Normal and abnormal uncrossed retinotectal pathways in rats: an HRP study in adults. J Comp Neurol, 1980. 189(4): p. 711-20.
33. Schmued, L.C. and J.H. Fallon, Fluoro-Gold: a new fluorescent retrograde axonal tracer with numerous unique properties. Brain Res, 1986. 377(1): p. 147-54.
34.尹小磊,叶剑,陈春林,荧光金逆行标记观察正常大鼠视网膜神经节细胞及轴突.标记免疫分析与临床, 2006. 13(4): p. 218-220.
35.陈峡等,荧光金逆行追踪法研究大鼠屏状核的传入投射纤维联系.广西医学, 2009: p. 633-635.
36. Sparks, D.L., et al., Neural tract tracing using Di-I: a review and a new method to make fast Di-I faster in human brain. J Neurosci Methods, 2000. 103(1): p. 3-10.
37.刘瑞斌,王传富,放射性视神经损伤超微结构改变的实验研究.长治医学院学报, 2000. 14(4): p. 248-249.
[1] Danesh-Meyer HV. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2008;15:95–100.
[2] Lessell S. Friendly fire: Neurogenic visual loss from radiation therapy. J Neuroophthalmol 2004;24:243–250.
[3] Celesia GG, DeMarco PJ Jr. Anatomy and physiology of the vi-sual system. J Clin Neurophysiol 1994;11:482–492.
[4] Netter FH, Hansen JT. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed. Phil-adelphia: WB Saunders; 2006.
[5] Duus P. Topical Diagnosis in Neurology: Anatomy, Physiol-ogy, Signs, Symptoms. 3rd rev. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1998.
[6] Kline LB, Kim JY, Ceballos R. Radiation optic neuropathy.Ophthalmology 1985;92:1118–26.
[7] Demizu Y, Murakami M, Miyawaki D, et al. Analysis of Vision loss caused by radiation-induced optic neuropathy after particle therapy for head-and-neck and skull-base tumors adjacent to optic nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(5):1487-92.
[8] Borruat F-X, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS ,et al. Radiation optic neuropathy: Report of cases, role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and literaturereview. Neuroophthalmology 1996;16:255–66
[9] Zimmerman CF, SchatzNJ,Glaser JS.Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;110:389–94.
[10] Guy J, Mancuso A, Beck R ,et al. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: A magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosurg 1991;74:426–32.
[11] PriseKM, FolkardM,Michael BD.Areviewof the bystander effectand its implications for low-dose exposure. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2003;104:347–55.
[12] Schettino G, FolkardM, Price KM ,et al. Low dose studies of bystander cell killing with targeted soft X-rays. Radiat Res 2003;160:505–11.
[13] Shao C, Stewart V, Folkard M, et al. Nitric oxide-mediated signaling in the bystander response of individually targeted glioma cells. Cancer Res 2003;63:8437–42.
[14] Lampert PW, Davis RL. Delayed effects of radiation on the human central nervous system:“Early”and“late”delayed reactions. Neurology 1964;14:912–7.
[15] van der Kogel AJ. Radiation-induced damage in the central nervous system: An interpretation of target cell responses. Br J Cancer 1986;53:207–17.
[16] Hopewell JW, van der Kogel AJ. Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of late radiation-induced damage to the central nervous system. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 1999;33:265–75.
[17] Meyer R, Rogers MA, Hornsey S. A reappraisal of the roles of glial and vascular elements in the development of white matter necrosis in irradiated rat spinal cord. Br J Cancer 1986;53:221–3.
[18] Omary RA, Berr SS, Kamiryo T, et al. AUR Memorial Award.Gamma knife irradiation-induced changes in the normal rat brain studies with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Acad Radiol 1995;2:1043–51.
[19] Levin LA, Gragoudas ES, Lessell S. Endothelial cell loss in irradiated optic nerves. Ophthalmology 2000;107:370–4.
[20] Miller NR. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: still no treatment.ClinExperiment Ophthalmol 2004;32:233-5.
[21] Guy J, Mancuso A, Quisling RG, et al Gadolinium-DTPAenhancedmagnetic resonance imaging in optic neuropathies. Ophthalmology1990;97:592-600.
[22] Sanderson PA, Kuwabara T, Cogan DG. Optic neuropathy presumablycaused by vincristine therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;81:146-50.
[23] Gri n JD, Garnick MB. Eye toxicity of cancer chemotherapy: A reviewof literature. Cancer 1981;48:1539-49.
[24] Parsons JT, Bova FJ, Fitzgerald CR, et al. Radiation optic neuropathyafter megavoltage external-beam irradiation: analysis of time-dose factors.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994;3 0:75 5-64.
[25] Parsons JT, Fitzgerald CR, Hood CI, et al. The e ects of irradiation onthe eye and optic nerve. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9:609-22.
[26] Van den Bergh ACM, Schoorl MA, Dullaart RPF, et al. Lack ofradiation optic neuropathy in 72 patients treated for pituitary adenoma. JNeuroophthalmol 2004;24:200-5.
[27] Jiang GL, Tucker SL, Guttenberger R, et al. Radiation-induced injury tothe visual pathway. Radiother Oncol 1994;30:17-25.
[28] Mendenhall WM, Riggs CE, Amdur RJ, et al. Altered fractionationand/or adjuvant chemotherapy in definitive irradiation of squamous cellcarcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:546-51.
[29] Bhandare N, Monroe AT, Morris CG, et al. Does altered fractionationinfluence the risk of radiation-induced optic neuropathy? Int J Radiat OncolBiol Phys 2005 ;62 (4): 1070-7
[30] Rizzoli HV, Pagnanelli DM. Treatment of delayed radionecrosis of the brain: A clinical observation. J Neurosurg 1984;60:589–94.
[31] GlantzMJ, Burger PC, Friedman AH, et al. Treatment of radiation-induced nervous system injury with Heparin andWarfarin. Neurology 1994;44:2020–27.
[32] Landau K, Killer HE. Radiation damage. Neurology 1996;46:889.
[33] Guy J, Schatz NJ. Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 1986;93:1083–8.
[34] Borruat F-X, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS, et al. Radiation optic neuropathy: Report of cases, role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and literature review. Neuroophthalmology 1996;16:255–66.
2. Huang, W., Y. Hui and M. Zhang, Retrograde labeling of adult rat retinal ganglion cells with the flurogold. Yan Ke Xue Bao, 2000. 16(1): p. 29-33.
3. Vidal-Sanz, M., et al., Persistent retrograde labeling of adult rat retinal ganglion cells with the carbocyanine dye diI. Exp Neurol, 1988. 102(1): p. 92-101.
4. Danesh-Meyer, H.V., Radiation-induced optic neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci, 2008. 15(2): p. 95-100.
5. Lessell, S., Friendly fire: neurogenic visual loss from radiation therapy. J Neuroophthalmol, 2004. 24(3): p. 243-50.
6. Prise, K.M., M. Folkard and B.D. Michael, A review of the bystander effect and its implications for low-dose exposure. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2003. 104(4): p. 347-55.
7. Schettino, G., et al., Low-dose studies of bystander cell killing with targeted soft X rays. Radiat Res, 2003. 160(5): p. 505-11.
8. Shao, C., et al., Nitric oxide-mediated signaling in the bystander response of individually targeted glioma cells. Cancer Res, 2003. 63(23): p. 8437-42.
9. lampert, p.w. and r.l. davis, delayed effects of radiation on the human central nervous system; "early" and "late" delayed reactions. neurology, 1964. 14: p. 912-7.
10. van der Kogel, A.J., Radiation-induced damage in the central nervous system: an interpretation of target cell responses. Br J Cancer Suppl, 1986. 7: p. 207-17.
11. Hopewell, J.W. and A.J. van der Kogel, Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of late radiation-induced damage to the central nervous system. Front Radiat Ther Oncol, 1999. 33: p. 265-75.
12. Myers, R., M.A. Rogers and S. Hornsey, A reappraisal of the roles of glial and vascular elements in the development of white matter necrosis in irradiated rat spinal cord. Br J Cancer Suppl, 1986. 7: p. 221-3.
13. Omary, R.A., et al., 1995 AUR Memorial Award. Gamma knife irradiation-induced changes in the normal rat brain studied with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Acad Radiol, 1995. 2(12): p. 1043-51.
14. Levin, L.A., E.S. Gragoudas and S. Lessell, Endothelial cell loss in irradiated optic nerves. Ophthalmology, 2000. 107(2): p. 370-4.
15. Miller, N.R., Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: still no treatment. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol, 2004. 32(3): p. 233-5.
16. Kline, L.B., J.Y. Kim and R. Ceballos, Radiation optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology, 1985. 92(8): p. 1118-26.
17. Demizu, Y., et al., Analysis of Vision loss caused by radiation-induced optic neuropathy after particle therapy for head-and-neck and skull-base tumors adjacent to optic nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2009. 75(5): p. 1487-92.
18. Borruat, F.X., et al., Visual recovery from radiation-induced optic neuropathy. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol, 1993. 13(2): p. 98-101.
19. Rizzoli, H.V. and D.M. Pagnanelli, Treatment of delayed radiation necrosis of the brain. A clinical observation. J Neurosurg, 1984. 60(3): p. 589-94.
20. Glantz, M.J., et al., Treatment of radiation-induced nervous system injury with heparin and warfarin. Neurology, 1994. 44(11): p. 2020-7.
21. Landau, K. and H.E. Killer, Radiation damage. Neurology, 1996. 46(3): p. 889.
22. Guy, J. and N.J. Schatz, Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology, 1986. 93(8): p. 1083-8.
23. Morris, R.G., et al., Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions. Nature, 1982. 297(5868): p. 681-3.
24. Yoneoka, Y., et al., An experimental study of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in an adult rat model. Br J Radiol, 1999. 72(864): p. 1196-201.
25. Olson, J.J., et al., Enhancement of the efficacy of x-irradiation by pentobarbital in a rodent brain-tumor model. J Neurosurg, 1990. 72(5): p.745-8.
26. Olson, J.J., et al., Cerebral radioprotection by pentobarbital: dose-response characteristics and association with GABA agonist activity. J Neurosurg, 1990. 72(5): p. 749-58.
27.王琛等,清醒状态下大鼠放射性脑损伤实验模型的建立.苏州大学学报(医学版), 2004. 24(4): p. 4.
28. Zhou, P., S.F. Wang and C.H. Miao, [Clinical study on optic neuropathy and retinopathy subsequent to radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 2003. 39(10): p. 616-20.
29.李为,王力威,魏世辉,放射性视神经损伤.中国误诊学杂志, 2004. 4(6): p. 847-849.
30.盛天金,魏世辉,放射性视神经病变.中国实用眼科杂志, 1996. 14(4): p. 197-199.
31.黄静,放射性视网膜病变大鼠视网膜内皮细胞改变的实验研究.医学研究杂志, 2008. 37(5): p. 78-81.
32. Lund, R.D., P.W. Land and J. Boles, Normal and abnormal uncrossed retinotectal pathways in rats: an HRP study in adults. J Comp Neurol, 1980. 189(4): p. 711-20.
33. Schmued, L.C. and J.H. Fallon, Fluoro-Gold: a new fluorescent retrograde axonal tracer with numerous unique properties. Brain Res, 1986. 377(1): p. 147-54.
34.尹小磊,叶剑,陈春林,荧光金逆行标记观察正常大鼠视网膜神经节细胞及轴突.标记免疫分析与临床, 2006. 13(4): p. 218-220.
35.陈峡等,荧光金逆行追踪法研究大鼠屏状核的传入投射纤维联系.广西医学, 2009: p. 633-635.
36. Sparks, D.L., et al., Neural tract tracing using Di-I: a review and a new method to make fast Di-I faster in human brain. J Neurosci Methods, 2000. 103(1): p. 3-10.
37.刘瑞斌,王传富,放射性视神经损伤超微结构改变的实验研究.长治医学院学报, 2000. 14(4): p. 248-249.
[1] Danesh-Meyer HV. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2008;15:95–100.
[2] Lessell S. Friendly fire: Neurogenic visual loss from radiation therapy. J Neuroophthalmol 2004;24:243–250.
[3] Celesia GG, DeMarco PJ Jr. Anatomy and physiology of the vi-sual system. J Clin Neurophysiol 1994;11:482–492.
[4] Netter FH, Hansen JT. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed. Phil-adelphia: WB Saunders; 2006.
[5] Duus P. Topical Diagnosis in Neurology: Anatomy, Physiol-ogy, Signs, Symptoms. 3rd rev. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1998.
[6] Kline LB, Kim JY, Ceballos R. Radiation optic neuropathy.Ophthalmology 1985;92:1118–26.
[7] Demizu Y, Murakami M, Miyawaki D, et al. Analysis of Vision loss caused by radiation-induced optic neuropathy after particle therapy for head-and-neck and skull-base tumors adjacent to optic nerves. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009;75(5):1487-92.
[8] Borruat F-X, Schatz NJ, Glaser JS ,et al. Radiation optic neuropathy: Report of cases, role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and literaturereview. Neuroophthalmology 1996;16:255–66
[9] Zimmerman CF, SchatzNJ,Glaser JS.Magnetic resonance imaging of radiation optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;110:389–94.
[10] Guy J, Mancuso A, Beck R ,et al. Radiation-induced optic neuropathy: A magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosurg 1991;74:426–32.
[11] PriseKM, FolkardM,Michael BD.Areviewof the bystander effectand its implications for low-dose exposure. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2003;104:347–55.
[12] Schettino G, FolkardM, Price KM ,et al. Low dose studies of bystander cell killing with targeted soft X-rays. Radiat Res 2003;160:505–11.
[13] Shao C, Stewart V, Folkard M, et al. Nitric oxide-mediated signaling in the bystander response of individually targeted glioma cells. Cancer Res 2003;63:8437–42.
[14] Lampert PW, Davis RL. Delayed effects of radiation on the human central nervous system:“Early”and“late”delayed reactions. Neurology 1964;14:912–7.
[15] van der Kogel AJ. Radiation-induced damage in the central nervous system: An interpretation of target cell responses. Br J Cancer 1986;53:207–17.
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