虚拟化技术中的存储管理问题研究
|
摘要
随着CPU、RAM、磁盘阵列、高速互连网络等硬件技术的发展,以及以虚拟化技术、并行计算和分布式系统等软件技术的发展,网格计算、效用计算、服务计算、云计算等新兴计算模式不断涌现,并得到了迅猛发展。虚拟化技术提供的服务整合、资源动态分配技术、增强的安全隔离等特性可以很好地解决这些新兴计算模式所遇到的安全隔离、资源分配等问题。
与此同时,随着全球数据信息量的持续爆炸性增长,企业和个人对数据存储空间的需求也越来越大,用于购买存储设备的支出、以及存储设备在总的IT开支中的比例也不断增大。但是一方面是快速增长的存储设备开支、较高的设备能耗,另一方面却是较低的存储空间利用率,这些都对存储管理技术提出了新的需求和挑战。为此,出现了自动精减配置、空闲空间回收、重复数据缩减、基于云计算模式的云存储等许多新的存储管理技术和存储服务模式。
云存储模式同其它云计算一样,基于虚拟化技术,通过整合众多异构、廉价的服务器和存储设备,构建众多的虚拟化的实例,为企业和个人用户提供持续不断的应用和存储服务,不仅可以满足广大中小企业和个人的计算和存储需求,而且也有效地减少了中小企业的存储开支和能耗。但设备开支和能耗压力又转移到了云存储服务端。自动精减配置是目前许多存储管理产品都具备的功能,基于存储虚拟化技术,减少每个虚拟卷的初始配置大小,仅在必要的时候才进行扩展,以此来提高存储空间利用率。因此在云存储服务端结合自动精简配置技术管理存储资源,以有效提高存储利用率,应是云存储服务端存储资源管理的重要趋势。
虽然自动精减配置技术可以大幅度提高存储空间利用率,但是由于大量的文件删除等操作,虚拟卷中仍然存储大量的空闲空间无法利用。目前仅有较少的几种自动精减配置技术配有空间回收技术,而且其中有许多都是要在迁移时才能进行空闲空间的回收,因而广泛存在回收效率不高、影响用户使用、应用范围狭窄等缺点,在实际使用时无法真正有效地回收利用空闲空间。
本文针对目前云存储系统中存在的提高存储利用率的需求,扩展了自动精减配置技术,提出一个虚拟存储在虚拟机间按需动态流动模型(Virtual Storage Flow on-Demand, VSFoD)。该模型将一台服务器拥有的所有存储资源都整合到一个统一的存储池中,从存储池中创建逻辑卷,作为每个虚拟化实例所拥有的虚拟存储空间。基于该模型,虚拟存储空间可以根据需要动态地扩展;另一方面,当整体存储空间紧张时,为了响应其它虚拟化实例的虚拟存储空间的扩展与创建需求,也可以收缩某一虚拟化实例所拥有的虚拟存储空间,回收其一部分空闲空间;若回收了空闲空间后资源仍然紧张,则可以向网络中的邻居节点请求共享邻居节点的空闲空间。即存储空间可以由一个空闲空间较多的虚拟化实例“流”向空闲空间紧张的虚拟化实例。由此,该模型比起现有的自动精简配置技术,更能有效地提高存储利用率,进而降低存储开支和能耗,也更加适合于云存储模式。
Xen是一个拥有较高性能的开源的服务器虚拟化技术,许多企业的产品和科研项目都基于Xen,包括在业界非常有代表性的亚马逊(Amazon)公司和EC2(弹性计算云)和S3(简单存储服务)。本文中实现的VSFoD模型的原型系统也是基于Xen。
在原型系统中,本文首先改进了现有的逻辑卷管理器,使其能够考虑到各个物理存储设备的性能差异,提高逻辑卷的读写性能,实验结果表明,应用该改进方法,可以显著地提高所创建的逻辑卷的读写性能;另一方面,能够在创建逻辑卷时,可以指定所映射的物理存储区域,增强逻辑卷管理器的管理功能。
然后,本文改进了Xen的虚拟块设备管理,使得扩展或收缩某一虚拟块设备后,它所在的虚拟机能够感知其大小的变化。否则,只能重启Xen虚拟机才能更新它的虚拟块设备大小,而这样就会影响到用户的数据访问操作。此外,本文也给出一种更加适合于Xen等虚拟化环境下的虚拟机间IO性能虚拟化方法,以保障各个用户之间对服务器IO带宽的公平共享,避免相互影响。实验结果表明,比起Xen中原有的IO调度方法,这种性能隔离方法,可以有效地保障各虚拟机间公平地共享磁盘IO带宽,也能够根据不同虚拟机的权重,为各虚拟机按比例地分配磁盘带宽。
为了使用户能够感知并正常使用动态变化了的虚拟块设备,必须使文件系统的大小与之匹配,并尽量降低对用户读写操作的影响。本文最后给出了一种对Linux系统中最常用的也是默认的ext2/3文件系统进行在线收缩的方法,并给出了在Xen虚拟机中实现ext2/3文件系统在线收缩的方法。实验结果表明,该方法可以正确地收缩文件系统,并且不阻塞用户读写,对于读写性能的影响在最坏情况下也只有5%~10%。
With the development of computer hardware (CPU, RAM, disk array, high-speed network and so on) and software technology (virtualization, parallel computing and distributed system), emerging computing patterns such as grid computing, service computing and cloud computing developed rapidly. Virtualization can provide service consolidation, dynamic allocation of resource, enhanced security isolation to those new computing patterns to resolve problem such as security, isolation and resource allocation.
At the same time, with the explosive growth of global information, the requirement for data storage space of enterprises and individuals is increasing more and more, and the payout for storage device and its proportion in IT cost are both growing larger. Now the rapidly growing payout for storage device and high energy consumption of device, and on the other hand the low utilization of storage space poses new demands and challenges for the storage management technology. So a lot of new storage management technologies and service patterns have arisen, such as thin provisioning, free space reclaimation, data de-duplication and cloud storage.
As other cloud computing, cloud storage integrate many heterogeneous and cheap servers and storage devices to construct a lot of virtual OS instances for enterprises and individuals to provide continuously application and storage service. It can not only satisfy the storage requirement of many middle & small scale enterprises and individuals but also cut down the payout and energy consumption of storage device. But then the stress of expenditure and energy consumption will be transfered to servers of cloud storage. Thin provisioning can purchase less storage capacity up front, defer storage capacity upgrades in line with actual business usage, so it's a method for optimizing utilization of available storage. It's an important trend to apply thin provisioning for cloud storage platform to optimize utilization of storage device.
Although thin provisioning can optimize utilization of storage device, there will also be amont of free space because of frequent file delete operations. Currently only a frew thin provisioning support space reclaimation, and most of them reclaim free space only when volume is migrated to another server, so those reclaimation technology can't reclaim free space effectively.
To increase storage utilization farther, in this thesis proposed a Virtual Storage Resource Flow on-Demand Model (VSFoD) to strengthen thin provisioning. VSFoD integrate all storage resource of a server into a unified storage pool, and from which construct logical volume as the virtual block device (VBD) for every virtual instanc (virtual machine, VM). Based on this model the VBD can extend on demand, and when the storage is in short supply, some VBDs of VMs can be shrinked and even the storage of other nodes in the same LAN can be shared to satisfy the extend and creation requirement of other VMs. That is to say the storage resource can "flow" from a VM to another, so VSFoD can optimize utilization of storage device more effectively than thin provisioning, and then cut down the expenditure and energy consumption of storage device more effectively, and are more suitable for cloud storage.
Xen is a high performance and open-source server virtualization project, many commercial products and scientific research projects are all based on Xen, including typical Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and S3 (Simple Storage Service) in cloud computing. The prototype of VSFoD described in this thesis is also realized based on Xen.
First of all the prototype improved the current logical volume manager(LVM), and when creating or extending a logical volume it can consider the different performance of every physical storage device to improve read/write performance, the evaluation result warrant the conclusion. On the other hand when creating or expending logical volume user/administrator can customize the expected mapped physical storage area, and then optimize the LVM.
Then the prototype improved the virtual block device management of Xen and make VM can modify its VBD capacity after the VBD is extended or shrinked, otherwise the VM need to reboot to know the updated capacity of its VBD, and this will interfer users' access. In addition, the prototype also give a new performance isolation method among VMs which is more sutiable for Xen, evaluation results demonstrated that this method can guarantee the disk IO bandwidth be proportional shared by all VMs according their weights more effectively than other IO schedulers in Xen.
After the VBD is resized, the upper file system must be also resized to match the updated capacity of the VBD, at the same time the file system resize should try to reduce the interference to user’s read/write, and then VM can utilize the dynamic updated VBD. This thesis will describe a method to shrink the most common file system for Linux - ext2/3 online, and realize the shrink online into Xen. Evaluation results demonstrated that the method can correctly shrink ext2/3 online, and won't suspend or block user's read/write process, and in the worst it only bring down the IO performance only 5%~10%.
与此同时,随着全球数据信息量的持续爆炸性增长,企业和个人对数据存储空间的需求也越来越大,用于购买存储设备的支出、以及存储设备在总的IT开支中的比例也不断增大。但是一方面是快速增长的存储设备开支、较高的设备能耗,另一方面却是较低的存储空间利用率,这些都对存储管理技术提出了新的需求和挑战。为此,出现了自动精减配置、空闲空间回收、重复数据缩减、基于云计算模式的云存储等许多新的存储管理技术和存储服务模式。
云存储模式同其它云计算一样,基于虚拟化技术,通过整合众多异构、廉价的服务器和存储设备,构建众多的虚拟化的实例,为企业和个人用户提供持续不断的应用和存储服务,不仅可以满足广大中小企业和个人的计算和存储需求,而且也有效地减少了中小企业的存储开支和能耗。但设备开支和能耗压力又转移到了云存储服务端。自动精减配置是目前许多存储管理产品都具备的功能,基于存储虚拟化技术,减少每个虚拟卷的初始配置大小,仅在必要的时候才进行扩展,以此来提高存储空间利用率。因此在云存储服务端结合自动精简配置技术管理存储资源,以有效提高存储利用率,应是云存储服务端存储资源管理的重要趋势。
虽然自动精减配置技术可以大幅度提高存储空间利用率,但是由于大量的文件删除等操作,虚拟卷中仍然存储大量的空闲空间无法利用。目前仅有较少的几种自动精减配置技术配有空间回收技术,而且其中有许多都是要在迁移时才能进行空闲空间的回收,因而广泛存在回收效率不高、影响用户使用、应用范围狭窄等缺点,在实际使用时无法真正有效地回收利用空闲空间。
本文针对目前云存储系统中存在的提高存储利用率的需求,扩展了自动精减配置技术,提出一个虚拟存储在虚拟机间按需动态流动模型(Virtual Storage Flow on-Demand, VSFoD)。该模型将一台服务器拥有的所有存储资源都整合到一个统一的存储池中,从存储池中创建逻辑卷,作为每个虚拟化实例所拥有的虚拟存储空间。基于该模型,虚拟存储空间可以根据需要动态地扩展;另一方面,当整体存储空间紧张时,为了响应其它虚拟化实例的虚拟存储空间的扩展与创建需求,也可以收缩某一虚拟化实例所拥有的虚拟存储空间,回收其一部分空闲空间;若回收了空闲空间后资源仍然紧张,则可以向网络中的邻居节点请求共享邻居节点的空闲空间。即存储空间可以由一个空闲空间较多的虚拟化实例“流”向空闲空间紧张的虚拟化实例。由此,该模型比起现有的自动精简配置技术,更能有效地提高存储利用率,进而降低存储开支和能耗,也更加适合于云存储模式。
Xen是一个拥有较高性能的开源的服务器虚拟化技术,许多企业的产品和科研项目都基于Xen,包括在业界非常有代表性的亚马逊(Amazon)公司和EC2(弹性计算云)和S3(简单存储服务)。本文中实现的VSFoD模型的原型系统也是基于Xen。
在原型系统中,本文首先改进了现有的逻辑卷管理器,使其能够考虑到各个物理存储设备的性能差异,提高逻辑卷的读写性能,实验结果表明,应用该改进方法,可以显著地提高所创建的逻辑卷的读写性能;另一方面,能够在创建逻辑卷时,可以指定所映射的物理存储区域,增强逻辑卷管理器的管理功能。
然后,本文改进了Xen的虚拟块设备管理,使得扩展或收缩某一虚拟块设备后,它所在的虚拟机能够感知其大小的变化。否则,只能重启Xen虚拟机才能更新它的虚拟块设备大小,而这样就会影响到用户的数据访问操作。此外,本文也给出一种更加适合于Xen等虚拟化环境下的虚拟机间IO性能虚拟化方法,以保障各个用户之间对服务器IO带宽的公平共享,避免相互影响。实验结果表明,比起Xen中原有的IO调度方法,这种性能隔离方法,可以有效地保障各虚拟机间公平地共享磁盘IO带宽,也能够根据不同虚拟机的权重,为各虚拟机按比例地分配磁盘带宽。
为了使用户能够感知并正常使用动态变化了的虚拟块设备,必须使文件系统的大小与之匹配,并尽量降低对用户读写操作的影响。本文最后给出了一种对Linux系统中最常用的也是默认的ext2/3文件系统进行在线收缩的方法,并给出了在Xen虚拟机中实现ext2/3文件系统在线收缩的方法。实验结果表明,该方法可以正确地收缩文件系统,并且不阻塞用户读写,对于读写性能的影响在最坏情况下也只有5%~10%。
With the development of computer hardware (CPU, RAM, disk array, high-speed network and so on) and software technology (virtualization, parallel computing and distributed system), emerging computing patterns such as grid computing, service computing and cloud computing developed rapidly. Virtualization can provide service consolidation, dynamic allocation of resource, enhanced security isolation to those new computing patterns to resolve problem such as security, isolation and resource allocation.
At the same time, with the explosive growth of global information, the requirement for data storage space of enterprises and individuals is increasing more and more, and the payout for storage device and its proportion in IT cost are both growing larger. Now the rapidly growing payout for storage device and high energy consumption of device, and on the other hand the low utilization of storage space poses new demands and challenges for the storage management technology. So a lot of new storage management technologies and service patterns have arisen, such as thin provisioning, free space reclaimation, data de-duplication and cloud storage.
As other cloud computing, cloud storage integrate many heterogeneous and cheap servers and storage devices to construct a lot of virtual OS instances for enterprises and individuals to provide continuously application and storage service. It can not only satisfy the storage requirement of many middle & small scale enterprises and individuals but also cut down the payout and energy consumption of storage device. But then the stress of expenditure and energy consumption will be transfered to servers of cloud storage. Thin provisioning can purchase less storage capacity up front, defer storage capacity upgrades in line with actual business usage, so it's a method for optimizing utilization of available storage. It's an important trend to apply thin provisioning for cloud storage platform to optimize utilization of storage device.
Although thin provisioning can optimize utilization of storage device, there will also be amont of free space because of frequent file delete operations. Currently only a frew thin provisioning support space reclaimation, and most of them reclaim free space only when volume is migrated to another server, so those reclaimation technology can't reclaim free space effectively.
To increase storage utilization farther, in this thesis proposed a Virtual Storage Resource Flow on-Demand Model (VSFoD) to strengthen thin provisioning. VSFoD integrate all storage resource of a server into a unified storage pool, and from which construct logical volume as the virtual block device (VBD) for every virtual instanc (virtual machine, VM). Based on this model the VBD can extend on demand, and when the storage is in short supply, some VBDs of VMs can be shrinked and even the storage of other nodes in the same LAN can be shared to satisfy the extend and creation requirement of other VMs. That is to say the storage resource can "flow" from a VM to another, so VSFoD can optimize utilization of storage device more effectively than thin provisioning, and then cut down the expenditure and energy consumption of storage device more effectively, and are more suitable for cloud storage.
Xen is a high performance and open-source server virtualization project, many commercial products and scientific research projects are all based on Xen, including typical Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) and S3 (Simple Storage Service) in cloud computing. The prototype of VSFoD described in this thesis is also realized based on Xen.
First of all the prototype improved the current logical volume manager(LVM), and when creating or extending a logical volume it can consider the different performance of every physical storage device to improve read/write performance, the evaluation result warrant the conclusion. On the other hand when creating or expending logical volume user/administrator can customize the expected mapped physical storage area, and then optimize the LVM.
Then the prototype improved the virtual block device management of Xen and make VM can modify its VBD capacity after the VBD is extended or shrinked, otherwise the VM need to reboot to know the updated capacity of its VBD, and this will interfer users' access. In addition, the prototype also give a new performance isolation method among VMs which is more sutiable for Xen, evaluation results demonstrated that this method can guarantee the disk IO bandwidth be proportional shared by all VMs according their weights more effectively than other IO schedulers in Xen.
After the VBD is resized, the upper file system must be also resized to match the updated capacity of the VBD, at the same time the file system resize should try to reduce the interference to user’s read/write, and then VM can utilize the dynamic updated VBD. This thesis will describe a method to shrink the most common file system for Linux - ext2/3 online, and realize the shrink online into Xen. Evaluation results demonstrated that the method can correctly shrink ext2/3 online, and won't suspend or block user's read/write process, and in the worst it only bring down the IO performance only 5%~10%.
引文
[AMD 05] Advanced Micro Devices. May 2005. AMD64 Virtualization Codenamed“Pacifica”Technology, Secure Virtual Machine Architecture Reference Manual[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.mimuw.edu.pl/~vincent/lecture6/sources/amd-pacifica-specification.pdf
[Arm 09] M. Armbrst, et al. Feb 2009. Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing[R]. UC Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28. URL. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf
[AWS a] Amazon Simple Storage Service(Amazon S3). http://aws.amazon.com/s3/
[AWS b] Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2). http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/
[BaC 05] Daniel P. Bovet and Marco Cesati. 2005. Understanding the Linux Kernel[M]. 3rd ed. Sebastopol, California, USA: O’Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00565-2.
[BDK 03] P. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho,R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. October 2003. Xen and the Art of Virtualization[C]. //In Proceedings of the 19th ACM SOSP, pages 164-177.
[Bel 05] Fabrice Bellard. 2005. QEMU, a Fast and Portable Dynamic Translator
[C]. //In Proceedings USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pages 41-46.
[Bes 00] Steve Best. 2000. JFS overview[EB/OL]. http://jfs.sourceforge.net/project/pub/jfs.pdf
[Bochs] Bochs-The cross platform IA-32 emulator. http://bochs.sourceforge.net/
[BOH 03] Randal E. Bryant and David R. O’Hallaron. 2003. Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective[M]. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-034074-X.
[CaG 05] L. Cherkasova and R. Gardner. 2005. Measuring CPU overhead for I/O processing in the Xen virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proc. USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pages 379-382.
[Cao 07] Mingming Cao. 2007. Ext4: The Next Generation of Ext2/3 Filesystem[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.usenix.org/event/lsf07/tech/cao_m.pdf
[CCR 03] B. Chun, D. Culler, T. Roscoe, et al. July 2003. PlanetLab: an Overlay Testbed for Broad-coverage Services[J]. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 33(3): 3-12.
[CFK 01] A. Chervenak, I. Foster, C. Kesselman, et al. 2001. The Data Grid: Towards an Architecture for the Distributed Management and Analysis of Large Scientific Datasets[J]. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 23:187-200.
[Chi 07] David Chisnall. November 2007. The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor[M]. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-234971-0. 3-288
[CKH 05] C. Clark, K. Fraser, S. Hand, J. G. Hansen, E. Jul, C. Limpach, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. 2005. Live migration of virtual machines[C]. //In Proc. USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation.
[Cla 05] Tom Clark. March 2005. Storage Virtualization: Technologies for Simplifying Data Storage and Management[M]. Addison Wesley Professional. ISBN: 0-32-126251-4.
[CRH 05] Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman. February 2005. Linux Device Drivers[M]. 3rd ed. Sebastopol, California, USA: O’Reilly. ISBN: 0-596-00590-3
[CSI] Citrix Systems, Inc. Xen Users' Manual[EB/OL]. 3.3rd ed. URL. http://bits.xensource.com/Xen/docs/user.pdf
[CWS 09] H. Andrés Lagar-Cavilla, Joseph A. Whitney, Adin Scannell, Philip Patchin, Stephen M. Rumble, Eyal de Lara, Michael Brudno, M. Satyanarayanan. April 2009. SnowFlock: Rapid Virtual Machine Cloning for Cloud Computing[C]. //Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems, 3rd European Conference on Computer Systems (Eurosys). Nuremberg, Germany. Pages: 1-12.
[Dil 02] Andreas E. Dilger. June 2002. Online ext2 and ext3 Filesystem Resizing[C]. //Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Pp. 117–129
[Dil] Andreas E. Dilger, Lennert Buytenhek. ext2resize[CP/OL]. URL. http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net/
[DMI] dm-ioband project[CP/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/ioband
[ext3 98] Stephen C. Tweedie. May 1998. Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem[C]. //Proceedings of the 4th Annual LinuxExpo. Durham, NC, USA.
[FaC 03] Keir Fraser and Fay Chang. June 2003. Operating system i/o speculation: How two invocations are faster than one[C]. //In Proceedings of the General Track: 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA. Pp. 325-338
[FHH 03] Keir A. Fraser, Steven M. Hand, Timothy L. Harris, Ian M. Leslie, Ian A. Pratt. January 2003. The Xenoserver computing infrastructure[R/EB/OL]. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. URL. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/TechReports/UCAM-CL-TR-552.pdf
[FHN 04a] K Fraser, S. Hand, R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, A. Warfield, and M. Williamson. October 2004. Safe hardware access with the xen virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proceedings of the 1stWorkshop on Operating System and Architectural Support for the On-Demand IT Infrastructure (OASIS-1).
[FHN 04b] Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, Rolf Neugebauer, Ian Pratt, Andrew Warfield, Mark Williamson. August 2004. Reconstructing I/O[R/EB/OL]. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. URL. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/TechReports/UCAM-CL-TR-596.pdf描述了Xen里的块设备IO的
[FPS 06] Niels Fallenbeck, Hans-Joachim Picht, Matthew Smith, Bernd Freisleben. 2006. Xen and the Art of Cluster Scheduling[C]. //Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Virtualization Technology in Distributed Computing. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[GaJ 06] Roxana Geambasu, John P John. June 2006. Study of Virtual Machine Performance over Network File System[R]. URL. http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/roxana/acads/projects/vmnfs/networkvm06.pdf
[Gar 08] Gartner Research. August 2008. Worldwide server shipments grew 20% in 2008
[R/EB/OL]. http://digitimes.com/print/a20080822PR204.html
[Gar 07] Gartner Research. November 2007. The Data Center Power and Cooling Challenge[R]. 26th Annual Data Center Conference.
[GCG 06] Diwaker Gupta, Ludmila Cherkasova, Rob Gardner, and Amin Vahdat. 2006. Enforcing Performance Isolation Across Virtual Machines in Xen
[C]. //Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 2006 International Conference on Middleware. Melbourne, Australia. Pages: 342-362.
[GFS 97] Soltis, Steven R; Erickson, Grant M; Preslan, Kenneth W. 1997. The Global File System: A File System for Shared Disk Storage[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.
[GFS2 07] Whitehouse, Steven. June 2007. The GFS2 Filesystem[C].//Proceedings of the Linux Symposium 2007. Ottawa, Canada. pp. 253–259.
[GGC 05] D. Gupta, R. Gardner, and L. Cherkasova. Oct 2005. XenMon: QoS Monitoring and Performance Profiling Tool[R]. HPL-2005-187, HP Labs.
[CIG 03] J. S. Chase, D. E. Irwin, L. E. Grit, J. D. Moore, and S. E. Sprenkle. June 2003. Dynamic Virtual Clusters in a Grid Site Manager[C]. //In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC-12).
[Gol 74] R. P. Goldberg. June 1974. Survey of virtual machine research[J]. //IEEE Computer, 7(6): 34-45.
[Gol 72] R. Goldberg. 1972. Architectural principles for virtual computer systems[D]: [Ph.D]. Harvard University.
[GPFS 02] Frank Schmuck and Roger Haskin. January 2002. GPFS: A Shared-Disk File System for Large Computing Clusters[C]. //Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST’02). Monterey, CA, USA. pp. 231–244.
[GSK 03] Gregory R. Ganger, John D. Strunk, Andrew J. Klosterman. August 2003. Self-*Storage: Brick-based storage with automated administration[R]. Technical Report CMU-CS-03- 178. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Carnegie Mellon University.
[GTH 99] K. Govil, D. Teodosiu, Y. Huang, and M. Rosenblum. December 1999. Cellular Disco: Resource management using virtual clusters on shared memory multiprocessors[C]. //In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. pages 154-169.
[GTT] Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie. Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem[C]. //in the Proceedings of the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux. ISBN 90-367-0385-9.
[Has 01] Michael Hasenstein. 2001. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM)[R]. SuSE Inc White paper. http://www.idevelopment.info/data/Unix/Linux/LINUX_lvm_whitepaper_SuSE.pdf
[HLM 94] D. Hitz, J. Lau, and M. Malcolm. January 1994. File system design for an NFS file server appliance[C]. //In Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1994 Technical Conference. San Fransisco, CA, USA. pages 235–246.
[Hol 09] Alison Holloway, et al. August 2009. Oracle VM Template Builder Installation and User’s Guide[R]. Release 2.1. http://ocpdba.net/doc/vm/2.1.5/doc/doc.21/e14391.pdf
[IBM 07] IBM Redbook. January 2007. Advanced POWER Virtualization on IBM System p5: Introduction and Configuration[R]. IBM的虚拟化技术
[Intel-VT a] Neiger, Gil; A. Santoni, F. Leung, D. Rodgers, R. Uhlig. July 2008. Intel Virtualization Technology: Hardware Support for Efficient Processor Virtualization[J]. Intel Technology Journal (Intel) 10 (3): 167–178.
[Intel-VT b] Gillespie, Matt. Nov. 2007. Best Practices for Paravirtualization Enhancements from Intel Virtualization Technology: EPT and VT-d[J]. Intel Software Network.
[Ioz ] iozone. IOzone Filesystem Benchmark[CP/OL]. http://www.iozone.org/
[JaX 04] X. Jiang and D. Xu. 2004. Collapsar: A vm-based architecture for network attack detention center[C]. //In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Security Symposium. pages 15-28.
[JBF 05] Bart Jacob, Michael Brown, Kentaro Fukui, Nihar Trivedi. December 2005. IBM. Introduction to Grid Computing[R/EB/OL]. International Technical Support Organization, IBM redbook. URL. http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf
[Jon 08] M. Tim Jones. Sep 2008. Cloud computing with Linux - Cloud computing platforms and applications[EB/OL]. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cloud-computing/index.html
[JVM 05] James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha. May 2005. The Java Language Specification[M]. 3rd ed. ADDISON-WESLEY. ISBN 0-321-24678-0
[KCS 08] Aneesh Kumar K.V, Mingming Cao, Jose R Santos. July 2008. Ext4 block and inodeallocator improvements[C]. //Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pages 263-274.
[KGZ 04] I. Krsul, A. Ganguly, J. Zhang, J. Fortes, R. J. Figueiredo. October 2004. VMPlants: Providing and Managing Virtual Machine Execution Environments for Grid Computing[C]. //in SC’04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing. ISBN:0-7695-2153-3
[KKK 08] Dong-Jae Kang, Chei-Yol Kim, Kang-Ho Kim, Sung-In Jung. 2008. Proportional Disk I/O Bandwidth Mangement for Server Virtualization Enviroment[C]. //Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology. Washington, DC, USA. Pages: 647-653.
[KKL 07] A. Kivity, Y. Kamay, D. Laor, U. Lublin, and A. Liguori. June 2007. kvm: the Linux virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pp. 225-230.
[Kot 05] Evangelos Kotsovinos. January 2005. Global public computing[R/EB/OL]. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. URL. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-615.pdf
[KUS 04] M. Kallahalla, M. Uysal, R. Swaminathan, D. E. Lowell, M.Wray, T. Christian, N. Edwards, C. I. Dalton, and F. Gittler. November 2004. Softudc: A software-based data center for utility computing[J]. IEEE Computer , 37(11): 38-46.
[LaD 05] B. Lin, P. A. Dinda. 2005. VSched: Mixing Batch and Interactive Virtual Machines Using Periodic Real-Time Scheduling[C]. //Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE SC’05 Conference (SC’05).
[LaT 96] E. Lee and C. Thekkath. 1996. Petal: Distributed virtual disks[C]. //In Proc. 7th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. Pages 84-92.
[LGS 05] Christine Lorenz, Joy Goodreau, Kylie Smith. 2005. Enterprise Volume Management System- EVMS User Guide[EB/OL]. IBM. http://evms.sourceforge.net/user_guide/
[LHA 06] J. Liu, W. Huang, B. Abali, and D. K. Panda. May 2006. High performance VMM-bypass I/O in virtual machines[C]. //In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Boston, MA, USA. Pp. 29–42. Xen中的IO通路问题。
[Lig 05] B. Ligneris. 2005. Virtualization of Linux Based Computers: the Linux-VServer Projet[C]. //Preceedings of the 19th International Symposium on High Performance Computing Systems and Applications (HPCS’05). pp.340-346.
[Linux] Linux Kernel Archives. http://www.kernel.org/
[Lustre 07] Sun Microsystems, Inc. December 2007. Lustre File System: High-Performance Storage Architecture and Scalable Cluster File System[R]. Sun White Paper. URL. http://www.sun.com/servers/hpc/docs/lustrefilesystem_wp.pdf
[LVM2] LVM2 Resource Page. http://sourceware.org/lvm2/
[MAC 08] D. T. Meyer, G. Aggarwal, B. Cully, G. Lefebvre, M. J. Feeley, N. C. Hutchinson, and A. Warfield. 2008. Parallax: virtual disks for virtual machines[C]. //In Eurosys’08: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA. pages 41–54.
[MCB 07] Avantika Mathur, Mingming Cao, Suparna Bhattacharya. 2007. The New ext4 filesystem: current status and future plans[C]. //Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 2: 21-34.
[McL 06] M. McLoughlin. June 2006. The QCOWimage format[EB/OL]. URL. http://people.gnome.org/~markmc/qcow-image-format-version-1.html
[McL 08] Mark McLoughlin. Sep 2008. The QCOW2 Image Format[EB/OL]. URL. http://people.gnome.org/~markmc/qcow-image-format.html
[MCM 02] Mahalingam, Mallik; Karamanolis, Christos; Karlsson, Magnus; Xu, Zhichen. Locating Logical Volumes in Large-Scale Networks[R]. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Hewlett Packard Labs Report HPL-2001-237R1.
[Mey 08] Dutch Thomassen Meyer. October 2008. Parallax - volume management for virtual machines[D][Master]. Vancouver, BC Canada: The University Of British Columbia.
[MHH 07] Jeanna Neefe Matthews, Wenjin Hu, Madhujith Hapuarachchi, et al. 2007. Quantifying the Performance Isolation Properties of Virtualization Systems[C]. //Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Experimental computer science. San Diego, California, USA. ISBN:978-1-59593-751-3
[MJR 04] R. Moore, A. Jagatheesan, A. Rajasekar, et al. 2004. Data Grid Management Systems[C]. //In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies UMSS’04.
[Moo 06] Bill Moore. 2006. Zfs—the last word in file systems[R]. Sun Microsystems. URL. http://opensolaris.org/os/community/zfs/docs/zfs_last.pdf
[MRT 05] A. Menon, J. Renato Santos, Y. Turner, G. Janakiraman, and W. Zwaenepoel. 2005. Diagnosing performance overheads in the xen virtual machine environment[C]. //In VEE '05: Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX international conference on Virtual execution environments. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press. pages 13-23.
[MST 09] Microsoft TechNet. Februrary 2009. Virtual hard disk image formatspecification[R/EB/OL]. http://microsoft.com/technet/virtualserver/downloads/vhdspec.mspx
[NTFS] Microsoft TechNet. How NTFS Works[EB/OL]. URL.http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781134(WS.10).aspx
[OCFS2] Sunil Mushran. July 2008. OCFS2: A Cluster file system for Linux - User s Guide forRelease 1.4[R].http://oss.oracle.com/projects/ocfs2/dist/documentation/v1.4/ocfs2-1_4-usersguide.pdf
[OCR 08] Diego Ongaro, Alan L. Cox, Scott Rixner. March 2008. Scheduling I/O in VirtualMachine Monitors[C]. //Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS internationalconference on Virtual execution environments. Seattle, Washington, USA. Pages: 1-10
[OWZ 10]Alex Osuna, Lothar Weinert, Erwin Zwemmer, Xu X Yan, Reimar Pflieger. March 2010.IBM System Storage TS7650 and TS7650G with ProtecTIER[R]. 2nd ed. IBM redbook.http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247652.pdf
[Pap 03] M. P. Papazoglou. 2003. Service-Oriented Computing: Concepts, Characteristics andDirections[C]. //Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth International Conference on Web InformationSystems Engineering. pp.3-12.面向服务计算的概念
[PaS 95] David Plainfosse and Marc Shapiro. September 1995. A survey of distributed garbagecollection techniques[C]. //Proceedings of the International Workshop on Memory Management.Springer-Verlag London, UK. Pages: 211 - 249.
[PGR 06] B. Pfaff, T. Garfinkel, and M. Rosenblum. May 2006. Virtualization aware file systems:Getting beyond the limitations of virtual disks[C]. //In Proceedings of the 3rd USENIXSymposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation(NSDI 2006). Berkeley, CA,USA. pages 353–366.
[PZU 07] P. Padala, X. Zhu, M. Uysal, et al. 2007. Adaptive Control of Virtualized Resources inUtility Computing Environments[C]. //In Proceedings of the European Conference onComputer Systems(EuroSys’07). pp.289-302.
[RaG 05] M. Rosenblum, T. Garfinkel. 2005. Virtual machine monitors: current technology andfuture trends[J]. IEEE Computer. Los Alamitos, CA, USA. 38(5): 39-47.
[Rob 03] O. Rodeh, et al. April 2003. Teperman. zFS– A scalable distributed file system usingobject disks[C]. //In MSS’03: Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/11th NASA Goddard Conferenceon Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. Washington, DC, USA. pages 207–218.
[Sai 04] Yasushi Saito,et al. December 2004. Fab: building distributed enterprise disk arrays fromcommodity components. In ASPLOS(ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review). 38(5): 48-58.
[SaM 79] L. Seawright and R. MacKinnon. 1979. VM/370 - a study of multiplicity andusefulness[J]. IBM Systems Journal. pages 4-17.
[SaN 05] James E. Smith, Ravi Nair. 2005. The Architecture of Virtual Machines[J]. IEEE Computer. Los Alamitos, CA, USA. 38(5): 32 - 38.
[San 92] R. Sandberg. 1992. The Sun Network Filesystem: Design, Implementation, and Experience[C]. //In Distributed Computing Systems: Concepts and Structures. Los Alamos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press. pages 300–316.
[SaT 07] Seetharami R. Seelam, Patricia J. Teller. 2007. Virtual I/O scheduler: A scheduler of schedulers for Performance Virtualization[C]. //Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments. San Diego, California, USA. Pages: 105 - 115.
[SCP 02] Constantine P. Sapuntzakis, Ramesh Chandra, Ben Pfaff, Jim Chow, Monica S. Lam, Mendel Rosenblum. 2002. Optimizing the migration of virtual computers[C]. //OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation. New York, NY, USA. 36: 377-390.
[SGL 08] Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller. Oct. 2008. Secure data deduplication[C]. //Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Storage security and survivability. Fairfax, Virginia, USA. Pages: 1-10.
[SKZ 08] S. Srikantaiah, A. Kansal, and F. Zhao. Dec 2008. Energy Aware Consolidation for Cloud Computing[C]. //In Proceedings of HotPower '08 Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems. San Diego, CA, USA.
[Str 59] Christopher Strachey. June 1959. Time sharing in large fast computers[C]. //In International Conference on Information Processing. pp. 336-341.
[Sun 04] Sun Microsystems, Inc. August 2004. File System Performance: The Solaris OS, UFS, Linux ext3, and ReiserFS[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.sun.com/software/whitepapers/solaris10/fs_performance.pdf
[SVL 01] J. Sugerman, G. Venkitachalam, and B. Lim. 2001. Virtualizing I/O devices on VMware Workstation's hosted virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proceedings of the General Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Berkeley, CA, USA: USENIX Association, pages 1-14.
[TaM 01] D. Teigland and H. Mauelshagen. June 2001. Volume Managers in Linux[C]. //Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2001 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Pp. 185–198.
[TaT 02] Theodore Y. Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie. 2002. Planned Extensions to the Linux Ext2/Ext3 Filesystem[C]. //Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference .Berkeley, CA, USA: USENIX Association. Pp. 235–243
[Vel 08] Sainath S Vellal. 2008. A Device Mapper based Encryption Layer for TransCrypt[D]:
[Master thesis]. Kanpur, India: Department of Computer Science & Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology Kanpur, 18-22.
[VMW a] VMWare, Inc. Virtual machine disk format[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.vmware.com/interfaces/vmdk.html
[VMW b] VMware, Inc. VMware VMFS product datasheet[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.vmware.com/pdf/vmfs datasheet.pdf
[VxFS a] Symantec Inc. Veritas Storage Foundation by Symantec[EB/OL]. http://a248.e.akamai.net/f/248/3214/1d/www.zones.com/images/pdf/symantec_veritas_storage_foundation5_ds_052009.pdf
[VxFS b] HITACHI. June 2008. Simplified Operations and Reduced Storage Cost with Veritas Storage Foundation and Hitachi Dynamic Provisioning[R]. http://www.hds.com/assets/pdf/simplified-operations-and-reduced-storage-cost-with-veritas-storage-foundation-and-hitachi-dynamic-provisioning.pdf
[VxVM] VERITAS. Veritas Volume Manager. http://www.veritas.com
[Wal 02] C. Waldspurger. Dec. 2002. Memory resource management in VMware ESX Server[C]. //In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Boston, MA, USA. pages 181–194.
[Wan 06] Mengzhi Wang. January 2006. Performance Modeling of Storage Devices using Machine Learning[D][Ph.D]. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Carnegie Mellon University.
[WaR 08] P. Willmann, S. Rixner, et al. 2008. Protection Strategies for Direct Access to Virtualized I/O Devices[C]. //USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pp.15-28.
[War 06] Andrew K. Warfield. 2006. Virtual Devices for Virtual Machines[D]: [Ph.D.]. Cambridge, UK: Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. 42-128.
[WCS 04] A. Whitaker, R. Cox, M. Shaw, and S. Gribble. March 2004. Constructing services with interposable virtual hardware[C]. //In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. pages 169-182. /*就是那个denali系统*/
[WFH 05] A.Warfield, K. Fraser, S. Hand, and T. Deegan. 2005. Facilitating the development of soft devices[C]. //In Proceedings USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pages 379-382.
[Wil 06] M. Williamson. 2006. Xenfs. Xen wiki: http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/XenFS
[Wil 92] Paul R.Wilson. 1992. Uniprocessor garbage collection techniques[C]. //Proceedings of the International Workshop on Memory Management. Springer-Verlag London, UK. Pages: 1 - 42.
[WRF 05] A. Warfield, R. Ross, K. Fraser, C. Limpach, and S. Hand. June 2005. Parallax: Managing storage for a million machines[C]. //In Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS X). Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
[WSG 02] Andrew Whitaker, Marianne Shaw, and Steven D. Gribble. 2002. Denali: Lightweight Virtual Machines for Distributed and Networked Applications[C]. //In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.
[WWL 09] C. Weng, Z. Wang, M. Li, and X. Lu. 2009. The Hybrid Scheduling Framework for Virtual Machine Systems[C]. //Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments. Washington, DC, USA. Pages: 111-120.
[Xen] Xen Hypervisor Archives. http://www.xen.org/products/xen_archives.html
[XFS 06] Silicon Graphics Inc. 2006. XFS Filesystem Structure[EB/OL]. 2nd ed. http://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/papers/xfs_filesystem_structure.pdf
[YWG 06] L. Youseff, R. Wolski, B. Gorda, and C. Krintz. Dec 2006. Paravirtualization for HPC Systems[C]. //In Proceedings of Workshop on XEN in HPC Cluster and Grid Computing Environments(XHPC), held in conjunction with The International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Application (ISPA 2006). pages 474-486.
[ZaW 09] W. Zhao, Z. Wang. 2009. , Dynamic Memory Balancing for Virtual Machines[C]. //Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments. Washington, DC, USA. Pages: 21-30.内存的动态分配
[ZBG 05] Y. Zhang, A. Bestavros, M. Guirguis. Friendly Virtual Machines: Leveraging a Feedback-Control Model for Application Adaptation[C]. //In Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments. pp.2-12.
[ZFS 06] Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2006. ZFS On-Disk Specification[R]. http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/download/Community+Group+zfs/docs/ondiskformat0822.pdf
[ZLL 04] L. J. Zhang, H. Li, H. Lam. August 2004. Services Computing: Grid Applications for Today[J]. IEEE Computer Society. 6(4): 5-7.
[ZSW 05] Jianyong Zhang, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Qian Wang, Alma Riska, Erik Riedel. 2005. Storage performance virtualization via throughput and latency control[C]. //Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS’05).
[ZZF 06] Ming Zhao, Jian Zhang, Renato J. Figueiredo. January 2006. Distributed File System Virtualization Techniques Supporting On-Demand Virtual Machine Environments for Grid Computing[J]. Cluster Computing. 9(1): 45-56.
[Arm 09] M. Armbrst, et al. Feb 2009. Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing[R]. UC Berkeley Technical Report No. UCB/EECS-2009-28. URL. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2009/EECS-2009-28.pdf
[AWS a] Amazon Simple Storage Service(Amazon S3). http://aws.amazon.com/s3/
[AWS b] Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2). http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/
[BaC 05] Daniel P. Bovet and Marco Cesati. 2005. Understanding the Linux Kernel[M]. 3rd ed. Sebastopol, California, USA: O’Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00565-2.
[BDK 03] P. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho,R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. October 2003. Xen and the Art of Virtualization[C]. //In Proceedings of the 19th ACM SOSP, pages 164-177.
[Bel 05] Fabrice Bellard. 2005. QEMU, a Fast and Portable Dynamic Translator
[C]. //In Proceedings USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pages 41-46.
[Bes 00] Steve Best. 2000. JFS overview[EB/OL]. http://jfs.sourceforge.net/project/pub/jfs.pdf
[Bochs] Bochs-The cross platform IA-32 emulator. http://bochs.sourceforge.net/
[BOH 03] Randal E. Bryant and David R. O’Hallaron. 2003. Computer Systems: A Programmer’s Perspective[M]. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-034074-X.
[CaG 05] L. Cherkasova and R. Gardner. 2005. Measuring CPU overhead for I/O processing in the Xen virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proc. USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pages 379-382.
[Cao 07] Mingming Cao. 2007. Ext4: The Next Generation of Ext2/3 Filesystem[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.usenix.org/event/lsf07/tech/cao_m.pdf
[CCR 03] B. Chun, D. Culler, T. Roscoe, et al. July 2003. PlanetLab: an Overlay Testbed for Broad-coverage Services[J]. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 33(3): 3-12.
[CFK 01] A. Chervenak, I. Foster, C. Kesselman, et al. 2001. The Data Grid: Towards an Architecture for the Distributed Management and Analysis of Large Scientific Datasets[J]. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 23:187-200.
[Chi 07] David Chisnall. November 2007. The Definitive Guide to the Xen Hypervisor[M]. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-234971-0. 3-288
[CKH 05] C. Clark, K. Fraser, S. Hand, J. G. Hansen, E. Jul, C. Limpach, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. 2005. Live migration of virtual machines[C]. //In Proc. USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation.
[Cla 05] Tom Clark. March 2005. Storage Virtualization: Technologies for Simplifying Data Storage and Management[M]. Addison Wesley Professional. ISBN: 0-32-126251-4.
[CRH 05] Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman. February 2005. Linux Device Drivers[M]. 3rd ed. Sebastopol, California, USA: O’Reilly. ISBN: 0-596-00590-3
[CSI] Citrix Systems, Inc. Xen Users' Manual[EB/OL]. 3.3rd ed. URL. http://bits.xensource.com/Xen/docs/user.pdf
[CWS 09] H. Andrés Lagar-Cavilla, Joseph A. Whitney, Adin Scannell, Philip Patchin, Stephen M. Rumble, Eyal de Lara, Michael Brudno, M. Satyanarayanan. April 2009. SnowFlock: Rapid Virtual Machine Cloning for Cloud Computing[C]. //Proceedings of the 4th ACM European conference on Computer systems, 3rd European Conference on Computer Systems (Eurosys). Nuremberg, Germany. Pages: 1-12.
[Dil 02] Andreas E. Dilger. June 2002. Online ext2 and ext3 Filesystem Resizing[C]. //Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Pp. 117–129
[Dil] Andreas E. Dilger, Lennert Buytenhek. ext2resize[CP/OL]. URL. http://ext2resize.sourceforge.net/
[DMI] dm-ioband project[CP/OL]. http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/ioband
[ext3 98] Stephen C. Tweedie. May 1998. Journaling the Linux ext2fs Filesystem[C]. //Proceedings of the 4th Annual LinuxExpo. Durham, NC, USA.
[FaC 03] Keir Fraser and Fay Chang. June 2003. Operating system i/o speculation: How two invocations are faster than one[C]. //In Proceedings of the General Track: 2003 USENIX Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA. Pp. 325-338
[FHH 03] Keir A. Fraser, Steven M. Hand, Timothy L. Harris, Ian M. Leslie, Ian A. Pratt. January 2003. The Xenoserver computing infrastructure[R/EB/OL]. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. URL. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/TechReports/UCAM-CL-TR-552.pdf
[FHN 04a] K Fraser, S. Hand, R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, A. Warfield, and M. Williamson. October 2004. Safe hardware access with the xen virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proceedings of the 1stWorkshop on Operating System and Architectural Support for the On-Demand IT Infrastructure (OASIS-1).
[FHN 04b] Keir Fraser, Steven Hand, Rolf Neugebauer, Ian Pratt, Andrew Warfield, Mark Williamson. August 2004. Reconstructing I/O[R/EB/OL]. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. URL. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/TechReports/UCAM-CL-TR-596.pdf描述了Xen里的块设备IO的
[FPS 06] Niels Fallenbeck, Hans-Joachim Picht, Matthew Smith, Bernd Freisleben. 2006. Xen and the Art of Cluster Scheduling[C]. //Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Virtualization Technology in Distributed Computing. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society.
[GaJ 06] Roxana Geambasu, John P John. June 2006. Study of Virtual Machine Performance over Network File System[R]. URL. http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/roxana/acads/projects/vmnfs/networkvm06.pdf
[Gar 08] Gartner Research. August 2008. Worldwide server shipments grew 20% in 2008
[R/EB/OL]. http://digitimes.com/print/a20080822PR204.html
[Gar 07] Gartner Research. November 2007. The Data Center Power and Cooling Challenge[R]. 26th Annual Data Center Conference.
[GCG 06] Diwaker Gupta, Ludmila Cherkasova, Rob Gardner, and Amin Vahdat. 2006. Enforcing Performance Isolation Across Virtual Machines in Xen
[C]. //Proceedings of the ACM/IFIP/USENIX 2006 International Conference on Middleware. Melbourne, Australia. Pages: 342-362.
[GFS 97] Soltis, Steven R; Erickson, Grant M; Preslan, Kenneth W. 1997. The Global File System: A File System for Shared Disk Storage[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.
[GFS2 07] Whitehouse, Steven. June 2007. The GFS2 Filesystem[C].//Proceedings of the Linux Symposium 2007. Ottawa, Canada. pp. 253–259.
[GGC 05] D. Gupta, R. Gardner, and L. Cherkasova. Oct 2005. XenMon: QoS Monitoring and Performance Profiling Tool[R]. HPL-2005-187, HP Labs.
[CIG 03] J. S. Chase, D. E. Irwin, L. E. Grit, J. D. Moore, and S. E. Sprenkle. June 2003. Dynamic Virtual Clusters in a Grid Site Manager[C]. //In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC-12).
[Gol 74] R. P. Goldberg. June 1974. Survey of virtual machine research[J]. //IEEE Computer, 7(6): 34-45.
[Gol 72] R. Goldberg. 1972. Architectural principles for virtual computer systems[D]: [Ph.D]. Harvard University.
[GPFS 02] Frank Schmuck and Roger Haskin. January 2002. GPFS: A Shared-Disk File System for Large Computing Clusters[C]. //Proceedings of the Conference on File and Storage Technologies (FAST’02). Monterey, CA, USA. pp. 231–244.
[GSK 03] Gregory R. Ganger, John D. Strunk, Andrew J. Klosterman. August 2003. Self-*Storage: Brick-based storage with automated administration[R]. Technical Report CMU-CS-03- 178. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Carnegie Mellon University.
[GTH 99] K. Govil, D. Teodosiu, Y. Huang, and M. Rosenblum. December 1999. Cellular Disco: Resource management using virtual clusters on shared memory multiprocessors[C]. //In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. pages 154-169.
[GTT] Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie. Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem[C]. //in the Proceedings of the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux. ISBN 90-367-0385-9.
[Has 01] Michael Hasenstein. 2001. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM)[R]. SuSE Inc White paper. http://www.idevelopment.info/data/Unix/Linux/LINUX_lvm_whitepaper_SuSE.pdf
[HLM 94] D. Hitz, J. Lau, and M. Malcolm. January 1994. File system design for an NFS file server appliance[C]. //In Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1994 Technical Conference. San Fransisco, CA, USA. pages 235–246.
[Hol 09] Alison Holloway, et al. August 2009. Oracle VM Template Builder Installation and User’s Guide[R]. Release 2.1. http://ocpdba.net/doc/vm/2.1.5/doc/doc.21/e14391.pdf
[IBM 07] IBM Redbook. January 2007. Advanced POWER Virtualization on IBM System p5: Introduction and Configuration[R]. IBM的虚拟化技术
[Intel-VT a] Neiger, Gil; A. Santoni, F. Leung, D. Rodgers, R. Uhlig. July 2008. Intel Virtualization Technology: Hardware Support for Efficient Processor Virtualization[J]. Intel Technology Journal (Intel) 10 (3): 167–178.
[Intel-VT b] Gillespie, Matt. Nov. 2007. Best Practices for Paravirtualization Enhancements from Intel Virtualization Technology: EPT and VT-d[J]. Intel Software Network.
[Ioz ] iozone. IOzone Filesystem Benchmark[CP/OL]. http://www.iozone.org/
[JaX 04] X. Jiang and D. Xu. 2004. Collapsar: A vm-based architecture for network attack detention center[C]. //In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Security Symposium. pages 15-28.
[JBF 05] Bart Jacob, Michael Brown, Kentaro Fukui, Nihar Trivedi. December 2005. IBM. Introduction to Grid Computing[R/EB/OL]. International Technical Support Organization, IBM redbook. URL. http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246778.pdf
[Jon 08] M. Tim Jones. Sep 2008. Cloud computing with Linux - Cloud computing platforms and applications[EB/OL]. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cloud-computing/index.html
[JVM 05] James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, Gilad Bracha. May 2005. The Java Language Specification[M]. 3rd ed. ADDISON-WESLEY. ISBN 0-321-24678-0
[KCS 08] Aneesh Kumar K.V, Mingming Cao, Jose R Santos. July 2008. Ext4 block and inodeallocator improvements[C]. //Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pages 263-274.
[KGZ 04] I. Krsul, A. Ganguly, J. Zhang, J. Fortes, R. J. Figueiredo. October 2004. VMPlants: Providing and Managing Virtual Machine Execution Environments for Grid Computing[C]. //in SC’04: Proceedings of the 2004 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing. ISBN:0-7695-2153-3
[KKK 08] Dong-Jae Kang, Chei-Yol Kim, Kang-Ho Kim, Sung-In Jung. 2008. Proportional Disk I/O Bandwidth Mangement for Server Virtualization Enviroment[C]. //Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology. Washington, DC, USA. Pages: 647-653.
[KKL 07] A. Kivity, Y. Kamay, D. Laor, U. Lublin, and A. Liguori. June 2007. kvm: the Linux virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. pp. 225-230.
[Kot 05] Evangelos Kotsovinos. January 2005. Global public computing[R/EB/OL]. Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. URL. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-615.pdf
[KUS 04] M. Kallahalla, M. Uysal, R. Swaminathan, D. E. Lowell, M.Wray, T. Christian, N. Edwards, C. I. Dalton, and F. Gittler. November 2004. Softudc: A software-based data center for utility computing[J]. IEEE Computer , 37(11): 38-46.
[LaD 05] B. Lin, P. A. Dinda. 2005. VSched: Mixing Batch and Interactive Virtual Machines Using Periodic Real-Time Scheduling[C]. //Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE SC’05 Conference (SC’05).
[LaT 96] E. Lee and C. Thekkath. 1996. Petal: Distributed virtual disks[C]. //In Proc. 7th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. Pages 84-92.
[LGS 05] Christine Lorenz, Joy Goodreau, Kylie Smith. 2005. Enterprise Volume Management System- EVMS User Guide[EB/OL]. IBM. http://evms.sourceforge.net/user_guide/
[LHA 06] J. Liu, W. Huang, B. Abali, and D. K. Panda. May 2006. High performance VMM-bypass I/O in virtual machines[C]. //In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Boston, MA, USA. Pp. 29–42. Xen中的IO通路问题。
[Lig 05] B. Ligneris. 2005. Virtualization of Linux Based Computers: the Linux-VServer Projet[C]. //Preceedings of the 19th International Symposium on High Performance Computing Systems and Applications (HPCS’05). pp.340-346.
[Linux] Linux Kernel Archives. http://www.kernel.org/
[Lustre 07] Sun Microsystems, Inc. December 2007. Lustre File System: High-Performance Storage Architecture and Scalable Cluster File System[R]. Sun White Paper. URL. http://www.sun.com/servers/hpc/docs/lustrefilesystem_wp.pdf
[LVM2] LVM2 Resource Page. http://sourceware.org/lvm2/
[MAC 08] D. T. Meyer, G. Aggarwal, B. Cully, G. Lefebvre, M. J. Feeley, N. C. Hutchinson, and A. Warfield. 2008. Parallax: virtual disks for virtual machines[C]. //In Eurosys’08: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGOPS/EuroSys European Conference on Computer Systems. New York, NY, USA. pages 41–54.
[MCB 07] Avantika Mathur, Mingming Cao, Suparna Bhattacharya. 2007. The New ext4 filesystem: current status and future plans[C]. //Proceedings of the Linux Symposium. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 2: 21-34.
[McL 06] M. McLoughlin. June 2006. The QCOWimage format[EB/OL]. URL. http://people.gnome.org/~markmc/qcow-image-format-version-1.html
[McL 08] Mark McLoughlin. Sep 2008. The QCOW2 Image Format[EB/OL]. URL. http://people.gnome.org/~markmc/qcow-image-format.html
[MCM 02] Mahalingam, Mallik; Karamanolis, Christos; Karlsson, Magnus; Xu, Zhichen. Locating Logical Volumes in Large-Scale Networks[R]. Palo Alto, CA, USA: Hewlett Packard Labs Report HPL-2001-237R1.
[Mey 08] Dutch Thomassen Meyer. October 2008. Parallax - volume management for virtual machines[D][Master]. Vancouver, BC Canada: The University Of British Columbia.
[MHH 07] Jeanna Neefe Matthews, Wenjin Hu, Madhujith Hapuarachchi, et al. 2007. Quantifying the Performance Isolation Properties of Virtualization Systems[C]. //Proceedings of the 2007 workshop on Experimental computer science. San Diego, California, USA. ISBN:978-1-59593-751-3
[MJR 04] R. Moore, A. Jagatheesan, A. Rajasekar, et al. 2004. Data Grid Management Systems[C]. //In Proceedings of the 21st IEEE Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies UMSS’04.
[Moo 06] Bill Moore. 2006. Zfs—the last word in file systems[R]. Sun Microsystems. URL. http://opensolaris.org/os/community/zfs/docs/zfs_last.pdf
[MRT 05] A. Menon, J. Renato Santos, Y. Turner, G. Janakiraman, and W. Zwaenepoel. 2005. Diagnosing performance overheads in the xen virtual machine environment[C]. //In VEE '05: Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX international conference on Virtual execution environments. New York, NY, USA: ACM Press. pages 13-23.
[MST 09] Microsoft TechNet. Februrary 2009. Virtual hard disk image formatspecification[R/EB/OL]. http://microsoft.com/technet/virtualserver/downloads/vhdspec.mspx
[NTFS] Microsoft TechNet. How NTFS Works[EB/OL]. URL.http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc781134(WS.10).aspx
[OCFS2] Sunil Mushran. July 2008. OCFS2: A Cluster file system for Linux - User s Guide forRelease 1.4[R].http://oss.oracle.com/projects/ocfs2/dist/documentation/v1.4/ocfs2-1_4-usersguide.pdf
[OCR 08] Diego Ongaro, Alan L. Cox, Scott Rixner. March 2008. Scheduling I/O in VirtualMachine Monitors[C]. //Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS internationalconference on Virtual execution environments. Seattle, Washington, USA. Pages: 1-10
[OWZ 10]Alex Osuna, Lothar Weinert, Erwin Zwemmer, Xu X Yan, Reimar Pflieger. March 2010.IBM System Storage TS7650 and TS7650G with ProtecTIER[R]. 2nd ed. IBM redbook.http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg247652.pdf
[Pap 03] M. P. Papazoglou. 2003. Service-Oriented Computing: Concepts, Characteristics andDirections[C]. //Proceedings of the IEEE Fourth International Conference on Web InformationSystems Engineering. pp.3-12.面向服务计算的概念
[PaS 95] David Plainfosse and Marc Shapiro. September 1995. A survey of distributed garbagecollection techniques[C]. //Proceedings of the International Workshop on Memory Management.Springer-Verlag London, UK. Pages: 211 - 249.
[PGR 06] B. Pfaff, T. Garfinkel, and M. Rosenblum. May 2006. Virtualization aware file systems:Getting beyond the limitations of virtual disks[C]. //In Proceedings of the 3rd USENIXSymposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation(NSDI 2006). Berkeley, CA,USA. pages 353–366.
[PZU 07] P. Padala, X. Zhu, M. Uysal, et al. 2007. Adaptive Control of Virtualized Resources inUtility Computing Environments[C]. //In Proceedings of the European Conference onComputer Systems(EuroSys’07). pp.289-302.
[RaG 05] M. Rosenblum, T. Garfinkel. 2005. Virtual machine monitors: current technology andfuture trends[J]. IEEE Computer. Los Alamitos, CA, USA. 38(5): 39-47.
[Rob 03] O. Rodeh, et al. April 2003. Teperman. zFS– A scalable distributed file system usingobject disks[C]. //In MSS’03: Proceedings of the 20th IEEE/11th NASA Goddard Conferenceon Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. Washington, DC, USA. pages 207–218.
[Sai 04] Yasushi Saito,et al. December 2004. Fab: building distributed enterprise disk arrays fromcommodity components. In ASPLOS(ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review). 38(5): 48-58.
[SaM 79] L. Seawright and R. MacKinnon. 1979. VM/370 - a study of multiplicity andusefulness[J]. IBM Systems Journal. pages 4-17.
[SaN 05] James E. Smith, Ravi Nair. 2005. The Architecture of Virtual Machines[J]. IEEE Computer. Los Alamitos, CA, USA. 38(5): 32 - 38.
[San 92] R. Sandberg. 1992. The Sun Network Filesystem: Design, Implementation, and Experience[C]. //In Distributed Computing Systems: Concepts and Structures. Los Alamos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press. pages 300–316.
[SaT 07] Seetharami R. Seelam, Patricia J. Teller. 2007. Virtual I/O scheduler: A scheduler of schedulers for Performance Virtualization[C]. //Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments. San Diego, California, USA. Pages: 105 - 115.
[SCP 02] Constantine P. Sapuntzakis, Ramesh Chandra, Ben Pfaff, Jim Chow, Monica S. Lam, Mendel Rosenblum. 2002. Optimizing the migration of virtual computers[C]. //OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation. New York, NY, USA. 36: 377-390.
[SGL 08] Mark W. Storer, Kevin Greenan, Darrell D. E. Long, Ethan L. Miller. Oct. 2008. Secure data deduplication[C]. //Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Storage security and survivability. Fairfax, Virginia, USA. Pages: 1-10.
[SKZ 08] S. Srikantaiah, A. Kansal, and F. Zhao. Dec 2008. Energy Aware Consolidation for Cloud Computing[C]. //In Proceedings of HotPower '08 Workshop on Power Aware Computing and Systems. San Diego, CA, USA.
[Str 59] Christopher Strachey. June 1959. Time sharing in large fast computers[C]. //In International Conference on Information Processing. pp. 336-341.
[Sun 04] Sun Microsystems, Inc. August 2004. File System Performance: The Solaris OS, UFS, Linux ext3, and ReiserFS[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.sun.com/software/whitepapers/solaris10/fs_performance.pdf
[SVL 01] J. Sugerman, G. Venkitachalam, and B. Lim. 2001. Virtualizing I/O devices on VMware Workstation's hosted virtual machine monitor[C]. //In Proceedings of the General Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Berkeley, CA, USA: USENIX Association, pages 1-14.
[TaM 01] D. Teigland and H. Mauelshagen. June 2001. Volume Managers in Linux[C]. //Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2001 USENIX Annual Technical Conference. Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Pp. 185–198.
[TaT 02] Theodore Y. Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie. 2002. Planned Extensions to the Linux Ext2/Ext3 Filesystem[C]. //Proceedings of the FREENIX Track: 2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference .Berkeley, CA, USA: USENIX Association. Pp. 235–243
[Vel 08] Sainath S Vellal. 2008. A Device Mapper based Encryption Layer for TransCrypt[D]:
[Master thesis]. Kanpur, India: Department of Computer Science & Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology Kanpur, 18-22.
[VMW a] VMWare, Inc. Virtual machine disk format[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.vmware.com/interfaces/vmdk.html
[VMW b] VMware, Inc. VMware VMFS product datasheet[R/EB/OL]. URL. http://www.vmware.com/pdf/vmfs datasheet.pdf
[VxFS a] Symantec Inc. Veritas Storage Foundation by Symantec[EB/OL]. http://a248.e.akamai.net/f/248/3214/1d/www.zones.com/images/pdf/symantec_veritas_storage_foundation5_ds_052009.pdf
[VxFS b] HITACHI. June 2008. Simplified Operations and Reduced Storage Cost with Veritas Storage Foundation and Hitachi Dynamic Provisioning[R]. http://www.hds.com/assets/pdf/simplified-operations-and-reduced-storage-cost-with-veritas-storage-foundation-and-hitachi-dynamic-provisioning.pdf
[VxVM] VERITAS. Veritas Volume Manager. http://www.veritas.com
[Wal 02] C. Waldspurger. Dec. 2002. Memory resource management in VMware ESX Server[C]. //In Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Boston, MA, USA. pages 181–194.
[Wan 06] Mengzhi Wang. January 2006. Performance Modeling of Storage Devices using Machine Learning[D][Ph.D]. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Carnegie Mellon University.
[WaR 08] P. Willmann, S. Rixner, et al. 2008. Protection Strategies for Direct Access to Virtualized I/O Devices[C]. //USENIX Annual Technical Conference, pp.15-28.
[War 06] Andrew K. Warfield. 2006. Virtual Devices for Virtual Machines[D]: [Ph.D.]. Cambridge, UK: Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge. 42-128.
[WCS 04] A. Whitaker, R. Cox, M. Shaw, and S. Gribble. March 2004. Constructing services with interposable virtual hardware[C]. //In Proceedings of the 1st Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation. pages 169-182. /*就是那个denali系统*/
[WFH 05] A.Warfield, K. Fraser, S. Hand, and T. Deegan. 2005. Facilitating the development of soft devices[C]. //In Proceedings USENIX Annual Technical Conference. pages 379-382.
[Wil 06] M. Williamson. 2006. Xenfs. Xen wiki: http://wiki.xensource.com/xenwiki/XenFS
[Wil 92] Paul R.Wilson. 1992. Uniprocessor garbage collection techniques[C]. //Proceedings of the International Workshop on Memory Management. Springer-Verlag London, UK. Pages: 1 - 42.
[WRF 05] A. Warfield, R. Ross, K. Fraser, C. Limpach, and S. Hand. June 2005. Parallax: Managing storage for a million machines[C]. //In Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS X). Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.
[WSG 02] Andrew Whitaker, Marianne Shaw, and Steven D. Gribble. 2002. Denali: Lightweight Virtual Machines for Distributed and Networked Applications[C]. //In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference.
[WWL 09] C. Weng, Z. Wang, M. Li, and X. Lu. 2009. The Hybrid Scheduling Framework for Virtual Machine Systems[C]. //Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments. Washington, DC, USA. Pages: 111-120.
[Xen] Xen Hypervisor Archives. http://www.xen.org/products/xen_archives.html
[XFS 06] Silicon Graphics Inc. 2006. XFS Filesystem Structure[EB/OL]. 2nd ed. http://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/papers/xfs_filesystem_structure.pdf
[YWG 06] L. Youseff, R. Wolski, B. Gorda, and C. Krintz. Dec 2006. Paravirtualization for HPC Systems[C]. //In Proceedings of Workshop on XEN in HPC Cluster and Grid Computing Environments(XHPC), held in conjunction with The International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Application (ISPA 2006). pages 474-486.
[ZaW 09] W. Zhao, Z. Wang. 2009. , Dynamic Memory Balancing for Virtual Machines[C]. //Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments. Washington, DC, USA. Pages: 21-30.内存的动态分配
[ZBG 05] Y. Zhang, A. Bestavros, M. Guirguis. Friendly Virtual Machines: Leveraging a Feedback-Control Model for Application Adaptation[C]. //In Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX International Conference on Virtual Execution Environments. pp.2-12.
[ZFS 06] Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2006. ZFS On-Disk Specification[R]. http://hub.opensolaris.org/bin/download/Community+Group+zfs/docs/ondiskformat0822.pdf
[ZLL 04] L. J. Zhang, H. Li, H. Lam. August 2004. Services Computing: Grid Applications for Today[J]. IEEE Computer Society. 6(4): 5-7.
[ZSW 05] Jianyong Zhang, Anand Sivasubramaniam, Qian Wang, Alma Riska, Erik Riedel. 2005. Storage performance virtualization via throughput and latency control[C]. //Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS’05).
[ZZF 06] Ming Zhao, Jian Zhang, Renato J. Figueiredo. January 2006. Distributed File System Virtualization Techniques Supporting On-Demand Virtual Machine Environments for Grid Computing[J]. Cluster Computing. 9(1): 45-56.