光纤中参量放大的研究
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摘要
光纤参量放大(FOPA)是一种基于光纤中四波混频(FWM)这种高阶非线性效应的新型放大方法,需要一个或两个激光器作为泵浦光源,以光纤作为非线性增益介质使信号光得以放大。FOPA不仅具有高增益、大带宽、低噪声等优点,而且其响应速度快,对于调制方式和信号码率透明,产生高效的闲频光等。基于上述特性,FOPA在光信号放大,全光信号处理,波长变换等方面具有广泛的应用,尤其是在下一代高速高容量光纤传送网中扮演了举足轻重的角色,受到广泛的关注,成为近几年来光纤通信技术研究热点之一。
本论文围绕着FOPA的特性,在总结国内外已有研究工作的基础上,从基本理论出发,着重在仿真和实验方面对光纤在FOPA特性中所产生的影响进行了研究,主要工作如下：
1.概述了FOPA的基本原理及主要结构,总结了国内外学者和研究团队对于FOPA的研究成果和目前的研究状况。
2.介绍了四波混频的基本机理以及非线性耦合模方程,分析了相位匹配条件,给出了单泵浦光纤参量放大中的相位匹配关系和影响放大效率的因素。
3.针对FOPA对非线性介质的要求,结合铋酸盐材料的特性,以三氧化二铋作为基底,设计了一种适用于FOPA的铋酸盐基底光子晶体光纤(Bi-PCF),并分析了它的色散、非线性和有效截面积等特性。利用得到的这些参数,对它作为非线性介质的FOPA进行了模拟仿真。采用等长度的二氧化硅为基底的SiO2-PCF进行实验研究,对比分析了两者对FOPA增益特性产生的影响。
4.根据前面所介绍的背景理论,搭建了实验平台。利用不同种类的光纤,在实验中研究了它们的受激布里渊散射(SBS)特性,采用相位调制法对它们的SBS进行抑制,增加了其SBS阈值,提高了FOPA的增益。对采用高非线性光纤作为非线性介质进行单泵浦条件下的FOPA实验研究,得到了相关的增益、带宽等特性结果,比较了它们对于FOPA特性的影响。
最后总结了本文的工作,提出了一些改进方案,以及下一步需要再完善和开展的工作。
Fiber optical parametric amplification (FOPA) is a new type amplification method based on one of higher order nonlinear effects, four-wave mixing (FWM) in fibers. It needs one or two laser as the pump source, the optical fiber as the nonlinear gain medium to make the signal light be amplified. FOPA has not only advantages such as high gain, large bandwidth, low noise, etc., but also has fast response rate for the modulation and signal transparency, can generating idler efficiently and so on. On account of the above characteristics, FOPA is wide range applied in the optical signal amplification, all-optical signal processing, wavelength conversion and so on, especially plays a pivotal role in next-generation high-speed, high-capacity optical fiber transmission network. It is received widespread attention, as a research hot spot issue on optical fiber communication technology in recent years.
This thesis is around the features of FOPA and on basis of summing up abroad existing research work. It researches on properties in the FOPA effects arising from fibers from basic theory which are focusing on simulation and experimental aspects. The main work as follows,
1. Overviewed the basic principles of FOPA and the main structure, summed up the research results and current research of foreign scholars and research teams on FOPA.
2. Described the basic mechanism of Four-Wave Mixing and nonlinear coupled mode equations, analyzed the phase matching condition, given the phase matching relationship and the impacting factors of amplification efficiency in a single pump fiber parametric amplification.
3. According to requirements for the nonlinear medium in FOPA and combined with properties of bismuth, designed photonic crystal fiber based on bismuth oxide (Bi-PCF) which was suitable for FOPA. After that, its dispersion, nonlinearity and the effective cross-sectional area and other characteristics were analyzed. Consequently, it was used as a nonlinear medium for FOPA simulation by these parameters. Meanwhile, an equal length Silica based photonic crystal fiber (SiO2-PCF) was used for the experimental studies. Then, comparison about the impact in gain characteristics of FOPA between them was analyzed.
According to background theory described before, an experimental platform was built. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) characteristics used different types of fiber was experimental studied. Phase Modulation method was employed to suppress their SBS. Subsequently, the SBS threshold was increased and improved the FOPA gain. The experiment of FOPA adopting the high nonlinear fiber as the nonlinear medium under the conditions of single-pumped was also studied. At last, the gain, bandwidth and other characteristics from the results were got, and their impacts were compared.
Finally, this thesis summarizes the work. It also puts forward some improvement program, the need to improve and further work.
本论文围绕着FOPA的特性,在总结国内外已有研究工作的基础上,从基本理论出发,着重在仿真和实验方面对光纤在FOPA特性中所产生的影响进行了研究,主要工作如下：
1.概述了FOPA的基本原理及主要结构,总结了国内外学者和研究团队对于FOPA的研究成果和目前的研究状况。
2.介绍了四波混频的基本机理以及非线性耦合模方程,分析了相位匹配条件,给出了单泵浦光纤参量放大中的相位匹配关系和影响放大效率的因素。
3.针对FOPA对非线性介质的要求,结合铋酸盐材料的特性,以三氧化二铋作为基底,设计了一种适用于FOPA的铋酸盐基底光子晶体光纤(Bi-PCF),并分析了它的色散、非线性和有效截面积等特性。利用得到的这些参数,对它作为非线性介质的FOPA进行了模拟仿真。采用等长度的二氧化硅为基底的SiO2-PCF进行实验研究,对比分析了两者对FOPA增益特性产生的影响。
4.根据前面所介绍的背景理论,搭建了实验平台。利用不同种类的光纤,在实验中研究了它们的受激布里渊散射(SBS)特性,采用相位调制法对它们的SBS进行抑制,增加了其SBS阈值,提高了FOPA的增益。对采用高非线性光纤作为非线性介质进行单泵浦条件下的FOPA实验研究,得到了相关的增益、带宽等特性结果,比较了它们对于FOPA特性的影响。
最后总结了本文的工作,提出了一些改进方案,以及下一步需要再完善和开展的工作。
Fiber optical parametric amplification (FOPA) is a new type amplification method based on one of higher order nonlinear effects, four-wave mixing (FWM) in fibers. It needs one or two laser as the pump source, the optical fiber as the nonlinear gain medium to make the signal light be amplified. FOPA has not only advantages such as high gain, large bandwidth, low noise, etc., but also has fast response rate for the modulation and signal transparency, can generating idler efficiently and so on. On account of the above characteristics, FOPA is wide range applied in the optical signal amplification, all-optical signal processing, wavelength conversion and so on, especially plays a pivotal role in next-generation high-speed, high-capacity optical fiber transmission network. It is received widespread attention, as a research hot spot issue on optical fiber communication technology in recent years.
This thesis is around the features of FOPA and on basis of summing up abroad existing research work. It researches on properties in the FOPA effects arising from fibers from basic theory which are focusing on simulation and experimental aspects. The main work as follows,
1. Overviewed the basic principles of FOPA and the main structure, summed up the research results and current research of foreign scholars and research teams on FOPA.
2. Described the basic mechanism of Four-Wave Mixing and nonlinear coupled mode equations, analyzed the phase matching condition, given the phase matching relationship and the impacting factors of amplification efficiency in a single pump fiber parametric amplification.
3. According to requirements for the nonlinear medium in FOPA and combined with properties of bismuth, designed photonic crystal fiber based on bismuth oxide (Bi-PCF) which was suitable for FOPA. After that, its dispersion, nonlinearity and the effective cross-sectional area and other characteristics were analyzed. Consequently, it was used as a nonlinear medium for FOPA simulation by these parameters. Meanwhile, an equal length Silica based photonic crystal fiber (SiO2-PCF) was used for the experimental studies. Then, comparison about the impact in gain characteristics of FOPA between them was analyzed.
According to background theory described before, an experimental platform was built. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) characteristics used different types of fiber was experimental studied. Phase Modulation method was employed to suppress their SBS. Subsequently, the SBS threshold was increased and improved the FOPA gain. The experiment of FOPA adopting the high nonlinear fiber as the nonlinear medium under the conditions of single-pumped was also studied. At last, the gain, bandwidth and other characteristics from the results were got, and their impacts were compared.
Finally, this thesis summarizes the work. It also puts forward some improvement program, the need to improve and further work.
引文
[1]K. C. Kao and G. A. Hockham, "Dielectric-fiber surface waveguides for optical frequencies," Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.113(7),1966.7: 1151-1158
[2]R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, S. B. Poole, et al., "Low-threshold tunable CW and Q-switched fibre laser operating at 1.55μm," Electronics Letters.22(3),1986.1:159-160
[3]K. Washio, K. Inoue, S. Kishida, "Efficient large-frequency-shifted three-wave mixing in low dispersion wavelength region in single-mode optical fibre," Electronics Letters. 16(17),1980.8:658-660
[4]S. Sudo, T. Hosaka, H. Itoh, et al., "High-Δn, small-core single-mode fibres for efficient nonlinear optical effects," Electronics Letters.22(16),1986.7:833-835
[5]M. E. Marhic, N. Kagi, T.-K. Chiang, et al., "Broadband fiber optical parametric amplifiers," Optics Letters.21(8),1996:573-575
[6]F. S. Yang, M. C. Ho, M. E. Marhic, et al., "Demonstration of two-pump fiber optical parametric amplification," Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting 1997 (LEOS'97) 10th Annual Meeting. Conference Proceedings. IEEE. San Francisco, CA, USA.1,1997.11:122-123
[7]Laurent Provino, A. Mussot, E. Lantz, et al., "Broadband and flat parametric gain with a single low-power pump in a multi-section fiber arrangement," Proceeding. Conference on Optical Fiber Communication 2002 (OFC 2002), Anaheim, CA, USA. TuS2.2002.3
[8]M. C. Ho, Katsumi Uesaka, M. E. Marhic, "200nm-Bandwidth Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier Combining Parametric and Raman Gain," Journal of Lightwave Technology. 19(7),2001.7:977-981
[9]K. K. Y. Wong, M. E. Marhic, G. Kalogerakis et al., "Fiber optical parametric amplifier and wavelength converter with record 360 nm gain bandwidth and 50 dB signal gain," Proceedings. Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics 2003 (CLEO 2003), Baltimore, MD, USA. Postdeadline 2003.6:1-6
[10]K. K. Y. Wong, M. E. Marhic, Katsumi Uesaka, et al., "Polarization-Independent Two-Pump Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 14(7),2002.7:11-13
[11]T. Torounidis, P. A. Andrekson, "Broadband single-pumped fiber optic parametric amplifiers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.19(9),2007.5:1041-1135
[12]J. M. Chavez Boggio, J. D. Marconi, S. R. Bickham, et al., "Two-Pump Fiber OPAs with Flat Gain Over 100 nm Bandwidth," Proceedings. IEEE/LEOS Winter Topicals Meeting Series. Sorrento, Italy.2008.1:57-58
[13]R. Jiang, N. Alic, C. J. McKinstrie, et al., "Two Pump Parametric Amplifier with 40dB of Equalized Continuous Gain over 50nm" Proceeding. Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2007 (OFC/NFOEC 2007), Anaheim, CA, USA.2007.3
[14]T. Torounidis, P. A. Andrekson, B. A. Olsson, "Fiber-optical parametric amplifier with 70-dB gain," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.18(10),2006.5:1194-1196
[15]M. E. Marhic, K. K. Y. Wong, L. G. Kazovsky, "Wide-band tuning of the gain spectra of one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.10(5),2004.9:1133-1141
[16]Z. Tong, A. Bogris, C. Lundstrom, et al., "Modeling and measurement of the noise figure of a cascaded non-degenerate phase-sensitive parametric amplifier," Optics Express. 18(14),2010.6:14820-14835
[17]Zhi. Tong, A. Bogris, C. Lundstrom, et al., "Noise figure measurements in phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive fiber parametric amplifier cascade," Proceeding. Conference on Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2010 (OFC/NFOEC 2010), San Diego, CA, USA.2010.3:1-3
[1]D. A. Fishman, and J. A. Nagel, "Degradations Due to Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Multigigabit Intensity-Modulated Fiber- Optic Systems," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology.11(11),1993.11:1721-1728
[2]Govind P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear Fiber Optics," 4th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston,2007
[3]Jonas Hansryd, Peter A. Andrekson, Mathias Westlund, et al., "Fiber-based optical parametric amplifiers and their applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.8(3),2002.5:506-520
[4]Thomas Torounidis, Peter Andrekson, "Broadband Single-Pumped Fiber-Optic Parametric Amplifiers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letter.19(9),2007.5:650-652
[1]J. A. Fleck Jr., J. R. Morris, M. D. Feit, "Time-dependent propagation of high energy laser beams through the atmosphere," Applied Physics A:Materials Science & Processing. 10(2),1976.2:129-160.
[2]Katsunari Okamoto, "Fundamentals of optical waveguide," Second Edition, Academic Press, San Diego,2005:329-398
[3]J. Toulouse, "Optical nonlinearities in fibers:Review, recent examples, and system application," Journal of Lightwave Technology,23(11),2005.11:3625-3641
[4]T. Hori, N. Nishizawa, T. Goto and M. Yoshida, "Experimental and numerical analysis of widely broadened supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber with a femtosecond pulse," Journal of the Optical Society of America B.21(11),2004.11: 1969-1980
[5]Wen-jing Li, Xin-zhu Sang, Jin-hui Yuan, et al., "60 GHz OCS mm-wave generation for ROF system based on saturated parametric amplification effect in HNLF," Optoelectronics Letters.6(6),2010.11:443-445
[6]J. Hansryd, P. A. Andrekson, M. Westlund, J. Li, and P.-O. Hedekvist, "Fiber-based optical parametric amplifiers and their applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.8(3),2002.5:506-520
[7]Xiao-xia Liu, Xiang-jun Xin, Jin-hui Yuan, et al., "Influence of the zero dispersion wavelength fluctuation on the gain and noise performance in dual-pump fiber parametric amplifiers," Optoelectronics Letters.6(5),2010.9:367-370
[8]Jing Ling, Xin-zhu Sang, Jin-hui Yuan, et al., "Investigation on noise characteristics of dual-pumped fiber optical parametric amplifiers based on photonic crystal fibers," Optoelectronics Letters.6(3),2010.5:168-171
[9]Clifford Headley, Govind P. Agrawal, "Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems", Academic Press, Burlington, San Diego& London,2004: 176-178.
[10]Jianxin Ma, Jianjun Yu, Chongxiu Yu, et al., "Wavelength conversion based on four-wave mixing in high-nonlinear dispersion shifted fiber using a dual-pump configuration," Journal of Lightwave Technology.24(7),2006.7:2851-2858
[11]M. Tang, Y. Gong, and P. Shum, "Broad-band tunable wavelength conversion using Raman-assisted parametric four-wave mixing in highly nonlinear fibers with double-pass geometry," IEEE Photonics Technology Letter.17(1),2005.1:148-150
[12]J. Li, A. Berntson, G. Jacobsen, "Polarization-independent optical demultiplexing using XPM-induced wavelength shifting in highly nonlinear fiber," IEEE Photonics Technology Letter.20(9),2008.9:691-693
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[14]S. Watanabe, R. Okabe, F. Futami, R. Hainberger, C. Schumidt-Langhorst, C. Schubert, and H. G. Weber, "Novel fiber Kerr-switch with parametric gain:demonstration of optical demultiplexing and sampling up to 640 Gb/s," Proceedings. European Conference on Optical Communication 2004 (ECOC 2004), Stockholm, Sweden, Post deadline paper Th4.1.6,2004.8
[15]S. Watanabe, F. Futami, R. Okabe, R. Ludwig, C. Schmidt-Langhorst, B. Huettl, C. Schubert, and H.-G. Weber, "An optical parametric amplified fiber switch for optical signal processing and regeneration," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.14(3),2008.5:674-680
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[18]M. Hirano, T. Nakanishi, T. Okuno, and M. Onishi, "Silica-Based Highly Nonlinear Fibers and Their Application," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.15(1), 2009.1:103-113.
[19]S. Radic, CJ. McKinstrie, R.M. Jopson, J.C. Centanni, Q. Lin, and G.P. Agrawal, "Record performance of parametric amplifier constructed with highly nonlinear fibre," Electronics Letters.39(11),2003.11:838-839
[20]N. Sugimoto, H. Kanbara, S. Fujiwara et al., "Third-order optical nonlinearities and their ultrafast response in Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glasses," Journal of the Optical Society of America B.16(11),1999.11:1904-1908.
[21]M. Peng, J. Qiu, D. Chen, X. Meng, L. Yang, X. Jiang, and C. Zhu, "Bismuth and aluminum co-doped germanium oxide glasses for superbroadband optical amplification,' Optics Letters.29(17),2004.9:1998-2000
[22]K. Seki and S. Yamashita, "Narrowband and tunable optical parametric amplification in Bismuth-Oxide-based highly nonlinear fiber," Optics Express,16(18),2008.9: 13871-13877
[23]Govind P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear Fiber Optics," 4th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston,2007
[24]T. Hasegawa, S. Ohara, "Fabrication of Bismuth-based Photonic Crystal Fiber by. Stack and Draw Method," Proceeding. Conference on Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2009 (OFC/NFOEC 2009), San Diego, CA, USA, Post deadline paper OThK2 2009.
[1]Govind P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear Fiber Optics," 4th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston,2007
[2]M. O. Van Deventer, A. J. Boot, "Polarization properties of stimulated Brillouin scattering insingle-mode fibers," Journal of Lightwave Technology,12(4),1994.4:585-590
[3]C. Montes, D. Bahloul, I. Bongrand, et al., "Self-pulsing and dynamic bistability in cw-pumped Brillouin fiber ring lasers," Journal of the Optical Society of America B,16(6), 1999.6:932-951
[4]K. Shiraki, M. Ohashi, M. Tateda, "SBS Threshold of a Fiber with a Brillouin Frequency Shift Distribution," Journal of Lightwave Technology,14(1),1996.1:50-57
[5]J. D. Marconi, J. M. Chavez Boggio, F. A. Callegari, et al., "Double pumped parametric amplifier with SBS suppression by applying a strain distribution to the fiber," Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting 2004 (LEOS'04) 17th Annual Meeting. Conference Proceedings. IEEE. Rio Grande, Puerto Rico.2,2004.11:701-702
[6]J. Hansryd, F, Dross, M. Westlund, et al., "Increase of the SBS Threshold in a Short Highly Nonlinear Fiber by Applying a Temperature Distribution," Journal of Lightwave Technology,19(11),2001.11:1691-1696
[7]Y. Takushima, T. Okoshi, "Suppression of stimulated Brillouin scattering using optical isolators," Electronics Letters,28(12),1992.6:1155-1157
[8]Zhi. Tong, A. Bogris, C. Lundstrom, et al., "Noise figure measurements in phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive fiber parametric amplifier cascade," Proceeding. Conference on Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2010 (OFC/NFOEC 2010), San Diego, CA, USA.2010.3:1
[9]R. Tang, P. S. Devgan, V. S. Grigoryan, et al., "In-line phase-sensitive amplification of multi-channel CW signals based on frequency nondegenerate four-wave-mixing in fiber," Optics Express,16(12),2008.6:9046-9053
[2]R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, S. B. Poole, et al., "Low-threshold tunable CW and Q-switched fibre laser operating at 1.55μm," Electronics Letters.22(3),1986.1:159-160
[3]K. Washio, K. Inoue, S. Kishida, "Efficient large-frequency-shifted three-wave mixing in low dispersion wavelength region in single-mode optical fibre," Electronics Letters. 16(17),1980.8:658-660
[4]S. Sudo, T. Hosaka, H. Itoh, et al., "High-Δn, small-core single-mode fibres for efficient nonlinear optical effects," Electronics Letters.22(16),1986.7:833-835
[5]M. E. Marhic, N. Kagi, T.-K. Chiang, et al., "Broadband fiber optical parametric amplifiers," Optics Letters.21(8),1996:573-575
[6]F. S. Yang, M. C. Ho, M. E. Marhic, et al., "Demonstration of two-pump fiber optical parametric amplification," Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting 1997 (LEOS'97) 10th Annual Meeting. Conference Proceedings. IEEE. San Francisco, CA, USA.1,1997.11:122-123
[7]Laurent Provino, A. Mussot, E. Lantz, et al., "Broadband and flat parametric gain with a single low-power pump in a multi-section fiber arrangement," Proceeding. Conference on Optical Fiber Communication 2002 (OFC 2002), Anaheim, CA, USA. TuS2.2002.3
[8]M. C. Ho, Katsumi Uesaka, M. E. Marhic, "200nm-Bandwidth Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier Combining Parametric and Raman Gain," Journal of Lightwave Technology. 19(7),2001.7:977-981
[9]K. K. Y. Wong, M. E. Marhic, G. Kalogerakis et al., "Fiber optical parametric amplifier and wavelength converter with record 360 nm gain bandwidth and 50 dB signal gain," Proceedings. Conference on Lasers & Electro-Optics 2003 (CLEO 2003), Baltimore, MD, USA. Postdeadline 2003.6:1-6
[10]K. K. Y. Wong, M. E. Marhic, Katsumi Uesaka, et al., "Polarization-Independent Two-Pump Fiber Optical Parametric Amplifier," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters. 14(7),2002.7:11-13
[11]T. Torounidis, P. A. Andrekson, "Broadband single-pumped fiber optic parametric amplifiers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.19(9),2007.5:1041-1135
[12]J. M. Chavez Boggio, J. D. Marconi, S. R. Bickham, et al., "Two-Pump Fiber OPAs with Flat Gain Over 100 nm Bandwidth," Proceedings. IEEE/LEOS Winter Topicals Meeting Series. Sorrento, Italy.2008.1:57-58
[13]R. Jiang, N. Alic, C. J. McKinstrie, et al., "Two Pump Parametric Amplifier with 40dB of Equalized Continuous Gain over 50nm" Proceeding. Optical Fiber Communication and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2007 (OFC/NFOEC 2007), Anaheim, CA, USA.2007.3
[14]T. Torounidis, P. A. Andrekson, B. A. Olsson, "Fiber-optical parametric amplifier with 70-dB gain," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.18(10),2006.5:1194-1196
[15]M. E. Marhic, K. K. Y. Wong, L. G. Kazovsky, "Wide-band tuning of the gain spectra of one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.10(5),2004.9:1133-1141
[16]Z. Tong, A. Bogris, C. Lundstrom, et al., "Modeling and measurement of the noise figure of a cascaded non-degenerate phase-sensitive parametric amplifier," Optics Express. 18(14),2010.6:14820-14835
[17]Zhi. Tong, A. Bogris, C. Lundstrom, et al., "Noise figure measurements in phase-insensitive and phase-sensitive fiber parametric amplifier cascade," Proceeding. Conference on Optical Fiber Communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference 2010 (OFC/NFOEC 2010), San Diego, CA, USA.2010.3:1-3
[1]D. A. Fishman, and J. A. Nagel, "Degradations Due to Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Multigigabit Intensity-Modulated Fiber- Optic Systems," IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology.11(11),1993.11:1721-1728
[2]Govind P. Agrawal, "Nonlinear Fiber Optics," 4th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, San Francisco, New York, Boston,2007
[3]Jonas Hansryd, Peter A. Andrekson, Mathias Westlund, et al., "Fiber-based optical parametric amplifiers and their applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.8(3),2002.5:506-520
[4]Thomas Torounidis, Peter Andrekson, "Broadband Single-Pumped Fiber-Optic Parametric Amplifiers," IEEE Photonics Technology Letter.19(9),2007.5:650-652
[1]J. A. Fleck Jr., J. R. Morris, M. D. Feit, "Time-dependent propagation of high energy laser beams through the atmosphere," Applied Physics A:Materials Science & Processing. 10(2),1976.2:129-160.
[2]Katsunari Okamoto, "Fundamentals of optical waveguide," Second Edition, Academic Press, San Diego,2005:329-398
[3]J. Toulouse, "Optical nonlinearities in fibers:Review, recent examples, and system application," Journal of Lightwave Technology,23(11),2005.11:3625-3641
[4]T. Hori, N. Nishizawa, T. Goto and M. Yoshida, "Experimental and numerical analysis of widely broadened supercontinuum generation in highly nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber with a femtosecond pulse," Journal of the Optical Society of America B.21(11),2004.11: 1969-1980
[5]Wen-jing Li, Xin-zhu Sang, Jin-hui Yuan, et al., "60 GHz OCS mm-wave generation for ROF system based on saturated parametric amplification effect in HNLF," Optoelectronics Letters.6(6),2010.11:443-445
[6]J. Hansryd, P. A. Andrekson, M. Westlund, J. Li, and P.-O. Hedekvist, "Fiber-based optical parametric amplifiers and their applications," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics.8(3),2002.5:506-520
[7]Xiao-xia Liu, Xiang-jun Xin, Jin-hui Yuan, et al., "Influence of the zero dispersion wavelength fluctuation on the gain and noise performance in dual-pump fiber parametric amplifiers," Optoelectronics Letters.6(5),2010.9:367-370
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