中西爱情跨文化比较研究
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摘要
爱情是人类永不疲倦讨论的话题。作为人类共通的基本感情,世界各地人们的爱情观及表达方式有其相同或相似的地方,但在不同的文化里,人们对爱情的阐释又是五花八门,莫衷一是。由于信息和交通的发达,人们与其他各国人民交流的机会也大大增加,这使得跨国爱情和跨国婚姻在当今社会生活中成为一种新的文化时尚。与此同时,专家学者也开始对此问题进行关注和研究。但过去的研究多是从社会学及心理学的角度加以探讨,很少有学者对其进行跨文化的比较研究。
在本论文中,西(West)是指西方英语国家,主要以英、美两国为代表;爱情是指男女,异性之间的爱情。首先,阐释本研究的重要性,并对过去国内外关于此话题的研究及将用到的理论作了简要介绍。其次,从跨文化的角度讨论中西爱情的异同之处。基于人类的共性,中西爱情存在许多相同及相似之处,这也是来自中西文化的人们产生爱情火花的基础。但是不同的社会、历史、文化、经济等因素导致了中西爱情的不同模式,本文将从约会、爱的表达及爱的解读三方面对中西爱情的差异加以探讨。然后,利用个人主义—集体主义、高低语境、阴阳等理论对隐藏在中西爱情差异背后的文化渊源加以阐释和分析。最后,基于中西爱情的不同及其根源的分析,对处于跨文化爱情之中的中国人和西方人提供理论上的建议和实用指南。
Globalization makes intercultural love a new fashion. Many researches have been conducted on this phenomenon, but most of them are from sociological and psychological perspectives, rarer is the study from an intercultural communication perspective. This thesis will be concentrated on a comparative study of heterosexual love between Chinese and Western cultures from the perspective of intercultural communication.
This thesis mainly focuses on the comparative study on heterosexual love between Chinese and Western cultures. In this thesis,“West”refers to Western English speaking countries, especially America and Great Britain. Similarities are explored through characteristics, benefits and stages of heterosexual love; and differences are discussed in dates, expressing love and interpreting love expressions. Chinese people prefer showing their love in actions and are more closed about using words to express the emotion whereas Westerners are just the opposite. Under the guide of the theories of individualism-collectivism, low- and high-context communication, yin and yang, the cultural roots of these differences are analyzed in the following. At last, based on the differences of heterosexual love between Chinese and Western cultures as well as the roots analysis, suggestions are given both theoretically and practically, to prevent misunderstandings and conflicts between lovers from Chinese and Western cultures.
在本论文中,西(West)是指西方英语国家,主要以英、美两国为代表;爱情是指男女,异性之间的爱情。首先,阐释本研究的重要性,并对过去国内外关于此话题的研究及将用到的理论作了简要介绍。其次,从跨文化的角度讨论中西爱情的异同之处。基于人类的共性,中西爱情存在许多相同及相似之处,这也是来自中西文化的人们产生爱情火花的基础。但是不同的社会、历史、文化、经济等因素导致了中西爱情的不同模式,本文将从约会、爱的表达及爱的解读三方面对中西爱情的差异加以探讨。然后,利用个人主义—集体主义、高低语境、阴阳等理论对隐藏在中西爱情差异背后的文化渊源加以阐释和分析。最后,基于中西爱情的不同及其根源的分析,对处于跨文化爱情之中的中国人和西方人提供理论上的建议和实用指南。
Globalization makes intercultural love a new fashion. Many researches have been conducted on this phenomenon, but most of them are from sociological and psychological perspectives, rarer is the study from an intercultural communication perspective. This thesis will be concentrated on a comparative study of heterosexual love between Chinese and Western cultures from the perspective of intercultural communication.
This thesis mainly focuses on the comparative study on heterosexual love between Chinese and Western cultures. In this thesis,“West”refers to Western English speaking countries, especially America and Great Britain. Similarities are explored through characteristics, benefits and stages of heterosexual love; and differences are discussed in dates, expressing love and interpreting love expressions. Chinese people prefer showing their love in actions and are more closed about using words to express the emotion whereas Westerners are just the opposite. Under the guide of the theories of individualism-collectivism, low- and high-context communication, yin and yang, the cultural roots of these differences are analyzed in the following. At last, based on the differences of heterosexual love between Chinese and Western cultures as well as the roots analysis, suggestions are given both theoretically and practically, to prevent misunderstandings and conflicts between lovers from Chinese and Western cultures.
引文
Althen, G. 1988. American ways: a guide for foreigners in the United States. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. 2003. Intercultural awareness. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 344~353.
CowBurn, J. 2003. Love. Milwaukee, Wis: Marquette University Press.
Dai Fan & Smith, S. L. J. 2003. Cultures in contrast: mis-Communication and misunderstanding between Chinese and North Americans. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Davis, K. C. 1989. Women, sex, and addiction: a search for love and power. New York: Ticknor & Fields.
Elizabeth, R. N. 1990. Gender and generation: family formation in modern Beijing. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI.
Fromm, E. 1956. The art of loving. New York : Harper & Row, Pub. Gao Ge & Ting-Toomey, S. 1990. Communicating effectively with the Chinese. [s.l.]: Sage Publication, Inc.,
Gove, P. B. (editor in chief). 1993. Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster.
Gudykunst, W. B. & Lee, C. M. 2002. Cross-cultural communication theories. In: William, B. & Gudykunst, B. M., eds. Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Hall, E. T. 1976. Beyond culture. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday & Company, Inc.e Javidi, A & Javidi, M.1994. Cross–cultural analysis of interpersonal bonding: a look at east and west. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (7th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 87~94.
Kennedy-Moore, E. & Watson, J. C. 1999. Expressing Emotion: myths, realities, and therapeutic strategies. New York : Guilford Press.
Kim, Y. Y. 1994. Intercultural personhood. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,
Li, Jiansheng. 1999. Changing kinship relations and their effects on contemporary urban Chinese society: a case study in Tianjin city. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI.
Maslow, A. H. 1999. Motivation and personality. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House.
Mustein, B. I. 1986. Paths to marriage. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Plato. Symposium. In: Cowburn, J. 2003. Love. Milwaukee, Wis: Marquette University Press. 138~139.
Peck, S. The road less traveled. In: Cowburn, J. 2003. Love. Milwaukee, Wis: Marquette University Press. 139~140.
Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E. 2003. Understanding intercultural communication: an introduction and overview. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porte, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 6~28
Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E. 1994. Intercultural communication: a reader. (7th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E. 2003. Understanding intercultural communication: an introduction and overview. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 6~28.
Scanzoni, L. D. & Scanzoni, J. 1988. Men, Women and Change: a sociology of marriage and family. (3rd ed.) New York : McGraw-Hill.
Sternberg, R. J. 1986. A triangular theory of love. Psychol. Rev. 119~135.
Stewart, E. C. & Bennett, M. J. 1991. American cultural patterns: a cross-cultural perspective. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Tan, A. 1989. The Joy luck club. New York: Putnam’s.
Ting-Toomey, S. 1997. Managing intercultural conflicts effectively. In: Samovar, L. A & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (8th ed.) New York: Wadsworth. 392~404.
Triandis, H. C. 2003. Culture and conflict. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E, eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 18~28.
Wiseman, R. L. 2002. Intercultural communication competence. In: William, B. & Gudykunst, B. M., eds. Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 287~298
毕继万著,胡文仲主编. 1999.跨文化非语言交际.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
周山. 1991.易经新论.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社.
陈默. 2005.拯救人性的爱:弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想初探:学位论文.湖南:湖南师范大学.
胡超. 2005.跨文化交际——E时代的范式与能力构建.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
胡文仲. 1999.跨文化交际学概论.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
弗洛姆著,萨茹菲译. 2006.爱的艺术.北京:光明日报出版社.
孔子著,Arthur Waley译. 1998.论语.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
老子著,Arthur Waley译. 1999.道德经.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
林大津. 1999.跨文化交际研究—与英美人交往指南.福建:福建人民出版社.
马斯洛著,成明编译. 2003.马斯洛人本哲学.北京:九州出版社.
汪福祥,马登阁编著.1999.An Analytical Survey of Cultural Clashes.北京:石油工业出版社.
王颖导演. 1993.电影喜福会.好莱坞:好莱坞电影.
吴华眉. 2005.论爱的对象:学位论文.江苏:南京师范大学.
Chen, G. M. & Starosta, W. J. 2003. Intercultural awareness. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 344~353.
CowBurn, J. 2003. Love. Milwaukee, Wis: Marquette University Press.
Dai Fan & Smith, S. L. J. 2003. Cultures in contrast: mis-Communication and misunderstanding between Chinese and North Americans. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
Davis, K. C. 1989. Women, sex, and addiction: a search for love and power. New York: Ticknor & Fields.
Elizabeth, R. N. 1990. Gender and generation: family formation in modern Beijing. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI.
Fromm, E. 1956. The art of loving. New York : Harper & Row, Pub. Gao Ge & Ting-Toomey, S. 1990. Communicating effectively with the Chinese. [s.l.]: Sage Publication, Inc.,
Gove, P. B. (editor in chief). 1993. Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster.
Gudykunst, W. B. & Lee, C. M. 2002. Cross-cultural communication theories. In: William, B. & Gudykunst, B. M., eds. Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Hall, E. T. 1976. Beyond culture. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday & Company, Inc.e Javidi, A & Javidi, M.1994. Cross–cultural analysis of interpersonal bonding: a look at east and west. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (7th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 87~94.
Kennedy-Moore, E. & Watson, J. C. 1999. Expressing Emotion: myths, realities, and therapeutic strategies. New York : Guilford Press.
Kim, Y. Y. 1994. Intercultural personhood. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,
Li, Jiansheng. 1999. Changing kinship relations and their effects on contemporary urban Chinese society: a case study in Tianjin city. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI.
Maslow, A. H. 1999. Motivation and personality. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House.
Mustein, B. I. 1986. Paths to marriage. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Plato. Symposium. In: Cowburn, J. 2003. Love. Milwaukee, Wis: Marquette University Press. 138~139.
Peck, S. The road less traveled. In: Cowburn, J. 2003. Love. Milwaukee, Wis: Marquette University Press. 139~140.
Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E. 2003. Understanding intercultural communication: an introduction and overview. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porte, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 6~28
Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E. 1994. Intercultural communication: a reader. (7th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co.
Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E. 2003. Understanding intercultural communication: an introduction and overview. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 6~28.
Scanzoni, L. D. & Scanzoni, J. 1988. Men, Women and Change: a sociology of marriage and family. (3rd ed.) New York : McGraw-Hill.
Sternberg, R. J. 1986. A triangular theory of love. Psychol. Rev. 119~135.
Stewart, E. C. & Bennett, M. J. 1991. American cultural patterns: a cross-cultural perspective. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Tan, A. 1989. The Joy luck club. New York: Putnam’s.
Ting-Toomey, S. 1997. Managing intercultural conflicts effectively. In: Samovar, L. A & Porter, R. E., eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (8th ed.) New York: Wadsworth. 392~404.
Triandis, H. C. 2003. Culture and conflict. In: Samovar, L. A. & Porter, R. E, eds. Intercultural communication: a reader. (10th ed.) Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co. 18~28.
Wiseman, R. L. 2002. Intercultural communication competence. In: William, B. & Gudykunst, B. M., eds. Handbook of international and intercultural communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. 287~298
毕继万著,胡文仲主编. 1999.跨文化非语言交际.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
周山. 1991.易经新论.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社.
陈默. 2005.拯救人性的爱:弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想初探:学位论文.湖南:湖南师范大学.
胡超. 2005.跨文化交际——E时代的范式与能力构建.北京:中国社会科学出版社.
胡文仲. 1999.跨文化交际学概论.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
弗洛姆著,萨茹菲译. 2006.爱的艺术.北京:光明日报出版社.
孔子著,Arthur Waley译. 1998.论语.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
老子著,Arthur Waley译. 1999.道德经.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
林大津. 1999.跨文化交际研究—与英美人交往指南.福建:福建人民出版社.
马斯洛著,成明编译. 2003.马斯洛人本哲学.北京:九州出版社.
汪福祥,马登阁编著.1999.An Analytical Survey of Cultural Clashes.北京:石油工业出版社.
王颖导演. 1993.电影喜福会.好莱坞:好莱坞电影.
吴华眉. 2005.论爱的对象:学位论文.江苏:南京师范大学.