埃德蒙·威尔逊的文学批评研究（1914-1950）
|
摘要
埃德蒙·威尔逊是美国二十世纪最重要的文学批评家之一,在他人生开始起步的时候,“斯文”尚存,他的心灵得以能够同时受到古典理性与现代知识的润泽。他承续了整个西方人文主义的传统,也肩负了带领美国知识分子应对新世纪挑战的重任。
威尔逊关于文学的随笔和评论,基本起源于他面向大众而在杂志上发表的各种批评性文章,大多都以作家为中心,注重于对作家生活的心理和社会层面的分析,这是他的批评特色之一。这些文章通常都会关注作家所处的社会和文学语境、文本对现实的反映、读者的作用和要求以及书籍的生产、流通等情况。社会和文学的语境始终都会摆在评论最为显著的位置,而个人的出身背景、阅历则构成了论述的背景。
本文的导言部分主要介绍威尔逊的生平及著述情况,并简要地介绍了他与西方批评传统的关系以及独特的写作风格;主体部分的前三章分别以威尔逊的早、中期的主要作品为基础,对《阿克瑟尔的城堡》、《伤与弓》、《三重思想家》、《经典与商业作品》、《光明的彼岸》等重要的文本进行了深入的分析,探讨了二十世纪欧美现代文学的困境与突围、文学与政治的合谋与冲突以及文学写作与社会因素的关系等问题;第四章主要是研究了威尔逊写于此时期的与文学有关的日记、笔记和书信,探讨它们与威尔逊的个人心灵之间的关系,从而丰富我们对时代精神、文学风尚的理解;结论部分将重申威尔逊的文学批评的意义和价值,并对他的方法和立场予以点评。
Edmund Wilson stands a unique role in American literacy history. Matured in era with residual classics, he absorbed nutrition from rationality and modern wisdom. He was equipped with whole western tradition of humanism but endeavored as flagship to meet new century challenge.
Wilson’s literary essays and reviews stem from a popular critical journalism characterized by an emphasis on certain psychological and social aspects of the lives of writers. These essays and reviews are generally concerned with contexts of the social and literary milieus of authors, the mimetic features of written texts, and the role and requirements of the readers and the production of books. History developments, such as personal background, experience and knowledge, tend to compose part of the background, while social and literary contexts are consistently foregrounded.
This dissertation is constructed in six sections. The introductory part presents a profile of Wilson’s biography. The unique writing style is also summarized within a framework of tension between his work and western tradition of literacy criticism. The following three chapters launch in-depth textual analysis to explore 1)the dilemma and breakthrough of 20th Century’s European-American literature; 2) the convergence and divergence of literature and politics and 3) interrelation between literature and social factors. Early and medium works are surveyed (e.g. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930; The Wound and the Bow; The Triple Thinker: Twelve Essays on Literary Subjects; Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s ). The fourth chapter focuses on relevant diaries, notes and letters which are mirror of Wilson’s spirit. Such“soul travel”in literature enriches our understanding toward social characteristics and literary trend at that time. In concluding remark, the author restates the significance of Wilson’s literacy criticism while comments the inadequacies in works as reflection of his assertiveness and aggression.
威尔逊关于文学的随笔和评论,基本起源于他面向大众而在杂志上发表的各种批评性文章,大多都以作家为中心,注重于对作家生活的心理和社会层面的分析,这是他的批评特色之一。这些文章通常都会关注作家所处的社会和文学语境、文本对现实的反映、读者的作用和要求以及书籍的生产、流通等情况。社会和文学的语境始终都会摆在评论最为显著的位置,而个人的出身背景、阅历则构成了论述的背景。
本文的导言部分主要介绍威尔逊的生平及著述情况,并简要地介绍了他与西方批评传统的关系以及独特的写作风格;主体部分的前三章分别以威尔逊的早、中期的主要作品为基础,对《阿克瑟尔的城堡》、《伤与弓》、《三重思想家》、《经典与商业作品》、《光明的彼岸》等重要的文本进行了深入的分析,探讨了二十世纪欧美现代文学的困境与突围、文学与政治的合谋与冲突以及文学写作与社会因素的关系等问题;第四章主要是研究了威尔逊写于此时期的与文学有关的日记、笔记和书信,探讨它们与威尔逊的个人心灵之间的关系,从而丰富我们对时代精神、文学风尚的理解;结论部分将重申威尔逊的文学批评的意义和价值,并对他的方法和立场予以点评。
Edmund Wilson stands a unique role in American literacy history. Matured in era with residual classics, he absorbed nutrition from rationality and modern wisdom. He was equipped with whole western tradition of humanism but endeavored as flagship to meet new century challenge.
Wilson’s literary essays and reviews stem from a popular critical journalism characterized by an emphasis on certain psychological and social aspects of the lives of writers. These essays and reviews are generally concerned with contexts of the social and literary milieus of authors, the mimetic features of written texts, and the role and requirements of the readers and the production of books. History developments, such as personal background, experience and knowledge, tend to compose part of the background, while social and literary contexts are consistently foregrounded.
This dissertation is constructed in six sections. The introductory part presents a profile of Wilson’s biography. The unique writing style is also summarized within a framework of tension between his work and western tradition of literacy criticism. The following three chapters launch in-depth textual analysis to explore 1)the dilemma and breakthrough of 20th Century’s European-American literature; 2) the convergence and divergence of literature and politics and 3) interrelation between literature and social factors. Early and medium works are surveyed (e.g. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930; The Wound and the Bow; The Triple Thinker: Twelve Essays on Literary Subjects; Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s ). The fourth chapter focuses on relevant diaries, notes and letters which are mirror of Wilson’s spirit. Such“soul travel”in literature enriches our understanding toward social characteristics and literary trend at that time. In concluding remark, the author restates the significance of Wilson’s literacy criticism while comments the inadequacies in works as reflection of his assertiveness and aggression.
引文
①Daniel Aaron. Introudction, Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.XV.
②Harry Levin. Memories of the Moderns. London: Faber&Faber, 1980.p.84;也可参见王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第25页。
③赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第96页。
①仲子:《三十年的文学笔记》,载《读书》,1988年第1期,第142-143页。
②Edmund Wilson. The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965, p.1.
③Edmund Wilson. Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p. 60; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p, 211.
④Edmund Wilson. The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965, pp.554-56.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.pp.306-07.
①Ibid., p.112.
②Ibid., p. 367.
①王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第24至25页。
②赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第88页。
①王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第24页。
②仲子:《三十年的文学笔记》,载《读书》,1988年第1期,第142页。
③德?昆西:《瘾君子自白》,刘重德译,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1995年,扉页。
④张冲主撰《新编美国文学史·第一卷》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000年,《总序》第XI页。
⑤Christopher Hitchens. "Literary Companion." Atlantic Monthly 300, no. 2, 2007.pp. 124-28.
①David Lodge, ed. 20Th Century Literary Criticism. New York: Longman Group Limited , 1972, p.240.
②王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年;赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1994年;陆建德:《伟大的传统》序言,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年;季进:《当代作家评论》,2005年第4期。
①Lewis M. Dabney, ed., Edmund Wilson:Centennial Reflections, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997
②Edmund Wilson. A Prelude. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1967.A Prelude, p.73.
③赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第89页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.36.
②Ibid., p.64.这是威尔逊对菲茨杰拉德(Fitzgerald)在1921年5月给他的信件的回复,菲茨杰拉德在此信中表示他对欧洲不再抱任何幻想。参见The Letters of F.Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Andrew Turnbull, New York: Scribner, 1963, pp.326-27.
②罗纳德?斯蒂尔:《李普曼传》,于演、陈小平、谈锋等译,新华出版社,1982年版,第121页。
③赫伯特·克罗利(Herbert David Croly,1869– 1930)是一位主张进步的自由主义作家以及美国二十世纪初期新自由主义运动的领导者。他也是《新共和》的主要创办者之一,代表作有《美国生活的希望》(The Promise of American Life,中译本已由南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年出版;笔者认为此书更恰当的译法应该是《美国式生活的希望》,为避免混乱,本文继续沿用已有译名,不再做更改);他的政治哲学影响了很多人,包括美国总统西奥多·罗斯福(1901-1909)、著名的汉德法官(Judge Learned Hand)以及高级法院法官费利克斯·法兰克福(Felix Frankfurter)。(参考《大英袖珍百科·中文版》[Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.2007]相关词条)
④Rene Wellek . "Edmund Wilson(1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.89.
②Edmund Wilson. "The All-Star Literary Vaudeville." In The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.235-39.
③莫里斯·迪克斯坦:《途中的镜子:文学与现实世界》,刘玉宇译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年,第108页,译文有出入;Lewis M.Dabney. ed. Edmund Wilson:Centennial Reflections .Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997,pp.17-8.
②Edmund Wilson. "Proust and Yeats." The New Republic, no. 52(Oct. 5, 1927), 1927, p.177.
③Edmund Wilson.“American Heroes: Fremont and Frick." In The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.325-38.
④Edmund Wilson. "Proust and Yeats." The New Republic, no. 52(Oct. 5, 1927), 1927, pp.161-62.
①Edmund Wilson. " Lobsters for Supper." The New Republic, no. 52(Sept.28, 1927), 1927; The American Earthquake:A Documentary of the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, and the New Deal. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964.
③Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 53(Nov. 30), 1927, p.42; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.324.
④Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 53(Nov. 30), 1927, p.42; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.323;卡萨诺瓦
①Edmund Wilson.“Anatole France’s Successor." The New Republic, no. 53(Dec.21), 1927, p.42.
②Ibid.
③Edmund Wilson. "Proust and Yeats." The New Republic, no. 52(Oct. 5), 1927, pp.176-77.
④埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第115至116页。
⑤Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.249-50.
⑥Edmund Wilson.“A Short View of Proust." The New Republic, no. 54(March 21), 1927, pp.140-48.
⑦Edmund Wilosn.“Paul Valery.”The Dial, 78 (June), 1925, p.491.
②Edmund Wilson.“Thornton Wilder." The New Republic, no. 55(August 8), 1928, p.303; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.385.
③Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 53(Nov. 30), 1927, p.305; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.391.
①Edmund Wilson.“Citizen of the Union." The New Republic, no. 57(Feb. 13), 1929; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.415-420.
④Edmund Wilson.“American Heroes." The New Republic, no. 54(April 4).p.36.The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.338.
③Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 54(April 4), 1928, p.36; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.338.
④克罗利:《美国生活的希望:政府在实现国家目标中的作用》,王军英等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年,第373页;此处译文与中译本有较大出入。
⑤The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.480-81.
①Edmund Wilson.“William Butler Yeats." The New Republic, no. 60(Sept.25), 1929, pp.141-48;“Paul Valery." The New Republic, no. 60(Oct.9), 1929, pp.190-96;“T.S.Eliot." The New Republic, no. 60(Nov.13), 1929, pp.341-49;“James Joyce." The New Republic, no. 61(Feb.12), 1930, pp.34-40;“Axel and Rimbaud." The New Republic, no. 62(March 5), 1930, pp.69-73.
③王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第23页。
④Richard Chase.“Wilson as Critic,”The Nation, 186:8(Feb.22), 1958, p.164; Walter Jackson Bate.Preface to Criticism.Garden City: Doublecay Anchor Books, 1952, p.218.
⑤埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第6页。
②Edmund Wilson.“William Butler Yeats." The New Republic, no. 60(Sept.25), 1929, p.147;埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第46页。
①Edmund Wilson.“Paul Valery." The New Republic, no. 60(Oct. 9), 1929, p.196.
②或译为“对话的反讽”,可参见埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第73页。
②Edmund Wilson.“T.S.Eliot." The New Republic, no. 60(Nov.13), 1929, p.349;埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第93至94页。
④Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.177.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969,pp.130-31;埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第97页。
①Edmund Wilson.“The Personality of Proust." The New Republic, no. 61(Feb.12), 1930, p.317.
③埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第135页。译文此处有修改。
④Ibd., p.321.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.165;埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第120-121页。
①Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.165.埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第170页。
②Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, pp.253-54.
③Edmund Wilson.“Axel and Rimbaud." The New Republic, no. 62(Feb.26), 1930, p.35.
①Ibid., p.70.
②Ibid., p.34.
③考利(Malcolm Cowley)在Exile's return一书中对二十年代后期出现的政治激进主义做了较详细的论述。参见马尔科姆·考利:《流放者的归来:二十年代的文学流浪生涯》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1986年。
①John Rodden. Lionel Trilling and the Critics: Opposing Selves, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p.411.
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 264.
①Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.91-2.
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 264.
①埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,“献辞”。
②同上,第3页。
③同上,第10页。
④Frederick R.Karl. Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist 1885-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1985, p.98.
①Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.95.
②Ibid., p.106.
③埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡:1870年至1930年的想象文学研究》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第6页。
④同上,第15页。
①同上,第37、38页。
②同上,第27页,译文有修改。原译文为“我们会和现实严重脱节,承受绝不轻微惩罚”。
③同上,第62页。
④同上,第89页。
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 267.
①埃德蒙·威尔逊,阿克瑟尔的城堡:1870年至1930年的想象文学研究,南京:江苏教育出版社, 2006年,第46页。
⑥Frederick R.Karl. Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist 1885-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1985, p.297.
①Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.150
①Ibid., p.177.
②Ibid., p.197.
③Ibid., p.196.
④Ibid., p.204.
②Edmund Wilson, A Piece of My Mind: Reflections at Sixty, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1956,p.211.
①Shattuck C Quinn K. Accent Anthology: Selections From Accent, a Quarterly of New Literature, 1940-1945, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946, p.644.
②安托瓦纳?贡巴尼翁:《反现代派:从约瑟夫?德?迈斯特到罗兰?巴特》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,2009年,第6页。
①James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 270.
②Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.211
①Ibid.
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 271.
③埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第59页。
①同上,第55页。
②Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.163.
③埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第147页。
①Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.163.
②Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.164.
③叶芝:《复临》(The Second Coming),可参考《叶芝抒情诗全集》,傅浩译,北京:中国工人出版社,1994年,第33页,诗题为“第二次降临”,相关诗句为“万物崩散;中心难再维系”;另参考《叶芝抒情诗精选》,袁可嘉译,西安:太白文艺出版社,1997年第1版,第196页。
④艾略特:《荒原》,赵萝蕤编,北京:中国工人出版社,1994年,第13页。
①Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.164.
③Sherman Paul, A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965, p.1.
④Edmund Wilson, Axel's Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870 to 1930, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1931, p.292.
①Edmund Wilson.The Twenties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, ed. Leon Edel,New York:Farrar,Straus And Giroux, 1975,p.535.
②Edmund Wilson. The Thirties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, ed. Leon Edel,New York:Farrar,Straus And Giroux, 1980,pp.160-191.
③Ibid., p.174.
④Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.31.
⑤Ibid., p.316.
①Ibid., pp.401-02.
②赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第90页。
①Louis Menand, "The Historical Romance: Edmund Wilson’s adventure with Communism", The New Yorker, (24 March), 2003, pp.82-3.
②Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, p.142.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.199.
②Dos Passos to Wilson, January 1931, The Fourteenth Chronicle: Letters and Diaries of John Dos Passos, ed. Townsend Ludington, Winston Salem: Gambit Inc.1973, p.398.
③Edmund Wilson, "Dahlberg, Dos Passos and Wilder', New Republic, LXII (26 March), 1930, pp.56-8; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.442-50.
④Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, p.143.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.292;中译本可参见埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第207页,此处译文与黄念欣的有出入。
①Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, pp.143-44.
②威尔逊的家族有着深厚的新英格兰上流社会背景,父亲曾是律师;他于1912年进入校风保守的普林斯顿大学,师从著名的人文主义者克里斯汀·高斯(Christian Gauss),受其影响甚深;David Castronove, Edmund Wilson Revisited, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998, p.20.
③沃伦·路易·帕灵顿:《美国思想史》,陈永国、李增等译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2002年,第671页。
④Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.64.这是威尔逊对菲茨杰拉德(Fitzgerald)在1921年5月给他的信件的回复,菲茨杰拉德在此信中表示他对欧洲不再抱任何幻想。参见The Letters of F.Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Andrew Turnbull,New York :Scribner,1963,pp.326-7
①Edmund Wilson, The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.433.
②Edmund Wilson. "The Literary Consequences of the Crash", The Shores of Light, pp.492-99.
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.196.
①Edmund Wilson, 'An Appeal to Progressives', New Republic, LXV (14 January), 1931, pp.234-38; The Shores of Light, pp.518-33.
②理查德·霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,崔永禄、王忠和译,北京:商务印书馆,1994年,第284页。
③美国政府曾经1924年承诺将给予参加过第一次世界大战的士兵以一定的补偿金,但到了1932年,全美因经济危机已经有将近一万二千家企业倒闭,失业率飚升至25%,全国大约四分之一的家庭无人养家糊口,而补偿金的费用达到了24亿美元,联邦政府在经过激烈争吵之后,决定把这笔补偿金推迟到1945年发放。1932年夏天,大约2万5千名世界大战退伍兵,携家带口、身无分文地来到华盛顿,要求政府立即发给他们“补偿金”。“补偿金大军”在国会大厦前安营并举行示威。美国军方情报部门向白宫报告说共产党已经渗透进这些退伍兵中,阴谋推翻政府。时任陆军总参谋长的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟在违抗胡佛总统不许冲击抗议者营地命令的前提下,率领艾森豪威尔少校及巴顿少校等现役军人对退役军人进行血腥镇压,造成数百人伤亡。此事件是美国历史上的一道“伤疤”。更详细情况可参见威廉·曼彻斯特:《光荣与梦想》,朱协译,海口:海南出版社、三环出版社,2006年第2版,第1至13页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.211; Edmund Wilson, "What Do Liberals Hope For? New Republic LXIX (10 February), 1932, pp.345-48.
②Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, p.147.
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.222-23.
④Ibid., p.310.
⑤Ibid., pp. 267-68.
①Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.293.中译本译者黄念欣漏译了此段中最后一句至关重要的话。
②雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第6卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年,第199页。
③Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.210.
④Ibid., p.229.
⑤Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, p.372.
①二十世纪三十年代在苏联发生的一场大规模的清洗运动。三十年代初,以斯大林为首的联共(布)中央大了阶级斗争的严重性,以1934年12月1日发生的基洛夫遇刺事件为导火线,展开了大规模的肃反运动。肃反运动使许多无辜者遭到逮捕和杀害,出现了大量冤、假、错案,它严重地破坏了社会主义法制,给苏联党、国家和人民造成了巨大的损失。(参见Sandle, Mark. A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: University College London(UCL) Press, 1999.p.126.)
①Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, p.74.
②雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第6卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年,第217页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.271.
②Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.279.
③威尔逊离开《新共和》之后,马尔科姆?考利成为了他的继任者,后者也是《流放者的归来:二十年代的文学流浪生涯》一书的作者(上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1986年)。
④Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.276.
⑥Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.277.
①Blackmur,R.P.“In Our Ends Are Our Beginnings.”Rev. of The Triple Thinkers, by Wilson, and The World’s Body, by John Crowe Ransom. Virginia Quarterly Review 14, 1938, p.449.
②Ibid., 449-50
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.205.
④Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948,p.47.
②Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, pp.33-4.
③Ibid., pp.48-49.
④Ibid., p.37.
⑤Ibid., p.35.
⑥Ibid.
①Ibid., p.39.
②Ibid., p.47.
③Ibid., p.45.
①Ibid., pp.44-5.
②Ibid., pp.46-7.
③Harry Levin, Memories of the Moderns. London: Faber&Merlin Press, 1963, pp.212-13.
①Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Staion: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, p.215.
②Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, pp.73-4.
③Ibid., p.72.
④Ibid., p.81.
①Ibid., p.74.
②Ibid., p.72.
③Ibid., p.73.
④Ibid., p.74.
①Martin Turnell.“Flaubert.”Scrutiny 13,1945, p.201.
②Ibid., p.214.
③所谓的讽寓(allegory),即一个文本表面是一层意思,其真正的意义却是另外一层。在作品字面意义这外找出另一层精神、道德、政治或别的非字面意义,这就是所谓的讽寓解释(allegorical interpretation)。(张隆溪:《比较文学研究入门》,复旦大学出版社,2009年,第60-61页)
④Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, pp.74-5.
⑤Martin Turnell.“Flaubert.”Scrutiny 13, 1945, p.217.
⑥Ibid, p.217.
①Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, p.vii.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.75.
①《马克思恩格斯全集·第八卷》,第二版,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译,北京:人民出版社,1985年,第227页。
①Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978.p.89.
②Ibid.
①Edmund Wilson. "The Old Stone House." In The American Earthquake: A Documentary of the Twenties and Thirties. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1958, p.509.
②Sherman Paul,A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1965,p.203.
①Edmund Wilson. The American Jitters. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932, p.299.
②《国际歌》,第四段,《鲍狄埃诗选》,人民文学出版社,1981年
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.197.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.242.
②Larzer Ziff.“The Man by the Fire: Edmund Wilson and American Literature”. In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work. Ed. John Wain. New York: New York UP, 1978, p.44.
③Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium. Ed. Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.64, pp.76-7.
①Alfred Kazin.“The Man by the Fire: Edmund Wilson and American Literature”. In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work. Ed. John Wain. New York: New York University Press, 1978, p.27.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, Ed. Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.89.
③Ibid., p.75.
①Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.75-6.
②Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963, pp.78-80,p.92,p.104.
③Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963, p.106.
④可参见威尔逊的好友英国作家以赛亚·伯林在《苏联的心灵:共产主义时代的俄国文化》(南京:译林出版社,2010年)第1、6、9章对与此有关问题的详细论述。
①Ibid., pp.106-07.
②Ibid., p.109.
③Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Staion: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, p.151.
①John Hall. The Sociology of Literature. London: Longman, 1979, pp.44-5.
②Janet Wolff. Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.pp.25-6.
③Georg Lukacs. Writer and Critic and Other Essays. London: Merlin Press, 1970, p.63, p.88.
④Janet Wolff. Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.p.84.
⑤Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.211.
①赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第94页。
②Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.322.
③Sherman Paul. A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965, p.166.
①Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.472.
①Lewis M.Dabney. "Edmund Wilson and The Wound and the Bow." Sewanee Review, no. 91 ,1983,p.165; Leon Edel, ed. The Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983, pp.5-6.
②Lionel Trilling.“A Note on Art and Neurosis.”Partisan Review 12, 1945, p.43.
①George Steiner. "The Fantasies of Freud." The Sunday Times 1984, p.42.
②参见吉卜林:《虎、虎、虎》“译本前言”,文美惠等译,桂林:漓江出版社,1988年,第2页。
①Edmund Wilson.“The Kipling that Nobody Read.”In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.103.
②Edmund Wilson. The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.86.
③Edmund Wilson . The Wound and the Bow, 183. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.16.
①Edmund Wilson. "Hemingway: Gauge of Morale." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.pp.195-96.
①Edmund Wilson.“The Dream of H.C.Earwicker." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.pp.220-21.
①卡萨诺瓦年轻时因为品行不端被神学院开除,从此开始了他丰富多彩而又放荡不羁的生涯,到欧洲各地游荡。1755年返回威尼斯后,有人告发他是巫师,被关进监狱。次年越狱,逃往巴黎。后来为了躲债,更名改姓,再次到各地旅游,直到1774年才回到威尼斯并成为间谍,为威尼斯的政府调查人办事。晚年(1785～1798)在波希米亚为瓦尔德施泰因伯爵当图书管理员。他的自传是一部巨著,于1825～1838年第一次出版,共12卷,对18世纪的欧洲描述详尽,同时他善于勾引女人的形象也跃然纸上。(参考《大英袖珍百科·中文版》[Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.2007]相关词条,还可参见卡萨诺瓦:《冒险和艳遇:卡萨诺瓦回忆录》,高中甫、贺骥、杜新华译,北京:中国电影出版社,2001年。以及茨威格:《自画像:卡萨诺代、司汤达、托尔斯泰》,袁克秀译,北京:西苑出版社,1998年。)
②Edmund Wilson .“Uncomfortable Casanova." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. p.152.
③Ibid.,p.155.
④Edmund Wilson .“Uncomfortable Casanova." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. p.154.
⑤雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第6卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年,第221页。
①Sherman Paul,A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1965,p.10.
②Edmund Wilson.“Justic to Edith Wharton." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965, p.173.
①Edmund Wilson.“Dickens: The Two Scrooges." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965, pp.19-20.
①Ibid., p.28.
①Ibid., p.50.
②Erich Auerbach. "Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature.”, translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953,pp.3-23,pp.96-122.
①Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963, p.19.
②Lewis M.Dabney. "Edmund Wilson and The Wound and the Bow." Sewanee Review, no. 91, 1983, p.158.
③Ibid., p.165.
④Janet Wolff. Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.p.52.
①R. P.Blackmur. "In Our Ends are Our Beginnings." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 14, 1938, pp.449-50.
②Jean-Paul Sartre. Search for a Method. New York: Vintage, 1963, p.56.
③Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1956, p.72.
④Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, pp.81-2.
①Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.472, p.475, p.477.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.82.
①Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.477.
②Lionel Trilling.“A Note on Art and Neurosis.”Partisan Review 12, 1945, p.48.
③George Steiner. "The Fantasies of Freud." The Sunday Times 1984, p.42.
①Martha C. Nussbaum. "Preface to the Revised Edition." In The Fragility of Goodness, London: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.xxxii.
②译文借鉴南京师大邵珊的博士论文:《威尔逊的文学与文化批评》,第22页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.212.
②Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: A Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, p.192.
③Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Staion: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, pp.358-59.
④Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.469.
①Sherman Paul.A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1965,p.15.
②Robert B. Heilman. "The Freudian Reading of the Turn of the Screw." Modern Language Notes, no. 62 ,1947, p.443
①Ibid., pp.445-45.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.77.
③Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: A Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, p.179.
①Stephen Koss. "The Master'S Last Years." Observer, no. 13 May, 1984, p.23.
①Wilson, Edmund. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.
②Edmund Wilson. The American Jitters. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932,p.299.
③Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.p.23.
①Irving Howe. "The Value of Taste." Partisan Review, no. 18 ,1951, pp.125-26.
②Ibid., p.126.
③Ibid,. p.128.
④John Farrelly. "Edmund Wilson of the 'New Yorker'." Scrutiny, no. 18, 1951, pp.229-30.
⑤Ibid., p.231.
①Eulau, Heinz. "The Critic as Creator." Antioch Review, no. 10, 1950, pp.546-47.
②Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.p.74.
①Ibid., p.398.
③Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950, p.403.
①Harry Levin. Memories of the Moderns. London: Faber&Faber, 1980, p.205.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson(1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.72.
①Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.88.
②Berthoff, Warner. Edmund Wilson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.pp.28-9.
①埃德蒙·威尔森:《文学评论精选》,蔡伸章译,台北:志文出版社,1977年,第43页。
①Warner Berthoff. Edmund Wilson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968, p.28.
①Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, pp.257-70.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p64, pp.76-7.
①Alfred Kazin.“The Man by the Fire: Edmund Wilson and American Literature”. In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work. Ed. John Wain. New York: New York University Press, 1978, p.27.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.89.
①Ibid., pp.75-6.
②Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963,pp.78-80,p.92,p.104.
③Ibid., p.106.
①Ibid., pp.106-07.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.78.
①Georg Lukacs. Writer and Critic and Other Essays. London: Merlin Press, 1970, p. 39.
②Raymond Williams. The Long Revolution. London: Chatto & Windus, 1961, p.52.
①Edmund Wilson, The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the Twenties and Thirties, New York: Farrar, Straus And Giroux, 1952.
②David Eldridge. American Culture in the 1930S. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2008, p.23.
①George Douglas. Edmund Wilson'S America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983, p.36, 44, 82.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.114;威尔逊关于海明威的文章发表于1924年的《罗盘》(Dial),这是美国国内第一篇评论海明威的文章,题名为《海明威的干点直刻法》(Mr.Hemingway’s Dry Points)被收录到《光明的彼岸》之后,改名为《海明威的崛起》,这是他在二十年代所写的最有名的评论文章之一。
②贝克·卡洛斯:《欧内斯特?海明威传》,陈安全等译,香港:生活·读书·新知三联书店香港分店,1985年,第73-74页;还可参见季进:《当代作家评论》,2005年第4期,第34至35页。
④Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.121.
①Edmund Wilson.“The Sportsman’s Tragedy." In The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.340.
①Ibid., p.343.
②Richard Chase. "Rev. Of the Shores of Light." Partisan Review, no. 20, 1953, p.113.
③Alfred Kazin. "The Critic and the Age." The New Yorker, no. 15 Nov., 1952, p.185.
④Richard Chase. "Rev. Of the Shores of Light." Partisan Review, no. 20, 1953, p.114.
①R. P.Blackmur. "In Our Ends are Our Beginnings." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 14, 1938, pp.449-50.
①参见本文第二章第一节“从自由到激进”的相关内容。
②Gore Vidal. "Edmund Wilson: This Critic and this Gin and these Shores." In The Second American Revolution and Other Essays(1976-1982), 25-35. New York: Vintage, 1983.p.35.
③Stephen Maxfield Parrish. "Critics, Academic and Lay." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 29, 1953, p. 160.
④Sherman Paul. Edmund Wilson: A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967, p.76.
①Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.267-73.
②参见本文第三章第一节“创作与心理创伤”的相关内容。
③Van Wyck Brooks. The Pilgrimage of Henry James. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1925.
④John Farrelly. "Edmund Wilson of the 'New Yorker'." Scrutiny, no. 18 (1951): 232
①Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.227.
①Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.460.
②Alfred Kazin. "The Critic and the Age." The New Yorker, no. 15 Nov.1952, p. 181.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.70.
①王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第26、29页。
②Edmund Wilson. Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.64
①Ibid., p.127.
②Ibid., p.198.
③Ibid., p.479.
①Daniel Aaron. Introudction, Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.XV.
①Edmund Wilson . "Hemingway: Gauge of Morale." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.183.
②莫里斯·迪克斯坦:《途中的镜子:文学与现实世界》,刘玉宇译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年,第108页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.408-09.
②R. P. Blackmur. "In Our Ends are Our Beginnings." Virginia Quarterly Review, no.14, 1938, pp.449-50.
①Alfred Kazin, "The Great Anachronism: A View From the Sixties." In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work, edited by John Wain. New York: New York University Press, 1978, p.27.
2.埃德蒙·威尔逊:《爱国者之血:美国南北战争时期的文学》,胡曙中等译,上海:上海外语教育出版社出版,1993年;
3.埃德蒙·威尔森:《走向芬兰车站:马克思主义的起源及发展》,刘森尧译,台北:麦田出版社,2000年;
4.埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿尔克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年;
5.马修·阿诺德:《文化与无政府状态》(修订版),韩敏中译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2008年;
6.阿伦特:《论革命》,陈周旺译,南京:译林出版社,2007年;
7.理查德·霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,崔永禄、王忠和译,北京:商务印书馆,1994年;
8.路易斯·梅南德:《哲学俱乐部:美国观念的故事》,肖凡等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
9.雅克·巴尔赞:《从黎明到衰落:西方文化生活五百年》,林华译,北京:世界知识出版社,2002年;
10.斯特龙伯格:《西方现代思想史》,刘北成、赵国新译,北京:中央编译出版社,2005年;
11.威廉·曼彻斯特:《光荣与梦想》,广州外国语学院美英问题研究室翻译组、朱协译,海口:海南出版社、三环出版社,2006年;
12.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编:《美国通史》(1-6卷),北京:人民出版社,2005年;
13.威廉·J.本内特著:《美国通史》(上、下),刘军等译,南昌:江西人民出版社,2009年;
14.雅各布·尼德曼:《美国理想:一部文明的历史》,王聪译,北京:华夏出版社,2004年;
15.加里·B.纳什等编著:《美国人民:创建一个国家和一种社会》(英文影印版),北京:北京大学出版社,2009年;
16.丹尼尔·贝尔:《资本主义文化矛盾》,赵一凡等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1989年;
17.贝尔:《资本主义文化矛盾》,严蓓雯译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年;
18.安東尼·亞瑟:《反目:百年著名文學論戰，從馬克吐溫到沃爾夫》,臺北:日報文化,2008;
19.雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年;
20.萨克文·伯科维奇主编:《剑桥美国文学史》,北京:中央编译出版社,
21. --------第一卷(1590年至1820年),康学坤等译,2008年;
22. --------第二卷(散文作品:1820至1865年),史志康等译,2008年;
23. --------第五卷(诗歌与批评:1910年至1950年),马睿等译,2009年;
24. --------第六卷(散文作品:1910年至1950年),张宏杰等译,2009年;
25. --------第七卷(散文作品:1940年至1990年),孙宏主译,2005年;
26. --------第八卷(诗歌和文学批评:1940年至1995年),杨仁敬等译,2008年;
27. D.H.劳伦斯:《劳伦斯论美国名著》,黑马译,上海:上海三联书店,2006年;
28.贝克·卡洛斯:《欧内斯特·海明威传》,陈安全等译,香港:生活·读书·新知三联书店香港分店,1985年
29.哈兰德:《从柏拉图到巴特的文学理论》(英美文学文库),北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005年;
30.伊格尔顿:《文学理论导论》(英美文学文库),外语教学与研究出版社,2004年;
31.威尔弗雷德·古尔灵等著:《文学批评方法手册》(英美文学文库),北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004年;
32.布赖斯勒:《文学批评》(影印版),北京:高等教育出版社,2004年;
33.弗雷德里克·R·卡尔:《现代与现代主义:艺术家的主权1885-1925》,陈永国、傅景川译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004年;
34.安托瓦纳·贡巴尼翁:《反现代派:从约瑟夫·德·迈斯特到罗兰·巴特》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年;
35.韦伯:《韦伯作品集I:学术与政治》,钱永详等译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004年;
36. --------《韦伯论大学》,希尔斯编,孙传钊译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
37.理查德·波斯纳:《公共知识分子:衰落之研究》,徐昕译,北京:中国政治大学出版社,2002年;
38.弗兰克·富里迪:《知识分子都到哪里去了》,戴从容译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年;
39.马克·里拉:《当知识分子遇到政治》,邓晓菁、王笑红译,北京:新星出版社,2005年;
40.爱德华·萨义德:《知识分子论》,单德兴译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002年;
41. --------《人文主义与民主批评》,朱生坚译,北京:新星出版社,2006年;
42. --------《权力、政治与文化:萨义德访谈录》,单德兴译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006年;
43. -------《世界·文本·批评家》,李自修译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年;
44.戈德法布:《“民主”社会中的知识分子》,杨信彰等译,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2002年;
45.拉塞尔·雅各比:《最后的知识分子》,洪洁译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
46.保罗·博维:《权力中的知识分子:批判性人文主义的谱系》,萧莎译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年;
47.维也纳·桑巴特:《为什么美国没有社会主义》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年;
48.路易斯·门德:《历史的浪漫:爱德蒙·威尔逊的共产主义之旅》,王一梁译,《书城》,2004年第04期;
49.弗雷德里克·詹姆逊:《政治无意识:作为社会象征行为的叙事》,王逢振、陈永国译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年;
50.克罗利:《美国生活的希望:政府在实现国家目标中的作用》,王军英等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
51.罗纳德·斯蒂尔:《李普曼传》,于滨、陈小平、谈锋译,北京:新华出版社,1982年;
52.莫里斯·迪克斯坦:《途中的镜子:文学与现实世界》,刘玉宇译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年;
53.以赛亚·伯林:《苏联的心灵:共产主义时代的俄国文化》,潘永强、刘北成译,南京:译林出版社,2010年;
54.陆建德:《思想背后的利益:文化政治评论集》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年;
55. --------《破碎思想体系的残编:英美文学与思想史论稿》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年;
56.毛信德:《美国小说史纲》,北京:北京出版社,1988年;
57.盛宁:《二十世纪美国文论》,北京:北京大学出版社,1993年;
58.赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1994年;
59.方汉文:《西方文艺心理学史》,西安:陕西人民出版社,1999年;
60.朱通伯编选:《英美现代文论选》,上海:上海译文出版社,1991年;
61.刘海平、王守仁主编:《新编美国文学史》,上海:上海外语教育出版社;
62. --------第一卷(起始----1860),张冲主撰,2000年;
63. --------第二卷(1860----1914),朱刚主撰,2002年;
64. --------第三卷(1914----1945),杨金才主撰,2002年;
65. --------第四卷(1945----2000),王守仁主撰,2002年;
66.董鼎山:《美国作家与作品》,北京:光明日报出版社,1988年;
67.王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年;
68.任军锋主编:《共和主义:古典与现代》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年;
69.张隆溪:《比较文学研究入门》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2009年。
70.仲子:《三十年的文学笔记》,《读书》,1988年01期;
71.梯姆:《一位道地intellectual的写照》,《读书》,1989年07期;
72.刘素娟:《别一种文学史:读<爱国者之血>》,《外国文学研究》,1994年03期;
1. Aaron, Daniel. "Some Unpublished Letters of Edmund Wilson." New Republic 171, no.
22, November 30, 1974.
2. Adams, Phoebe. "A Window on Russia, Book." Atlantic Monthly) 230, no. 3, September 1972.
3. Allen, Bruce. "the literary worker." Kirkus Reviews 75, no. 19,October 2007.
4. Anderson, Quentin. "Wilson's Canadian Junket." New Republic 152, no. 22,May 29, 1965.
5. Arbez, Edward P. "Much is still obscure." New Republic 134, no. 15,April 9, 1956.
6. Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
7. Arvin, Newton. "American Men of Letters." Nation 157, no. 3,July 17, 1943.
8. Atlas, James. " In Praise Of Dispraise." Atlantic,02769077) 248, no. 2,August 1981.
9. Atlas, James. "Mia at the MLA." New Republic 196, no. 4,January 26, 1987.
10. Bailey, William L. "Travels in Two Democracies,Book." American Sociological Review 2, no. 3 ,June 1937.
11. Baker, William. "F.R and Q D Leavis A Retrospect." Papers on Language & Literature 19, no. 4,Fall83 1983.
12. Barnes, Julian. "International books of the year." TLS no. 4783,December 2, 1994.
13. Baumann, Paul. "An unlikely believer." Commonweal 124, no. 22 ,December 19, 1997.
14. Baym,Nina ed.The Norton Anthology of American Literature ( A.B.C.D.E ) .New York·London:W·W·NORTON&COMPANY,Inc.,2003.
15. Benfey, Christopher. "The Judge.,Cover story." New Republic 237, no. 11,December 10, 2007.
16. Beran, Michael Knox. "No More Wise Men." National Review 52, no. 16,August 28, 2000.
17. Berman, Paul. "Edmund's Castle." New Republic 214, no. 23,June 3, 1996.
18. Bermel, Albert. "Closet Openings." Nation 209, no. 5,August 25, 1969.
19. Berthoff, Warner. "From High Modernism To Middlebrow Culture." Sewanee Review 117, no. 1, Winter2009 2009.
20. Berthoff, Warner. "Skirmishing with Edmund Wilson." Sewanee Review 107, no. 1, Winter99 1999.
21. Birkerts, Sven. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no. 4 ,September 2004.
22. Biscari, Caterina. "Engines of Discovery." Physics Today 61, no. 9 ,September 2008.
23. Brandon, Henry. "A Conversation with Edmund Wilson "We Don't Know Where We Are“New Republic 140, no. 13, March 30, 1959.
24. Brightman, Carol. "Never Trust Anyone Under 80." Nation 258, no. 2 ,January 17, 1994.
25. Brooks, Van Wyck. The Pilgrimage of Henry James. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1925.
26. Bruton, Ben. "Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature." Library Journal 130, no. 12 ,July 2005.
27. Buffington, Robert. "Campaigning For Poetry." 345-364. University of the South, 2005.
28. Burke, Kenneth. "Field Work in Bohemia." Nation 145, no. 5,July 31, 1937.
29. Cannon, Harold. "Latter-day curmudgeon." Humanities 16, no. 5,September 1995.
30. Cantwell, Robert. "Wilson as Journalist." Nation 186, no. 8,February 22, 1958.
31. Carlos, Fuentes. "A Despot, Now And Forever." New York Times Book Review,April 6, 1986.
32. Castronovo, David. "A singular American." Commonweal 120, no. 18,October 22, 1993.
33. -------- "An eye for detail." Commonweal 126, no. 2,January 29, 1999.
34. -------- "Edmund Wilson's 1920s." New England Review,10531297) 21, no. 4,Fall2000 2000.
35. --------Ed. Edmund Wilson: the Man in Letters. Ohio: Ohio University Press,2001
36. --------Edmund Wilson Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998.
37. Cathy, Horyn. "Does the Shoe Fit?." New York Times Magazine,February 25, 2007.
38. Chase, Edward T. "The last of a precious species." New Leader 76, no. 11,September 6, 1993.
39. Chase, Richard. "Wilson as Critic." Nation 186, no. 8,February 22, 1958.
40. Chefdor, Monique and others eds. Modernism:Challenges and Perspectives. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
41. Christopher, Lehmann-Haupt. "Books of The Times; Edmund Wilson, Curmudgeon Untamed by Time." New York Times, July 19, 1993.
42. Colm, Toibin. "American Critic." New York Times Book Review,September 4, 2005.
43. Cooney, Terry A. The Rise of the New York Intellectuals: Partisan Review and Its Circle. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.
44. Cowley, Malcolm. "Edmund Wilson on the New Republic." New Republic 167, no. 1,July 1972.
45. Cowley, Malcolm. "The Lucky Generation." Atlantic Monthly,00046795) 230, no. 6,December 1972.
46. Curtiss, Mina. "... the Poison They Name." Nation 153, no. 5,August 2, 1941.
47. Dabney, Lewis M. "Edmund Wilson, Jr." Sewanee Review 103, no. 2,Spring95 1995.
48. -------- "Isaiah Berlin on Edmund Wilson." Wilson Quarterly 23, no. 1,Winter99 1999.
49. --------Edmund Wilson: A life in Literature. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
50. -------- "Edmund Wilson: The Early Years.”Ph.D., Columbia University, 1968.
51. --------The Edmund Wilson Reader. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
52. --------The Twenties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period. New York: Bantam Books, 1975.
53. --------ed. Edmund Wilson: Centennial Reflections. Princeton: The Mercantile Library of New York in association with Princeton University Press, 1997.
54. Dabney, Lewis M. "The shy little scholar of Holder Court." American Scholar 59, no. 3,Summer90 1990.
55. Dardis, Tom. "The Myth That Won't Go Away: Selling Out in Hollywood." Journal of Popular Film & Television 11, no. 4,Winter84 1984.
56. Deacon, Desley. "Cruel and Barbarous Teatment: the Marriage of Mary McCarthy and Edmund Wilson." Australian Feminist Studies 19, no. 43,March 2004.
57. Deirdre Carmody, Special to the New York Times. "MARY MCCARTHY, '33, SENDS PAPERS TO VASSAR." New York Times, May 1985.
58. Dickstein, Morris. "Cover Art." TLS no. 5370,March 3, 2006.
59. -------- "Edmund Wilson: Three phases." Partisan Review 64, no. 4,Fall97 1997.
60. -------- "The human interest." TLS no. 5370,March 3, 2006.
61. Diggins, John Patrick. "On the Road to Nowhere: Tom Stoppard's Russian intellectuals take a wrong turn with Hegel, just as Edmund Wilson once did with Marx." American Scholar 77, no.
1, Winter2008 2008.
62. Dillingham, William B. "Rudyard Kipling and Bereavement: 'The Gardener'." English Language Notes 39, no. 4, June 2002.
63. Dinitia, Smith. "A Vision for Books That Exults in Happenstance." New York Times, January 13, 2001.
64. Doctorow, E.L. "Arcades." Nation 263, no. 9,September 30, 1996.
65. Donoghue, Denis. "Castle adamant." New Criterion 26, no. 4,December 2007.
66. Douglas, Brenner. "A Tale of Two Cities." New York Times Magazine,September 28, 2008.
67. Douglas, George H. "Edmund Wilson, Great Democrat of Letters." Nation 215, no. 3,August 7, 1972.
68. Edel, Leon. " ... Am I, Then, in a Pocket of the Past?." New Republic 135, no. 25,December 17, 1956.
69. Edel, Leon. "Edmund Wilson in the 1930s." New Republic 182, no. 18,May 3, 1980.
70. -------- "The Nabokov-Wilson Letters: Correspondence between Vladimir Nabokov and Edmund Wilson, 1940-1971." New Republic 180, no. 21,May 26, 1979.
71. Epstein, Jason. "The man with qualities.,Cover story." New York Review of Books 42, no. 10,June 8, 1995.
72. Epstein, Joseph. "Bye-bye, bunny." Hudson Review 47, no. 2,Summer94 1994.
73. -------- "Forgetting Edmund Wilson." Commentary 120, no. 5,December 2005.
74. Auerbach, Erich. "Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature.”, edited by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953.
75. Eric Homberger.American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39,New York:St.Martin's Press,1986
76. Exley, Frederick. "Good-Bye, Edmund Wilson." Atlantic Monthly,00046795) 233, no. 3, March 1974.
77. Farginoli, Joseph. "Zuni and Iroquois: Edmund Wilson's `People's History'." Clio 25, no. 1,Fall95 1995.
78. -------- "Edmund Wilson and the Sociology of Literature.", Ph.D.,University of Rhode Island, 1985.
79. Farrelly, John. "Edmund Wilson of the 'New Yorker'." Scrutiny, no. 18, 1951.
80. Flower, Dean. "Justice to Edmund Wilson." Hudson Review 59, no. 3, Fall2006.
81. Frank, Kermode. "'I Shall Presently Be Extinguished'." New York Times Book Review,August 8, 1993.
82. French, S. "Diary." New Statesman & Society 5, no. 187, January 31, 1992..
83. Fussell, Paul. "Unreconstructed American." New Republic 188, no. 13, April 4, 1983.
84. Gager, John C. "Scholarship as Moral Vision." Jewish Quarterly Review 95, no. 1, Winter2005 2005.
85. Groth, Janet. Edmund Wilson A Critic of Our Time. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1989.
86. Geismar, Maxwell. "Apostles of the Rational Mind." Nation 183, no. 23, December 8, 1956.
87. Gessen, Keith. "The Smartest Guy in the Room." New York 38, no. 29,August 22, 2005.
88. Giddins, Gary. "Why I Write…." Publishers Weekly 256, no. 36,September 7, 2009.
89. Gilman, Richard. "Edmund Wilson, Then and Now." New Republic 155, no. 1,July 2, 1966.
90. -------- "The Critic as Taxpayer." New Republic 149, no. 22,November 30, 1963.
91. Goodwin, Donald W. "Book forum: Literature." American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 12,December 1994. 1823.
92. Goodwin, Saul. "The Portable Edmund Wilson." National Review 36, no. 13,July 13, 1984.
93. Grace, Glueck. "So Commonplace, And Yet, Surreal." New York Times, October 04, 1996.
94. Graff, Gerald. Literature Against Itself:Literary Ideas in Modern Society,Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.
95. Graves, Robert. "Edmund Wilson, a Protestant Abroad." New Republic 134, no. 18,April 30, 1956.
96. Gross, John. The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters:A Study of the Idiosyncratic and the Humane in Modern Literature, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1969.
97. --------"A literary life." Commentary 100, no. 4,October 1995.
98. Groth, Janet. "Wilson in Dishabille,Book Review." American Scholar 53, no. 3,Summer84 1984.
99. Grumbach, Doris. "Fine Print." New Republic 169, no. 23,December 8, 1973.
100. Habib, Rafey. A History of Literary Criticism, From Plato to the Present, Malden,Oxford, Carlton:Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
101. Haggin, B. H. "Music." Nation 166, no. 9,February 28, 1948.
102. Halper, Nathan. "Conversations with Edmund Wilson." Journal of Modern Literature 7, no. 3,September 1979.
103. Hamilton, Ian. "The wound, the bow and the glory." TLS no. 4830,October 27, 1995. 4.
104. Hardwick, Elizabeth. "A lion at his desk." New Yorker 71, no. 11,May 8, 1995.
105. Hart, Jeffrey. "Edmund Wilson, At Last." National Review 57, no. 16,September 12, 2005.
106. -------- "Five Best." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 249, no. 140,June 16, 2007.
107. Hazlitt, Henry. "Edmund Wilson." Nation 132, no. 3426,March 4, 1931.
108. Heinegg, Peter. "The Last Great Littérateur?." America 194, no. 1,January 2, 2006.
109. Herbert, Muschamp. "Art/Architecture; Imaginative Leaps Into the Real World." New York Times, February 25, 2001.
110. Herron, Jerry. "The Haunted Man And The Two Scrooges." Studies in Short Fiction 19, no. 1,Winter82 1982.
111. Hill Jr., Robert W. "A Counterclockwise Turn in James's 'The Turn of the Screw'." Twentieth Century Literature 27, no. 1,Spring81 1981.
112. Hoffman, Frederick J. "In Search of Edmund Wilson." Nation 202, no. 3,January 17, 1966.
113. Horgan, Paul. "Paul Horgan: Edmund Wilson at Wesleyan." American Poetry Review 22, no. 5,September 1993.
114. Hounion, Morris A. "Edmund Wilson, the Man in Letters,Book Review." Library Journal
126, no. 19,November 15, 2001..
115. --------"Critic in Love: A Romantic Biography of Edmund Wilson." Library Journal 130, no. 16,October 2005.
116. --------"Edmund Wilson: Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1930s & 1940s." Library Journal 132, no. 17,October 15, 2007.
117. Howb, Irving. "Edmund Wilson: A Reexamination." Nation 167, no. 16,October 16, 1948.
118. -------- "The Burden Of Civilization." New Republic 186, no. 6,February 10, 1982.
119. Isaiah Berlin. "Edmund Wilson Among The 'Despicable English'." New York Times Book Review,April 12, 1987.
120. Jacob, Weisberg. "For The Sake Of Argument." New York Times Magazine,November 5, 2000.
121. Jeremy, Mccarter. "Theater; In Search of a Lost Love: Making a Musical Out of Proust." New York Times, March 09, 2003.
122. John, Gross. "Books Of The Times;." New York Times, February 12, 1985.
123. Johnson, Denise. "Book reviews: Arts & humanities." Library Journal 120, no. 14,September 1995.
124. Johnson, Paul. Intellectuals. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988.
125. Johnston, George Sim. "The Last Man of Letters." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 250, no. 75,September 28, 2007.
126. Johnston, Paul K. "Grumpy Good Samaritan." Commonweal 133, no. 18,October 20, 2006.
127. Johnston, Paul. "The vexations of modernism." American Scholar 58, no. 1,Winter89 1989.
128. Jones Jr., Malcolm, and Laura Shapiro. "A summer book bag." Newsweek 122, no. 1,July 5, 1993.
129. Jones, Malcolm. "Death Becomes Them." Newsweek 154, no. 6/7,August 10, 2009.
130. Kaiser, Jo Ellen Green. "Disciplining The Waste Land, or how to lead critics into temptation." Twentieth Century Literature 44, no. 1,Spring98 1998.
131. Karl, Frederick R. Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist 1885-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1985.
132. Karlinsky, Simon, Dan Bawly, and Frederick C. Thayer. "Correspondence." New Republic 181, no. 3/4,July 21, 1979.
133. Kauffmann, Stanley. "Stanley Kauffmann on films." New Republic 170, no. 15,April 13, 1974.
134. Kazin, Alfred. "Edmund Wilson: His Life and Books." Atlantic,01606506) 220, no. 1,July 1967.
135. Kazin, Alfred. "The New Republic: A Personal View." New Republic 201, no. 19,November 6, 1989.
136. --------"Zeal For The Hidden Detail." Atlantic,02769077) 251, no. 4,April 1983.
137. --------"The Critic and the Age." The New Yorker, no. 15 Nov.1952.
138. Kieft, Ruth M. Vande. "Testament of a Myth-Shrinker." Nation 209, no. 10,September 29, 1969.
139. King, Daniel Patrick. "World literature in review: English." World Literature Today 70, no. 4,September 1996.
140. Kipen, David. "Easier Said Than Done." Atlantic Monthly,10727825) 295, no. 1,January 2005.
141. Koenig, Rhoda. "Doctor knows best." New York 22, no. 45,November 20, 1989.
142. --------"The curmudgeonly Mr. Wilson." New York 26, no. 28,July 19, 1993.
143. Kramer, Hilton. "Critical Lapses." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 246, no. 40,August 26, 2005.
144. Kramer, Hilton. "The Edmund Wilson centenary." New Criterion 13, no. 9,May 1995. Kriegel, Leonard. "Affairs and Landscapes." Nation 231, no. 10,October 4, 1980.
145. -------- "The Man Of Letters In The Modern World." Sewanee Review 113, no. 4,Fall2005 2005.
146. Kriegel, Leonard. "The Self-Sufficient Mind." Nation 225, no. 14,October 29, 1977.Lamott, Kenneth. "Edmund Wilson in California: A Reappraisal." Nation 226, no. 3,January 28, 1978.
147. Lanchester, John. "Short Cuts." London Review of Books 30, no. 12,June 19, 2008.
148. Lawrence Van, Gelder. "William Slater Brown, 100, Writer of the Lost Generation." New York Times, June 28, 1997.
149. LeStage, Gregory. "The maddening genius." Times Higher Education Supplement no. 1253,November 8, 1996.
150. Levenson, Gabriel H., et al. "Letters to the Editors." Nation 145, no. 23,December 4, 1937.
151. Lewis M., Dabney. "Bookend; The Philosopher and the Critic." New York Times Book Review,November 29, 1998.
152. Lingeman, Richard. "She Took a Village." Nation 267, no. 16,November 16, 1998.
153. Long, Robert Emmet. "The Decade of Axel's Castle." Nation 215, no. 9, October 2, 1972.
154. Lodge, David, ed. 20Th Century Literary Criticism. New York: Longman Group Limited, 1972.
155. Lynn, Kenneth S. "Starting Out in the Twenties." American Scholar 44, no. 4,September 1975.
156. -------- "The Right to Secede from History." New Republic 146, no. 26,June 25, 1962.
157. M.S., and Suzanne Mantell. "Wilson's lit crit '60s." Publishers Weekly 240, no. 17,April 26, 1993.
158. Maclay, Catherine. "Jeffrey Meyers: A big book every year." Publishers Weekly 242, no. 21,May 22, 1995.
159. Malcolm, Donald. "Substitutes for Conversation." New Republic 136, no. 10,March 11, 1957.
160. March, Thomas. "Wilson's The Jumping-Off Place." Explicator 57, no. 2,Winter99 1999.
161. Margo, Jefferson. "Books Of The Times; Characters 'Laboring to Maladjust'." New York Times, October 19, 1994.Marshall, Margaret. "Drama." Nation 172, no. 19,May 12, 1951.
162. Marshall, Margaret. "The Moral Top of the World." Nation 142, no. 3703,June 24, 1936.
163. Marty, Martin E. "The Wilson syndrome." Christian Century 111, no. 2,January 19, 1994.
164. Mary B. W., Tabor. "Book Notes." New York Times, May 17, 1995.
165. Mary, Gordon. "Rediscoveries; The Angel of Malignity: The Cold Beauty of Katherine Anne Porter." New York Times Book Review,April 16, 1995.
166. Matthew, Price. "Books In Brief: Nonfiction." New York Times Book Review,February 10, 2002.
167. Maxfield Parrish, Stephen. "Critics, Academic and Lay." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 29, 1953.
168. McCabe, Bernard. "What Cyril Thought." Nation 238, no. 15,April 21, 1984.
169. McCann, William. "Cultural Record." Progressive 51, no. 2,February 1987.
170. McCarthy, Mary. "Edmund Wilson." Paris Review 33, no. 119,Summer91 1991.
171. McCollum, John W., and Don W. Kleine. "Letters." Nation 210, no. 19,May 18, 1970.
172. McGrath, Charles. "A Shaper of the Canon Gets His Place in It." New York Times, October 07, 2007.
173. Mead, Walter Russell. "Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1920s and 30s: "The Shores of Light," "Axel's Castle," Uncollected Reviews." Foreign Affairs 87, no. 3,May 2008..
174. Meade, Norah. "Greenwich Villagers." Nation 130, no. 3365,January 1930.
175. Mel, Gussow. "Stage View; Another Major Novel Eludes Its Adapter." New York Times, September 29, 1985.
176. Meltzer, Milton. "The Thirties,Book Review." Library Journal 105, no. 12,June 15, 1980.
177. Menand, Louis. "Edmund Wilson's Vanished World." New York Review of Books 51, no. 14,September 23, 2004.
178. Menand, Louis. "Missionary." New Yorker 81, no. 23,August 8, 2005.
179. -------- "The Historical Romance." New Yorker 79, no. 5,March 24, 2003.
180. --------"The Lion In Autumn." New Republic 195, no. 22,December 1986.
181. Meyers, Jeffrey. "Scott Fitzgerald and Edmund Wilson: A troubled friendship." American Scholar 61, no. 3,Summer92 1992.
182. --------"The bulldog and the butterfly." American Scholar 63, no. 3,Summer94 1994.
183. -------- "Priapic polymath." New Criterion 12, no. 1,September 1993.
184. --------Edmund Wilson: A Biography. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.
185. Michaels, Leonard. "The Odd Couple." Nation 228, no. 23,June 16, 1979.
186. Miller, Perry. "Essays and Asides "A Passion for Literature." Nation 172, no. 4,January 27, 1951.
187. Mimken, Judy. "Book reviews: Arts & humanities." Library Journal 120, no. 3,February 15, 1995.
188. Miner, Brad. "Random Notes." National Review 43, no. 3,February 25, 1991.
189. Mishra, Pankaj. "The Unquiet American." New York Review of Books 53, no. 1,January 12, 2006.
190. Mitgang, Herbert. "Carl Sandburg." New Republic 178, no. 2,January 14, 1978.
191. Mizener, Arthur. "Arthur Mizener: Edmund Wilson's New Republic." New Republic 162, no. 19,May 9, 1970.
192. Morrison, Sarah R. "Of woman borne: Male experience and feminine truth in Jane Austen's novels." Studies in the Novel 26, no. 4,Winter94 1994.
193. Moss, R0bert F. "Winner And Still Champion." Yale Review 94, no. 4,October 2006.
194. Nabokov, Vladimir. "A Letter To Edmund Wilson." Kenyon Review 1, no. 1,Winter79 1979. .
195. Nathan, Paul. "But not forgotten." Publishers Weekly 242, no. 28,July 10, 1995. .
196. Nevius, Blake. "Pussie" Jones's Verses: A Bibliographical Note On Edith Wharton." American Literature 23, no. 4,January 1952.
197. Niebuhr, Reinhold. "The Goddess History." Nation 151, no. 13,September 28, 1940.
198. Nussbaum, Martha C. "Preface to the Revised Edition." In The Fragility of Goodness, London: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
199. O'hagan, Andrew. "Back to The Blitz." New York Times, October 16, 2008.
200. Page, Tim. "Letters by Dawn Powell to Edmund Wilson." New Criterion 18, no. 1,September 1999.
201. Paul, Sherman. Edmund Wilson: A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time. Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 1967.
202. Pasternak, Boris. "Interpretation." New Yorker 72, no. 17,June 24, 1996.
203. Pearl K. Bell' Pearl K. Bell is a freelance critic in Cambridge, Mass. "Life Without Father." New York Times Book Review,December 10, 1989.
204. Peck, David. "Edmund Wilson: A Biography." Magill Book Reviews,September 1995.
205. Peretz, Martin. "Mr. Wilson Balks." Nation 197, no. 18,November 30, 1963.
206. Perl, Jed. "A Cool Heat." Harper's Magazine 311, no. 1864,September 2005.
207. -------- "Wilson's eye." Modern Painters 9, no. 4,Winter96 1996.
208. Perluck, Herbert A., Harold R. Hogstrom, and Jack D. Douglas. "Correspondence." New Republic 155, no. 6/7,August 13, 1966.
209. Pickard, Zachariah. "The Morality of Aesthetic Action: Elizabeth Bishop, Randall Jarrell, and the Politics of Poetry." American Literature 79, no. 2,June 2007.
210. Platowsky, Elihu L., et al. "Letters to the Editors." Nation 148, no. 3,January 14, 1939. 76.
211. Plotz, John. "Virtually Being There." Southwest Review 87, no. 1,January 2002.
212. Podhoretz, Norman. "On reading for pleasure again." Commentary 94, no. 6,December 1992.
213. Polan, Dana. "Last Intellectual, Lapsed Intellectual?: The Ends of Edmund Wilson." boundary 2 21, no. 3,Fall94 1994.
214. Pritchard, William H. "Edmund Wilson's Clear Light: The lucid prose and inclusive views of "the last great critic in the English line.." American Scholar 74, no. 4,September 2005.
215. Pritchard, William H. "Edmund Wilson's Permanent Criticism: 1920-1950." Hudson Review 61, no. 1,Spring2008 2008.
216. Pritchett, V.S. "Books: Edmund Wilson." New Yorker 62, no. 46,January 5, 1987.
217. Quinn, Terry. "Dear Bunny, Dear Volodya: The Friendship and the Freud." Paris Review 42, no. 157,2001 2000.
218. R.D.M. "Delany as a Postmodern Edmund Wilson." Science Fiction Studies 24, no. 1,March 1997.
219. Raffel, Burton. "From the Uncollected Edmond Wilson." Literary Review 39, no. 3,Spring96 1996.
220. Richard, Gilman. "Dos Passos and the Many Lives of 'U.S.A.'." New York Times Book Review,March 16, 1997.
221. Richard, Gilman. "Edmund's Castle." New York Times Book Review,December 31, 1995.
222. Richards, Eliza. "US Civil War Print Culture and Popular Imagination." American Literary History 17, no. 2,Summer2005 2005.
223. Richter, David H. Ed. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1980.
224. Rifkind, D. "Daddy dearest." Commentary 89, no. 5,May 1990.
225. Robin, Finn. "Public Lives; The,Mostly Late) Greats, in New Circulation." New York Times, July 10, 2001.
226. Rodden, John. "Memorial for a Revolutionist: Dwight Macdonald, A Critical American." Society 44, no. 5,July 2007.
227. Roger, Kimball. "And Now for Something Completely Offensive." New York Times Book Review,October 22, 1995.
228. -------- "Classic returns." Library Journal 116, no. 19,November 15, 1991.
229. -------- "Axel's Castle: A Study of the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930." Library Journal 130, no. 1,January 2005.
230. -------- "King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung/Upstate: Records and Recollections of Northern New York,Book." Library Journal 115, no. 16,October 1990.
231. -------- "Memoirs of Hecate County." Library Journal 130, no. 2,February 2005.
232. Rogers, Michael, and Barbara Hoffert. "Book reviews: Classic returns." Library Journal 123, no. 2,February 1998.
233. Romano, Carlin. "Edmund's Castle." Nation 260, no. 23,June 12, 1995.
234. Rosenblatt, Roger. "Edmund Wilson: Letters on Literature and Politics 1912-1972." New Republic 177, no. 16,October 15, 1977.Rubin Jr., Louis D. "Canon Fodder." New Republic 172, no. 21,May 24, 1975.
235. Rubin Jr., Louis D. "The grand panjandrum of Wellfleet." Sewanee Review 102, no. 3,Summer94 1994.
236. Rubin, Merle. "Critic Wilson held high intellectual, but not personal standards." Christian Science Monitor 87, no. 138,June 13, 1995.
237. Samuels, David. "Edmund Wilson and the public intellectuals." Wilson Quarterly 20, no. 1,Winter96 1996.
238. Sandle, Mark. A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: University College London(UCL) Press, 1999.
239. Sandra Salmans, Special to the New York Times. "Remembering Rogues and Heroes." New York Times, August 08, 1985.
240. Sarah, Bayliss. "Art/Architecture; An Image Welded to the Skyline." New York Times, July 07, 2002.
241. Sarah, Lyall. "V.S. Pritchett, Master of the Short Story And Literary Criticism, Is Dead at 96." New York Times, March 22, 1997.
242. Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Inverting Reality: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Popular Media." Dead Sea Discoveries 12, no. 1,March 2005.
243. Schlesinger, Arthur M....[et al.], ed. Paths of American Thought. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970.
244. Schwarz, Benjamin. "Elements of Style." Atlantic Monthly,10727825) 296, no. 1,July 2005.
245. Scott, Veale. "New & Noteworthy Paperbacks." New York Times Book Review,February 11, 2001.
246. Scott, W.B. "Old Friends, Book Ends." American Scholar 48, no. 4,September 1979.
247. Shapiro, Herbert E. "Edmund Wilson,Book Review." Library Journal 103, no. 18,October 15, 1978.
248. Shechner, Mark. "Three Honest Men: Edmund Wilson, F.R. Leavis, Lionel Trilling,Book." New Republic 186, no. 7,February 17, 1982.
249. Sicker, Philip. "Pale Fire and Lyrical Ballads: The dynamics of collaboration." Papers on Language & Literature 28, no. 3,Summer92 1992.
250. Silver, John. "A Note on the Freudian Reading of "The Turn of the Screw." American Literature 29, no. 2,May 1957.
251. Simms Jr., L. Moody. "Edmund Wilson: A Biography,Book." History: Reviews of New Books 32, no. 2,Winter2004 2004.
252. Sissman, L.E. "Innocent Bystander." Atlantic Monthly,00046795) 230, no. 3,September 1972.
253. Smith, G. S. "The Nabokov-Wilson Letters. Correspondence between Vladimir Nabokov and Edmund Wilson 1940-1971." Modern Language Review 76, no. 1,January 1981.
254. Smith, Starr E. "The Fifties,Book." Library Journal 111, no. 14,September 1986.
255. --------"The Forties,Book." Library Journal 108, no. 7,April 1983.
256. Smol, Anna. "Oh...Oh...Frodo!": Readings of Male Intimacy in "The Lord of the Rings." Modern Fiction Studies 50, no. 4,Winter2004 2004.
257. Sorel, Nancy Caldwell. "Mary McCarthy and Edmund Wilson." Atlantic,02769077) 271, no. 5,May 1993.
258. Spender, Stephen. "Wilson Among the Ruins." Nation 165, no. 22,November 29, 1947.
259. Spiller, Robert E. "EDMUND WILSON: Letters on Literature and Politics, 1921-1972,Book." American Literature 50, no. 3,November 1978.
260. -------- "The Influence of Edmund Wilson." Nation 186, no. 8,February 22, 1958.
261. -------- "The Intent Of The Artist/The Intent Of The Critic,Book." American Literature 14, no. 1,March 1942.
262. Star, Alexander. "A Man of Good Reading." New York Times, August 23, 2009.
263. Steloff, Frances. "Edmund Wilson." Journal of Modern Literature 4, no. 4,April 1975.
264. Stone, Edward. "Edition Architecture And 'The Turn Of The Screw'." Studies in Short Fiction 13, no. 1,Winter76 1976.
265. Stout, Daniel A. "Review of Lewis M. Dabney's Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature." Journal of Media & Religion 5, no. 2,April 2006.
266. Strout, Cushing. "A kinder and gentler Edmund Wilson." Reviews in American History 23, no. 3,September 1995. Suiler, Victor P. "Engines of Discovery,A Century of Particle Accelerators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 15, no. 1,January 2008.
267. Sykes, Gerald. "Books. The Writer Fights Back." Nation 186, no. 4,January 25, 1958. Tayler, Christopher. "The cocktail set." TLS no. 4996,January 1999.
268. Teachout, Terry, et al. "Books In Brief." National Review 33, no. 24,December 11, 1981.
269. -------- "Edmund Wilson's America." National Review 37, no. 1,January 11, 1985.
270. Terdiman, Richard. Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993.
271. Thorp, Willard. "Edmund Wilson: A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Book." American Literature 38, no. 3,November 1966.
272. Thorp, Willard. "Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War,Book." American Literature 34, no. 4,January 1963.
273. Toomre, Joyce S. "The Nabokov-Wilson Letters,Book." Library Journal 104, no. 8,April 15, 1979.
274. Touster, Saul. "Patriotic Gore: Studies In The Literature Of The American Civil War,Book." Harvard Law Review 76, no. 2,December 1962. 202-
275. Trilling, Diana. "Fiction in Review." Nation 162, no. 13,March 30, 1946.
276. Updike, John. "Reconsideration: Memoirs of Hecate County." New Republic 174, no. 3,January 17, 1976.
277. --------"The critic in winter." New Yorker 69, no. 40,November 29, 1993.
278. Valiunas, Algis. "Sister Sontag." American Spectator 36, no. 4,August 2003.
279. Versluys, Kristiaan. "Edmund Wilson,Book." English Studies 60, no. 6,December 1979.
280. Vidal, Gore. "Edmund Wilson: This Critic and this Gin and these Shores." In The Second American Revolution and Other Essays(1976-1982), 25-35. New York: Vintage, 1983.
281. Von Baeyer, Hans C. "Book Reviews." American Journal of Physics 77, no. 3,March 2009.
282. Wagwnknecht, Edward. "The Wound and the Bow, Seven Studies in Literature,Book." Modern Language Quarterly 3, no. 1,March 1942.
283. Wain, John. "Edmund Wilson: the Critic as Novelist." New Republic 142, no. 3,January 18, 1960.
284. Walter, Goodman. "Critic's Notebook; Mystery of Mysteries: Whodunits and How They Did." New York Times, February 16, 2000.
285. Walton, Eda Lou. "Critic as Poet; Poet as Critic." Nation 130, no. 3378,April 2, 1930.
286. Warren, Robert Penn. "Asides and Diversions." Nation 155, no. 23,December 5, 1942.
287. Westbrook, Robert. "Critical Mass." Commonweal 135, no. 8,April 25, 2008.
288. Willcox, Christopher. "Man of letters." New Criterion 24, no. 2,October 2005.
289. Williamson Jr., Chilton. "Loner Among The Literati." National Review 27, no. 35,September 12, 1975.
290. -------- "Why is This Man Scowling?." National Review 29, no. 46,November 25, 1977.
291. -------- "Edmund Wilson And The Great Tradition." National Review 41, no. 16,September 1989.
292. Wilson, Edmund.Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969.
293. -------- Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.
294. --------Galahad & I Thought of Daisy. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1967.
295. --------The American Earthquake:A Documentary of the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, and the New Deal. New York:Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1964.
296. --------The Bit Between My Teeth. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965.
297. --------The Fruits of the MLA. New York:A New York Review Book, 1968.
298. --------The Higher Jazz. Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 1988.
299. --------The Scrolls From the Dead Sea. New York:Oxford University Press,1956.
300. --------The Shock of Recognition. New York :Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1943.
301. --------The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952.
302. --------The Triple Thinker: Twelve Essays on Literary Subjects. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976.
303. --------A Literary Chronicle: 1920-1950.New York: Doubleday Company, Inc., 1952.
304. --------A Piece of My Mind: Reflections at Sixty. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1958.
305. --------A Prelude. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1967.
306. --------Memoirs of Hecate County. Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1980.
307. --------Night Thoughts. New York: Noonday Press, 1964.
308. --------To the Finland Station. New York: New York , 2003.
309. -------- The Wound and the Bow,. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
310. Wilson, Elena, ed. Edmund Wilson: Letters on Literature and Politics 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977.
311. Wilson, Reuel K. "Edmund Wilson's Cape Cod Landscape." 100-113. Virginia Quarterly Review, 2004.
312. --------"Growing up with Edmund Wilson and Mary McCarthy." Paris Review 41, no. 153,2000 1999.
313. Wood, James. "Mr. Literature." New Republic 233, no. 13, September 26, 2005.
314. Woolbert, Robert Gale. "Recent Books On International Relations." Foreign Affairs 19, no. 3,April 1941.
315. Ziff, Larzer. "Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972." Modern Language Review 75, no. 1, January 1980.
②Harry Levin. Memories of the Moderns. London: Faber&Faber, 1980.p.84;也可参见王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第25页。
③赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第96页。
①仲子:《三十年的文学笔记》,载《读书》,1988年第1期,第142-143页。
②Edmund Wilson. The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965, p.1.
③Edmund Wilson. Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p. 60; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p, 211.
④Edmund Wilson. The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950-1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965, pp.554-56.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.pp.306-07.
①Ibid., p.112.
②Ibid., p. 367.
①王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第24至25页。
②赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第88页。
①王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第24页。
②仲子:《三十年的文学笔记》,载《读书》,1988年第1期,第142页。
③德?昆西:《瘾君子自白》,刘重德译,长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1995年,扉页。
④张冲主撰《新编美国文学史·第一卷》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000年,《总序》第XI页。
⑤Christopher Hitchens. "Literary Companion." Atlantic Monthly 300, no. 2, 2007.pp. 124-28.
①David Lodge, ed. 20Th Century Literary Criticism. New York: Longman Group Limited , 1972, p.240.
②王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年;赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1994年;陆建德:《伟大的传统》序言,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年;季进:《当代作家评论》,2005年第4期。
①Lewis M. Dabney, ed., Edmund Wilson:Centennial Reflections, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997
②Edmund Wilson. A Prelude. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1967.A Prelude, p.73.
③赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第89页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.36.
②Ibid., p.64.这是威尔逊对菲茨杰拉德(Fitzgerald)在1921年5月给他的信件的回复,菲茨杰拉德在此信中表示他对欧洲不再抱任何幻想。参见The Letters of F.Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Andrew Turnbull, New York: Scribner, 1963, pp.326-27.
②罗纳德?斯蒂尔:《李普曼传》,于演、陈小平、谈锋等译,新华出版社,1982年版,第121页。
③赫伯特·克罗利(Herbert David Croly,1869– 1930)是一位主张进步的自由主义作家以及美国二十世纪初期新自由主义运动的领导者。他也是《新共和》的主要创办者之一,代表作有《美国生活的希望》(The Promise of American Life,中译本已由南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年出版;笔者认为此书更恰当的译法应该是《美国式生活的希望》,为避免混乱,本文继续沿用已有译名,不再做更改);他的政治哲学影响了很多人,包括美国总统西奥多·罗斯福(1901-1909)、著名的汉德法官(Judge Learned Hand)以及高级法院法官费利克斯·法兰克福(Felix Frankfurter)。(参考《大英袖珍百科·中文版》[Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.2007]相关词条)
④Rene Wellek . "Edmund Wilson(1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.89.
②Edmund Wilson. "The All-Star Literary Vaudeville." In The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.235-39.
③莫里斯·迪克斯坦:《途中的镜子:文学与现实世界》,刘玉宇译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年,第108页,译文有出入;Lewis M.Dabney. ed. Edmund Wilson:Centennial Reflections .Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997,pp.17-8.
②Edmund Wilson. "Proust and Yeats." The New Republic, no. 52(Oct. 5, 1927), 1927, p.177.
③Edmund Wilson.“American Heroes: Fremont and Frick." In The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.325-38.
④Edmund Wilson. "Proust and Yeats." The New Republic, no. 52(Oct. 5, 1927), 1927, pp.161-62.
①Edmund Wilson. " Lobsters for Supper." The New Republic, no. 52(Sept.28, 1927), 1927; The American Earthquake:A Documentary of the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, and the New Deal. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964.
③Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 53(Nov. 30), 1927, p.42; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.324.
④Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 53(Nov. 30), 1927, p.42; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.323;卡萨诺瓦
①Edmund Wilson.“Anatole France’s Successor." The New Republic, no. 53(Dec.21), 1927, p.42.
②Ibid.
③Edmund Wilson. "Proust and Yeats." The New Republic, no. 52(Oct. 5), 1927, pp.176-77.
④埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第115至116页。
⑤Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.249-50.
⑥Edmund Wilson.“A Short View of Proust." The New Republic, no. 54(March 21), 1927, pp.140-48.
⑦Edmund Wilosn.“Paul Valery.”The Dial, 78 (June), 1925, p.491.
②Edmund Wilson.“Thornton Wilder." The New Republic, no. 55(August 8), 1928, p.303; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.385.
③Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 53(Nov. 30), 1927, p.305; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.391.
①Edmund Wilson.“Citizen of the Union." The New Republic, no. 57(Feb. 13), 1929; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.415-420.
④Edmund Wilson.“American Heroes." The New Republic, no. 54(April 4).p.36.The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.338.
③Edmund Wilson.“Woodrow Wilson: Political Preacher." The New Republic, no. 54(April 4), 1928, p.36; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.338.
④克罗利:《美国生活的希望:政府在实现国家目标中的作用》,王军英等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年,第373页;此处译文与中译本有较大出入。
⑤The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.480-81.
①Edmund Wilson.“William Butler Yeats." The New Republic, no. 60(Sept.25), 1929, pp.141-48;“Paul Valery." The New Republic, no. 60(Oct.9), 1929, pp.190-96;“T.S.Eliot." The New Republic, no. 60(Nov.13), 1929, pp.341-49;“James Joyce." The New Republic, no. 61(Feb.12), 1930, pp.34-40;“Axel and Rimbaud." The New Republic, no. 62(March 5), 1930, pp.69-73.
③王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第23页。
④Richard Chase.“Wilson as Critic,”The Nation, 186:8(Feb.22), 1958, p.164; Walter Jackson Bate.Preface to Criticism.Garden City: Doublecay Anchor Books, 1952, p.218.
⑤埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第6页。
②Edmund Wilson.“William Butler Yeats." The New Republic, no. 60(Sept.25), 1929, p.147;埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第46页。
①Edmund Wilson.“Paul Valery." The New Republic, no. 60(Oct. 9), 1929, p.196.
②或译为“对话的反讽”,可参见埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第73页。
②Edmund Wilson.“T.S.Eliot." The New Republic, no. 60(Nov.13), 1929, p.349;埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第93至94页。
④Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.177.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969,pp.130-31;埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第97页。
①Edmund Wilson.“The Personality of Proust." The New Republic, no. 61(Feb.12), 1930, p.317.
③埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第135页。译文此处有修改。
④Ibd., p.321.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.165;埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第120-121页。
①Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.165.埃德蒙?威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第170页。
②Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, pp.253-54.
③Edmund Wilson.“Axel and Rimbaud." The New Republic, no. 62(Feb.26), 1930, p.35.
①Ibid., p.70.
②Ibid., p.34.
③考利(Malcolm Cowley)在Exile's return一书中对二十年代后期出现的政治激进主义做了较详细的论述。参见马尔科姆·考利:《流放者的归来:二十年代的文学流浪生涯》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,1986年。
①John Rodden. Lionel Trilling and the Critics: Opposing Selves, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999, p.411.
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 264.
①Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.91-2.
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 264.
①埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,“献辞”。
②同上,第3页。
③同上,第10页。
④Frederick R.Karl. Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist 1885-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1985, p.98.
①Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.95.
②Ibid., p.106.
③埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡:1870年至1930年的想象文学研究》,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第6页。
④同上,第15页。
①同上,第37、38页。
②同上,第27页,译文有修改。原译文为“我们会和现实严重脱节,承受绝不轻微惩罚”。
③同上,第62页。
④同上,第89页。
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 267.
①埃德蒙·威尔逊,阿克瑟尔的城堡:1870年至1930年的想象文学研究,南京:江苏教育出版社, 2006年,第46页。
⑥Frederick R.Karl. Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist 1885-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1985, p.297.
①Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.150
①Ibid., p.177.
②Ibid., p.197.
③Ibid., p.196.
④Ibid., p.204.
②Edmund Wilson, A Piece of My Mind: Reflections at Sixty, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1956,p.211.
①Shattuck C Quinn K. Accent Anthology: Selections From Accent, a Quarterly of New Literature, 1940-1945, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1946, p.644.
②安托瓦纳?贡巴尼翁:《反现代派:从约瑟夫?德?迈斯特到罗兰?巴特》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,2009年,第6页。
①James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 270.
②Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.211
①Ibid.
②James W.Tuttleton. "The Vexations of Modernism Edmund Wilson'S Axel'S Castle." American Scholar 57, no. 2, 1988, p. 271.
③埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第59页。
①同上,第55页。
②Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.163.
③埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第147页。
①Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.163.
②Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.164.
③叶芝:《复临》(The Second Coming),可参考《叶芝抒情诗全集》,傅浩译,北京:中国工人出版社,1994年,第33页,诗题为“第二次降临”,相关诗句为“万物崩散;中心难再维系”;另参考《叶芝抒情诗精选》,袁可嘉译,西安:太白文艺出版社,1997年第1版,第196页。
④艾略特:《荒原》,赵萝蕤编,北京:中国工人出版社,1994年,第13页。
①Sven Birkerts. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no.4.2004, p.164.
③Sherman Paul, A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965, p.1.
④Edmund Wilson, Axel's Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870 to 1930, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1931, p.292.
①Edmund Wilson.The Twenties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, ed. Leon Edel,New York:Farrar,Straus And Giroux, 1975,p.535.
②Edmund Wilson. The Thirties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period, ed. Leon Edel,New York:Farrar,Straus And Giroux, 1980,pp.160-191.
③Ibid., p.174.
④Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.31.
⑤Ibid., p.316.
①Ibid., pp.401-02.
②赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第90页。
①Louis Menand, "The Historical Romance: Edmund Wilson’s adventure with Communism", The New Yorker, (24 March), 2003, pp.82-3.
②Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, p.142.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.199.
②Dos Passos to Wilson, January 1931, The Fourteenth Chronicle: Letters and Diaries of John Dos Passos, ed. Townsend Ludington, Winston Salem: Gambit Inc.1973, p.398.
③Edmund Wilson, "Dahlberg, Dos Passos and Wilder', New Republic, LXII (26 March), 1930, pp.56-8; The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.442-50.
④Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, p.143.
⑤Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.292;中译本可参见埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年,第207页,此处译文与黄念欣的有出入。
①Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, pp.143-44.
②威尔逊的家族有着深厚的新英格兰上流社会背景,父亲曾是律师;他于1912年进入校风保守的普林斯顿大学,师从著名的人文主义者克里斯汀·高斯(Christian Gauss),受其影响甚深;David Castronove, Edmund Wilson Revisited, New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998, p.20.
③沃伦·路易·帕灵顿:《美国思想史》,陈永国、李增等译,长春:吉林人民出版社,2002年,第671页。
④Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.64.这是威尔逊对菲茨杰拉德(Fitzgerald)在1921年5月给他的信件的回复,菲茨杰拉德在此信中表示他对欧洲不再抱任何幻想。参见The Letters of F.Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Andrew Turnbull,New York :Scribner,1963,pp.326-7
①Edmund Wilson, The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.433.
②Edmund Wilson. "The Literary Consequences of the Crash", The Shores of Light, pp.492-99.
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.196.
①Edmund Wilson, 'An Appeal to Progressives', New Republic, LXV (14 January), 1931, pp.234-38; The Shores of Light, pp.518-33.
②理查德·霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,崔永禄、王忠和译,北京:商务印书馆,1994年,第284页。
③美国政府曾经1924年承诺将给予参加过第一次世界大战的士兵以一定的补偿金,但到了1932年,全美因经济危机已经有将近一万二千家企业倒闭,失业率飚升至25%,全国大约四分之一的家庭无人养家糊口,而补偿金的费用达到了24亿美元,联邦政府在经过激烈争吵之后,决定把这笔补偿金推迟到1945年发放。1932年夏天,大约2万5千名世界大战退伍兵,携家带口、身无分文地来到华盛顿,要求政府立即发给他们“补偿金”。“补偿金大军”在国会大厦前安营并举行示威。美国军方情报部门向白宫报告说共产党已经渗透进这些退伍兵中,阴谋推翻政府。时任陆军总参谋长的道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟在违抗胡佛总统不许冲击抗议者营地命令的前提下,率领艾森豪威尔少校及巴顿少校等现役军人对退役军人进行血腥镇压,造成数百人伤亡。此事件是美国历史上的一道“伤疤”。更详细情况可参见威廉·曼彻斯特:《光荣与梦想》,朱协译,海口:海南出版社、三环出版社,2006年第2版,第1至13页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.211; Edmund Wilson, "What Do Liberals Hope For? New Republic LXIX (10 February), 1932, pp.345-48.
②Eric Homberger, American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39, New York: St.Martin’s Press, 1986, p.147.
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.222-23.
④Ibid., p.310.
⑤Ibid., pp. 267-68.
①Edmund Wilson. Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969, p.293.中译本译者黄念欣漏译了此段中最后一句至关重要的话。
②雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第6卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年,第199页。
③Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.210.
④Ibid., p.229.
⑤Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, p.372.
①二十世纪三十年代在苏联发生的一场大规模的清洗运动。三十年代初,以斯大林为首的联共(布)中央大了阶级斗争的严重性,以1934年12月1日发生的基洛夫遇刺事件为导火线,展开了大规模的肃反运动。肃反运动使许多无辜者遭到逮捕和杀害,出现了大量冤、假、错案,它严重地破坏了社会主义法制,给苏联党、国家和人民造成了巨大的损失。(参见Sandle, Mark. A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: University College London(UCL) Press, 1999.p.126.)
①Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, p.74.
②雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第6卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年,第217页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.271.
②Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.279.
③威尔逊离开《新共和》之后,马尔科姆?考利成为了他的继任者,后者也是《流放者的归来:二十年代的文学流浪生涯》一书的作者(上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1986年)。
④Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.276.
⑥Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.277.
①Blackmur,R.P.“In Our Ends Are Our Beginnings.”Rev. of The Triple Thinkers, by Wilson, and The World’s Body, by John Crowe Ransom. Virginia Quarterly Review 14, 1938, p.449.
②Ibid., 449-50
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.205.
④Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948,p.47.
②Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, pp.33-4.
③Ibid., pp.48-49.
④Ibid., p.37.
⑤Ibid., p.35.
⑥Ibid.
①Ibid., p.39.
②Ibid., p.47.
③Ibid., p.45.
①Ibid., pp.44-5.
②Ibid., pp.46-7.
③Harry Levin, Memories of the Moderns. London: Faber&Merlin Press, 1963, pp.212-13.
①Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Staion: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, p.215.
②Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, pp.73-4.
③Ibid., p.72.
④Ibid., p.81.
①Ibid., p.74.
②Ibid., p.72.
③Ibid., p.73.
④Ibid., p.74.
①Martin Turnell.“Flaubert.”Scrutiny 13,1945, p.201.
②Ibid., p.214.
③所谓的讽寓(allegory),即一个文本表面是一层意思,其真正的意义却是另外一层。在作品字面意义这外找出另一层精神、道德、政治或别的非字面意义,这就是所谓的讽寓解释(allegorical interpretation)。(张隆溪:《比较文学研究入门》,复旦大学出版社,2009年,第60-61页)
④Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, pp.74-5.
⑤Martin Turnell.“Flaubert.”Scrutiny 13, 1945, p.217.
⑥Ibid, p.217.
①Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, p.vii.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.75.
①《马克思恩格斯全集·第八卷》,第二版,中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局编译,北京:人民出版社,1985年,第227页。
①Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978.p.89.
②Ibid.
①Edmund Wilson. "The Old Stone House." In The American Earthquake: A Documentary of the Twenties and Thirties. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1958, p.509.
②Sherman Paul,A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1965,p.203.
①Edmund Wilson. The American Jitters. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932, p.299.
②《国际歌》,第四段,《鲍狄埃诗选》,人民文学出版社,1981年
③Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.197.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.242.
②Larzer Ziff.“The Man by the Fire: Edmund Wilson and American Literature”. In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work. Ed. John Wain. New York: New York UP, 1978, p.44.
③Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium. Ed. Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.64, pp.76-7.
①Alfred Kazin.“The Man by the Fire: Edmund Wilson and American Literature”. In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work. Ed. John Wain. New York: New York University Press, 1978, p.27.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, Ed. Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.89.
③Ibid., p.75.
①Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.75-6.
②Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963, pp.78-80,p.92,p.104.
③Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963, p.106.
④可参见威尔逊的好友英国作家以赛亚·伯林在《苏联的心灵:共产主义时代的俄国文化》(南京:译林出版社,2010年)第1、6、9章对与此有关问题的详细论述。
①Ibid., pp.106-07.
②Ibid., p.109.
③Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Staion: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, p.151.
①John Hall. The Sociology of Literature. London: Longman, 1979, pp.44-5.
②Janet Wolff. Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.pp.25-6.
③Georg Lukacs. Writer and Critic and Other Essays. London: Merlin Press, 1970, p.63, p.88.
④Janet Wolff. Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.p.84.
⑤Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972, New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.211.
①赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活?读书?新知三联书店,1994年,第94页。
②Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.322.
③Sherman Paul. A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965, p.166.
①Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.472.
①Lewis M.Dabney. "Edmund Wilson and The Wound and the Bow." Sewanee Review, no. 91 ,1983,p.165; Leon Edel, ed. The Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983, pp.5-6.
②Lionel Trilling.“A Note on Art and Neurosis.”Partisan Review 12, 1945, p.43.
①George Steiner. "The Fantasies of Freud." The Sunday Times 1984, p.42.
②参见吉卜林:《虎、虎、虎》“译本前言”,文美惠等译,桂林:漓江出版社,1988年,第2页。
①Edmund Wilson.“The Kipling that Nobody Read.”In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.103.
②Edmund Wilson. The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.86.
③Edmund Wilson . The Wound and the Bow, 183. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.16.
①Edmund Wilson. "Hemingway: Gauge of Morale." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.pp.195-96.
①Edmund Wilson.“The Dream of H.C.Earwicker." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.pp.220-21.
①卡萨诺瓦年轻时因为品行不端被神学院开除,从此开始了他丰富多彩而又放荡不羁的生涯,到欧洲各地游荡。1755年返回威尼斯后,有人告发他是巫师,被关进监狱。次年越狱,逃往巴黎。后来为了躲债,更名改姓,再次到各地旅游,直到1774年才回到威尼斯并成为间谍,为威尼斯的政府调查人办事。晚年(1785～1798)在波希米亚为瓦尔德施泰因伯爵当图书管理员。他的自传是一部巨著,于1825～1838年第一次出版,共12卷,对18世纪的欧洲描述详尽,同时他善于勾引女人的形象也跃然纸上。(参考《大英袖珍百科·中文版》[Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc.2007]相关词条,还可参见卡萨诺瓦:《冒险和艳遇:卡萨诺瓦回忆录》,高中甫、贺骥、杜新华译,北京:中国电影出版社,2001年。以及茨威格:《自画像:卡萨诺代、司汤达、托尔斯泰》,袁克秀译,北京:西苑出版社,1998年。)
②Edmund Wilson .“Uncomfortable Casanova." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. p.152.
③Ibid.,p.155.
④Edmund Wilson .“Uncomfortable Casanova." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. p.154.
⑤雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第6卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年,第221页。
①Sherman Paul,A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1965,p.10.
②Edmund Wilson.“Justic to Edith Wharton." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965, p.173.
①Edmund Wilson.“Dickens: The Two Scrooges." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965, pp.19-20.
①Ibid., p.28.
①Ibid., p.50.
②Erich Auerbach. "Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature.”, translated by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953,pp.3-23,pp.96-122.
①Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963, p.19.
②Lewis M.Dabney. "Edmund Wilson and The Wound and the Bow." Sewanee Review, no. 91, 1983, p.158.
③Ibid., p.165.
④Janet Wolff. Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.p.52.
①R. P.Blackmur. "In Our Ends are Our Beginnings." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 14, 1938, pp.449-50.
②Jean-Paul Sartre. Search for a Method. New York: Vintage, 1963, p.56.
③Wellek, Rene, and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1956, p.72.
④Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, pp.81-2.
①Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.472, p.475, p.477.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.82.
①Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.477.
②Lionel Trilling.“A Note on Art and Neurosis.”Partisan Review 12, 1945, p.48.
③George Steiner. "The Fantasies of Freud." The Sunday Times 1984, p.42.
①Martha C. Nussbaum. "Preface to the Revised Edition." In The Fragility of Goodness, London: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.xxxii.
②译文借鉴南京师大邵珊的博士论文:《威尔逊的文学与文化批评》,第22页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.212.
②Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: A Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, p.192.
③Edmund Wilson. To the Finland Staion: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972, pp.358-59.
④Richard Ellmann. "Freud and Literary Biography." American Scholar, no. 53, 1984, p.469.
①Sherman Paul.A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1965,p.15.
②Robert B. Heilman. "The Freudian Reading of the Turn of the Screw." Modern Language Notes, no. 62 ,1947, p.443
①Ibid., pp.445-45.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.77.
③Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: A Introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, p.179.
①Stephen Koss. "The Master'S Last Years." Observer, no. 13 May, 1984, p.23.
①Wilson, Edmund. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.
②Edmund Wilson. The American Jitters. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1932,p.299.
③Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.p.23.
①Irving Howe. "The Value of Taste." Partisan Review, no. 18 ,1951, pp.125-26.
②Ibid., p.126.
③Ibid,. p.128.
④John Farrelly. "Edmund Wilson of the 'New Yorker'." Scrutiny, no. 18, 1951, pp.229-30.
⑤Ibid., p.231.
①Eulau, Heinz. "The Critic as Creator." Antioch Review, no. 10, 1950, pp.546-47.
②Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.p.74.
①Ibid., p.398.
③Edmund Wilson. Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950, p.403.
①Harry Levin. Memories of the Moderns. London: Faber&Faber, 1980, p.205.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson(1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.72.
①Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.88.
②Berthoff, Warner. Edmund Wilson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.pp.28-9.
①埃德蒙·威尔森:《文学评论精选》,蔡伸章译,台北:志文出版社,1977年,第43页。
①Warner Berthoff. Edmund Wilson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968, p.28.
①Edmund Wilson. The Triple Thinkers: Twelve Essays On Literary Subjects. New York: Oxford University Press, 1948, pp.257-70.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p64, pp.76-7.
①Alfred Kazin.“The Man by the Fire: Edmund Wilson and American Literature”. In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work. Ed. John Wain. New York: New York University Press, 1978, p.27.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.89.
①Ibid., pp.75-6.
②Georg Lukacs. The Meaning of Contemporary Realism. London: Merlin Press, 1963,pp.78-80,p.92,p.104.
③Ibid., p.106.
①Ibid., pp.106-07.
②Rene Wellek. "Edmund Wilson (1895-1972)." In History as a Tool in Critical Interpretation: A Symposium, edited by Thomas F. Rugh and Erwin R. Silva. Provo: Brigham Young University Press, 1978, p.78.
①Georg Lukacs. Writer and Critic and Other Essays. London: Merlin Press, 1970, p. 39.
②Raymond Williams. The Long Revolution. London: Chatto & Windus, 1961, p.52.
①Edmund Wilson, The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the Twenties and Thirties, New York: Farrar, Straus And Giroux, 1952.
②David Eldridge. American Culture in the 1930S. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, 2008, p.23.
①George Douglas. Edmund Wilson'S America. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983, p.36, 44, 82.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.114;威尔逊关于海明威的文章发表于1924年的《罗盘》(Dial),这是美国国内第一篇评论海明威的文章,题名为《海明威的干点直刻法》(Mr.Hemingway’s Dry Points)被收录到《光明的彼岸》之后,改名为《海明威的崛起》,这是他在二十年代所写的最有名的评论文章之一。
②贝克·卡洛斯:《欧内斯特?海明威传》,陈安全等译,香港:生活·读书·新知三联书店香港分店,1985年,第73-74页;还可参见季进:《当代作家评论》,2005年第4期,第34至35页。
④Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.121.
①Edmund Wilson.“The Sportsman’s Tragedy." In The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.340.
①Ibid., p.343.
②Richard Chase. "Rev. Of the Shores of Light." Partisan Review, no. 20, 1953, p.113.
③Alfred Kazin. "The Critic and the Age." The New Yorker, no. 15 Nov., 1952, p.185.
④Richard Chase. "Rev. Of the Shores of Light." Partisan Review, no. 20, 1953, p.114.
①R. P.Blackmur. "In Our Ends are Our Beginnings." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 14, 1938, pp.449-50.
①参见本文第二章第一节“从自由到激进”的相关内容。
②Gore Vidal. "Edmund Wilson: This Critic and this Gin and these Shores." In The Second American Revolution and Other Essays(1976-1982), 25-35. New York: Vintage, 1983.p.35.
③Stephen Maxfield Parrish. "Critics, Academic and Lay." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 29, 1953, p. 160.
④Sherman Paul. Edmund Wilson: A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967, p.76.
①Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, pp.267-73.
②参见本文第三章第一节“创作与心理创伤”的相关内容。
③Van Wyck Brooks. The Pilgrimage of Henry James. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1925.
④John Farrelly. "Edmund Wilson of the 'New Yorker'." Scrutiny, no. 18 (1951): 232
①Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.227.
①Edmund Wilson. The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952, p.460.
②Alfred Kazin. "The Critic and the Age." The New Yorker, no. 15 Nov.1952, p. 181.
①Edmund Wilson. Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.70.
①王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年,第26、29页。
②Edmund Wilson. Letters on Literature and Politics,1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.64
①Ibid., p.127.
②Ibid., p.198.
③Ibid., p.479.
①Daniel Aaron. Introudction, Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar,Straus and Giroux, 1977, p.XV.
①Edmund Wilson . "Hemingway: Gauge of Morale." In The Wound and the Bow, New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.p.183.
②莫里斯·迪克斯坦:《途中的镜子:文学与现实世界》,刘玉宇译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年,第108页。
①Edmund Wilson. Letters On Literature and Politics, 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977, pp.408-09.
②R. P. Blackmur. "In Our Ends are Our Beginnings." Virginia Quarterly Review, no.14, 1938, pp.449-50.
①Alfred Kazin, "The Great Anachronism: A View From the Sixties." In Edmund Wilson: The Man and His Work, edited by John Wain. New York: New York University Press, 1978, p.27.
2.埃德蒙·威尔逊:《爱国者之血:美国南北战争时期的文学》,胡曙中等译,上海:上海外语教育出版社出版,1993年;
3.埃德蒙·威尔森:《走向芬兰车站:马克思主义的起源及发展》,刘森尧译,台北:麦田出版社,2000年;
4.埃德蒙·威尔逊:《阿尔克瑟尔的城堡》,黄念欣译,南京:江苏教育出版社,2006年;
5.马修·阿诺德:《文化与无政府状态》(修订版),韩敏中译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2008年;
6.阿伦特:《论革命》,陈周旺译,南京:译林出版社,2007年;
7.理查德·霍夫施塔特:《美国的政治传统及其缔造者》,崔永禄、王忠和译,北京:商务印书馆,1994年;
8.路易斯·梅南德:《哲学俱乐部:美国观念的故事》,肖凡等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
9.雅克·巴尔赞:《从黎明到衰落:西方文化生活五百年》,林华译,北京:世界知识出版社,2002年;
10.斯特龙伯格:《西方现代思想史》,刘北成、赵国新译,北京:中央编译出版社,2005年;
11.威廉·曼彻斯特:《光荣与梦想》,广州外国语学院美英问题研究室翻译组、朱协译,海口:海南出版社、三环出版社,2006年;
12.刘绪贻、杨生茂主编:《美国通史》(1-6卷),北京:人民出版社,2005年;
13.威廉·J.本内特著:《美国通史》(上、下),刘军等译,南昌:江西人民出版社,2009年;
14.雅各布·尼德曼:《美国理想:一部文明的历史》,王聪译,北京:华夏出版社,2004年;
15.加里·B.纳什等编著:《美国人民:创建一个国家和一种社会》(英文影印版),北京:北京大学出版社,2009年;
16.丹尼尔·贝尔:《资本主义文化矛盾》,赵一凡等译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1989年;
17.贝尔:《资本主义文化矛盾》,严蓓雯译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2007年;
18.安東尼·亞瑟:《反目:百年著名文學論戰，從馬克吐溫到沃爾夫》,臺北:日報文化,2008;
19.雷纳·韦勒克:《近代文学批评史》(中文修订版·第1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8卷),杨自伍译,上海:上海译文出版社,2009年;
20.萨克文·伯科维奇主编:《剑桥美国文学史》,北京:中央编译出版社,
21. --------第一卷(1590年至1820年),康学坤等译,2008年;
22. --------第二卷(散文作品:1820至1865年),史志康等译,2008年;
23. --------第五卷(诗歌与批评:1910年至1950年),马睿等译,2009年;
24. --------第六卷(散文作品:1910年至1950年),张宏杰等译,2009年;
25. --------第七卷(散文作品:1940年至1990年),孙宏主译,2005年;
26. --------第八卷(诗歌和文学批评:1940年至1995年),杨仁敬等译,2008年;
27. D.H.劳伦斯:《劳伦斯论美国名著》,黑马译,上海:上海三联书店,2006年;
28.贝克·卡洛斯:《欧内斯特·海明威传》,陈安全等译,香港:生活·读书·新知三联书店香港分店,1985年
29.哈兰德:《从柏拉图到巴特的文学理论》(英美文学文库),北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2005年;
30.伊格尔顿:《文学理论导论》(英美文学文库),外语教学与研究出版社,2004年;
31.威尔弗雷德·古尔灵等著:《文学批评方法手册》(英美文学文库),北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2004年;
32.布赖斯勒:《文学批评》(影印版),北京:高等教育出版社,2004年;
33.弗雷德里克·R·卡尔:《现代与现代主义:艺术家的主权1885-1925》,陈永国、傅景川译,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004年;
34.安托瓦纳·贡巴尼翁:《反现代派:从约瑟夫·德·迈斯特到罗兰·巴特》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年;
35.韦伯:《韦伯作品集I:学术与政治》,钱永详等译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004年;
36. --------《韦伯论大学》,希尔斯编,孙传钊译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
37.理查德·波斯纳:《公共知识分子:衰落之研究》,徐昕译,北京:中国政治大学出版社,2002年;
38.弗兰克·富里迪:《知识分子都到哪里去了》,戴从容译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年;
39.马克·里拉:《当知识分子遇到政治》,邓晓菁、王笑红译,北京:新星出版社,2005年;
40.爱德华·萨义德:《知识分子论》,单德兴译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002年;
41. --------《人文主义与民主批评》,朱生坚译,北京:新星出版社,2006年;
42. --------《权力、政治与文化:萨义德访谈录》,单德兴译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006年;
43. -------《世界·文本·批评家》,李自修译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2009年;
44.戈德法布:《“民主”社会中的知识分子》,杨信彰等译,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,2002年;
45.拉塞尔·雅各比:《最后的知识分子》,洪洁译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
46.保罗·博维:《权力中的知识分子:批判性人文主义的谱系》,萧莎译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2005年;
47.维也纳·桑巴特:《为什么美国没有社会主义》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2003年;
48.路易斯·门德:《历史的浪漫:爱德蒙·威尔逊的共产主义之旅》,王一梁译,《书城》,2004年第04期;
49.弗雷德里克·詹姆逊:《政治无意识:作为社会象征行为的叙事》,王逢振、陈永国译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1999年;
50.克罗利:《美国生活的希望:政府在实现国家目标中的作用》,王军英等译,南京:江苏人民出版社,2006年;
51.罗纳德·斯蒂尔:《李普曼传》,于滨、陈小平、谈锋译,北京:新华出版社,1982年;
52.莫里斯·迪克斯坦:《途中的镜子:文学与现实世界》,刘玉宇译,上海:上海三联书店,2008年;
53.以赛亚·伯林:《苏联的心灵:共产主义时代的俄国文化》,潘永强、刘北成译,南京:译林出版社,2010年;
54.陆建德:《思想背后的利益:文化政治评论集》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年;
55. --------《破碎思想体系的残编:英美文学与思想史论稿》,北京:北京大学出版社,2000年;
56.毛信德:《美国小说史纲》,北京:北京出版社,1988年;
57.盛宁:《二十世纪美国文论》,北京:北京大学出版社,1993年;
58.赵一凡:《美国文化批评集:哈佛读书札记(一)》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1994年;
59.方汉文:《西方文艺心理学史》,西安:陕西人民出版社,1999年;
60.朱通伯编选:《英美现代文论选》,上海:上海译文出版社,1991年;
61.刘海平、王守仁主编:《新编美国文学史》,上海:上海外语教育出版社;
62. --------第一卷(起始----1860),张冲主撰,2000年;
63. --------第二卷(1860----1914),朱刚主撰,2002年;
64. --------第三卷(1914----1945),杨金才主撰,2002年;
65. --------第四卷(1945----2000),王守仁主撰,2002年;
66.董鼎山:《美国作家与作品》,北京:光明日报出版社,1988年;
67.王佐良:《中楼集》,沈阳:辽宁教育出版社,1995年;
68.任军锋主编:《共和主义:古典与现代》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年;
69.张隆溪:《比较文学研究入门》,上海:复旦大学出版社,2009年。
70.仲子:《三十年的文学笔记》,《读书》,1988年01期;
71.梯姆:《一位道地intellectual的写照》,《读书》,1989年07期;
72.刘素娟:《别一种文学史:读<爱国者之血>》,《外国文学研究》,1994年03期;
1. Aaron, Daniel. "Some Unpublished Letters of Edmund Wilson." New Republic 171, no.
22, November 30, 1974.
2. Adams, Phoebe. "A Window on Russia, Book." Atlantic Monthly) 230, no. 3, September 1972.
3. Allen, Bruce. "the literary worker." Kirkus Reviews 75, no. 19,October 2007.
4. Anderson, Quentin. "Wilson's Canadian Junket." New Republic 152, no. 22,May 29, 1965.
5. Arbez, Edward P. "Much is still obscure." New Republic 134, no. 15,April 9, 1956.
6. Arnold, Matthew. Culture and Anarchy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
7. Arvin, Newton. "American Men of Letters." Nation 157, no. 3,July 17, 1943.
8. Atlas, James. " In Praise Of Dispraise." Atlantic,02769077) 248, no. 2,August 1981.
9. Atlas, James. "Mia at the MLA." New Republic 196, no. 4,January 26, 1987.
10. Bailey, William L. "Travels in Two Democracies,Book." American Sociological Review 2, no. 3 ,June 1937.
11. Baker, William. "F.R and Q D Leavis A Retrospect." Papers on Language & Literature 19, no. 4,Fall83 1983.
12. Barnes, Julian. "International books of the year." TLS no. 4783,December 2, 1994.
13. Baumann, Paul. "An unlikely believer." Commonweal 124, no. 22 ,December 19, 1997.
14. Baym,Nina ed.The Norton Anthology of American Literature ( A.B.C.D.E ) .New York·London:W·W·NORTON&COMPANY,Inc.,2003.
15. Benfey, Christopher. "The Judge.,Cover story." New Republic 237, no. 11,December 10, 2007.
16. Beran, Michael Knox. "No More Wise Men." National Review 52, no. 16,August 28, 2000.
17. Berman, Paul. "Edmund's Castle." New Republic 214, no. 23,June 3, 1996.
18. Bermel, Albert. "Closet Openings." Nation 209, no. 5,August 25, 1969.
19. Berthoff, Warner. "From High Modernism To Middlebrow Culture." Sewanee Review 117, no. 1, Winter2009 2009.
20. Berthoff, Warner. "Skirmishing with Edmund Wilson." Sewanee Review 107, no. 1, Winter99 1999.
21. Birkerts, Sven. "Modernism and Mastery." American Scholar 73, no. 4 ,September 2004.
22. Biscari, Caterina. "Engines of Discovery." Physics Today 61, no. 9 ,September 2008.
23. Brandon, Henry. "A Conversation with Edmund Wilson "We Don't Know Where We Are“New Republic 140, no. 13, March 30, 1959.
24. Brightman, Carol. "Never Trust Anyone Under 80." Nation 258, no. 2 ,January 17, 1994.
25. Brooks, Van Wyck. The Pilgrimage of Henry James. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1925.
26. Bruton, Ben. "Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature." Library Journal 130, no. 12 ,July 2005.
27. Buffington, Robert. "Campaigning For Poetry." 345-364. University of the South, 2005.
28. Burke, Kenneth. "Field Work in Bohemia." Nation 145, no. 5,July 31, 1937.
29. Cannon, Harold. "Latter-day curmudgeon." Humanities 16, no. 5,September 1995.
30. Cantwell, Robert. "Wilson as Journalist." Nation 186, no. 8,February 22, 1958.
31. Carlos, Fuentes. "A Despot, Now And Forever." New York Times Book Review,April 6, 1986.
32. Castronovo, David. "A singular American." Commonweal 120, no. 18,October 22, 1993.
33. -------- "An eye for detail." Commonweal 126, no. 2,January 29, 1999.
34. -------- "Edmund Wilson's 1920s." New England Review,10531297) 21, no. 4,Fall2000 2000.
35. --------Ed. Edmund Wilson: the Man in Letters. Ohio: Ohio University Press,2001
36. --------Edmund Wilson Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998.
37. Cathy, Horyn. "Does the Shoe Fit?." New York Times Magazine,February 25, 2007.
38. Chase, Edward T. "The last of a precious species." New Leader 76, no. 11,September 6, 1993.
39. Chase, Richard. "Wilson as Critic." Nation 186, no. 8,February 22, 1958.
40. Chefdor, Monique and others eds. Modernism:Challenges and Perspectives. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1986.
41. Christopher, Lehmann-Haupt. "Books of The Times; Edmund Wilson, Curmudgeon Untamed by Time." New York Times, July 19, 1993.
42. Colm, Toibin. "American Critic." New York Times Book Review,September 4, 2005.
43. Cooney, Terry A. The Rise of the New York Intellectuals: Partisan Review and Its Circle. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.
44. Cowley, Malcolm. "Edmund Wilson on the New Republic." New Republic 167, no. 1,July 1972.
45. Cowley, Malcolm. "The Lucky Generation." Atlantic Monthly,00046795) 230, no. 6,December 1972.
46. Curtiss, Mina. "... the Poison They Name." Nation 153, no. 5,August 2, 1941.
47. Dabney, Lewis M. "Edmund Wilson, Jr." Sewanee Review 103, no. 2,Spring95 1995.
48. -------- "Isaiah Berlin on Edmund Wilson." Wilson Quarterly 23, no. 1,Winter99 1999.
49. --------Edmund Wilson: A life in Literature. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005.
50. -------- "Edmund Wilson: The Early Years.”Ph.D., Columbia University, 1968.
51. --------The Edmund Wilson Reader. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.
52. --------The Twenties: From Notebooks and Diaries of the Period. New York: Bantam Books, 1975.
53. --------ed. Edmund Wilson: Centennial Reflections. Princeton: The Mercantile Library of New York in association with Princeton University Press, 1997.
54. Dabney, Lewis M. "The shy little scholar of Holder Court." American Scholar 59, no. 3,Summer90 1990.
55. Dardis, Tom. "The Myth That Won't Go Away: Selling Out in Hollywood." Journal of Popular Film & Television 11, no. 4,Winter84 1984.
56. Deacon, Desley. "Cruel and Barbarous Teatment: the Marriage of Mary McCarthy and Edmund Wilson." Australian Feminist Studies 19, no. 43,March 2004.
57. Deirdre Carmody, Special to the New York Times. "MARY MCCARTHY, '33, SENDS PAPERS TO VASSAR." New York Times, May 1985.
58. Dickstein, Morris. "Cover Art." TLS no. 5370,March 3, 2006.
59. -------- "Edmund Wilson: Three phases." Partisan Review 64, no. 4,Fall97 1997.
60. -------- "The human interest." TLS no. 5370,March 3, 2006.
61. Diggins, John Patrick. "On the Road to Nowhere: Tom Stoppard's Russian intellectuals take a wrong turn with Hegel, just as Edmund Wilson once did with Marx." American Scholar 77, no.
1, Winter2008 2008.
62. Dillingham, William B. "Rudyard Kipling and Bereavement: 'The Gardener'." English Language Notes 39, no. 4, June 2002.
63. Dinitia, Smith. "A Vision for Books That Exults in Happenstance." New York Times, January 13, 2001.
64. Doctorow, E.L. "Arcades." Nation 263, no. 9,September 30, 1996.
65. Donoghue, Denis. "Castle adamant." New Criterion 26, no. 4,December 2007.
66. Douglas, Brenner. "A Tale of Two Cities." New York Times Magazine,September 28, 2008.
67. Douglas, George H. "Edmund Wilson, Great Democrat of Letters." Nation 215, no. 3,August 7, 1972.
68. Edel, Leon. " ... Am I, Then, in a Pocket of the Past?." New Republic 135, no. 25,December 17, 1956.
69. Edel, Leon. "Edmund Wilson in the 1930s." New Republic 182, no. 18,May 3, 1980.
70. -------- "The Nabokov-Wilson Letters: Correspondence between Vladimir Nabokov and Edmund Wilson, 1940-1971." New Republic 180, no. 21,May 26, 1979.
71. Epstein, Jason. "The man with qualities.,Cover story." New York Review of Books 42, no. 10,June 8, 1995.
72. Epstein, Joseph. "Bye-bye, bunny." Hudson Review 47, no. 2,Summer94 1994.
73. -------- "Forgetting Edmund Wilson." Commentary 120, no. 5,December 2005.
74. Auerbach, Erich. "Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature.”, edited by Willard R. Trask. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953.
75. Eric Homberger.American Writers and Radical Politics, 1900-39,New York:St.Martin's Press,1986
76. Exley, Frederick. "Good-Bye, Edmund Wilson." Atlantic Monthly,00046795) 233, no. 3, March 1974.
77. Farginoli, Joseph. "Zuni and Iroquois: Edmund Wilson's `People's History'." Clio 25, no. 1,Fall95 1995.
78. -------- "Edmund Wilson and the Sociology of Literature.", Ph.D.,University of Rhode Island, 1985.
79. Farrelly, John. "Edmund Wilson of the 'New Yorker'." Scrutiny, no. 18, 1951.
80. Flower, Dean. "Justice to Edmund Wilson." Hudson Review 59, no. 3, Fall2006.
81. Frank, Kermode. "'I Shall Presently Be Extinguished'." New York Times Book Review,August 8, 1993.
82. French, S. "Diary." New Statesman & Society 5, no. 187, January 31, 1992..
83. Fussell, Paul. "Unreconstructed American." New Republic 188, no. 13, April 4, 1983.
84. Gager, John C. "Scholarship as Moral Vision." Jewish Quarterly Review 95, no. 1, Winter2005 2005.
85. Groth, Janet. Edmund Wilson A Critic of Our Time. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1989.
86. Geismar, Maxwell. "Apostles of the Rational Mind." Nation 183, no. 23, December 8, 1956.
87. Gessen, Keith. "The Smartest Guy in the Room." New York 38, no. 29,August 22, 2005.
88. Giddins, Gary. "Why I Write…." Publishers Weekly 256, no. 36,September 7, 2009.
89. Gilman, Richard. "Edmund Wilson, Then and Now." New Republic 155, no. 1,July 2, 1966.
90. -------- "The Critic as Taxpayer." New Republic 149, no. 22,November 30, 1963.
91. Goodwin, Donald W. "Book forum: Literature." American Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 12,December 1994. 1823.
92. Goodwin, Saul. "The Portable Edmund Wilson." National Review 36, no. 13,July 13, 1984.
93. Grace, Glueck. "So Commonplace, And Yet, Surreal." New York Times, October 04, 1996.
94. Graff, Gerald. Literature Against Itself:Literary Ideas in Modern Society,Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.
95. Graves, Robert. "Edmund Wilson, a Protestant Abroad." New Republic 134, no. 18,April 30, 1956.
96. Gross, John. The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters:A Study of the Idiosyncratic and the Humane in Modern Literature, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1969.
97. --------"A literary life." Commentary 100, no. 4,October 1995.
98. Groth, Janet. "Wilson in Dishabille,Book Review." American Scholar 53, no. 3,Summer84 1984.
99. Grumbach, Doris. "Fine Print." New Republic 169, no. 23,December 8, 1973.
100. Habib, Rafey. A History of Literary Criticism, From Plato to the Present, Malden,Oxford, Carlton:Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
101. Haggin, B. H. "Music." Nation 166, no. 9,February 28, 1948.
102. Halper, Nathan. "Conversations with Edmund Wilson." Journal of Modern Literature 7, no. 3,September 1979.
103. Hamilton, Ian. "The wound, the bow and the glory." TLS no. 4830,October 27, 1995. 4.
104. Hardwick, Elizabeth. "A lion at his desk." New Yorker 71, no. 11,May 8, 1995.
105. Hart, Jeffrey. "Edmund Wilson, At Last." National Review 57, no. 16,September 12, 2005.
106. -------- "Five Best." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 249, no. 140,June 16, 2007.
107. Hazlitt, Henry. "Edmund Wilson." Nation 132, no. 3426,March 4, 1931.
108. Heinegg, Peter. "The Last Great Littérateur?." America 194, no. 1,January 2, 2006.
109. Herbert, Muschamp. "Art/Architecture; Imaginative Leaps Into the Real World." New York Times, February 25, 2001.
110. Herron, Jerry. "The Haunted Man And The Two Scrooges." Studies in Short Fiction 19, no. 1,Winter82 1982.
111. Hill Jr., Robert W. "A Counterclockwise Turn in James's 'The Turn of the Screw'." Twentieth Century Literature 27, no. 1,Spring81 1981.
112. Hoffman, Frederick J. "In Search of Edmund Wilson." Nation 202, no. 3,January 17, 1966.
113. Horgan, Paul. "Paul Horgan: Edmund Wilson at Wesleyan." American Poetry Review 22, no. 5,September 1993.
114. Hounion, Morris A. "Edmund Wilson, the Man in Letters,Book Review." Library Journal
126, no. 19,November 15, 2001..
115. --------"Critic in Love: A Romantic Biography of Edmund Wilson." Library Journal 130, no. 16,October 2005.
116. --------"Edmund Wilson: Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1930s & 1940s." Library Journal 132, no. 17,October 15, 2007.
117. Howb, Irving. "Edmund Wilson: A Reexamination." Nation 167, no. 16,October 16, 1948.
118. -------- "The Burden Of Civilization." New Republic 186, no. 6,February 10, 1982.
119. Isaiah Berlin. "Edmund Wilson Among The 'Despicable English'." New York Times Book Review,April 12, 1987.
120. Jacob, Weisberg. "For The Sake Of Argument." New York Times Magazine,November 5, 2000.
121. Jeremy, Mccarter. "Theater; In Search of a Lost Love: Making a Musical Out of Proust." New York Times, March 09, 2003.
122. John, Gross. "Books Of The Times;." New York Times, February 12, 1985.
123. Johnson, Denise. "Book reviews: Arts & humanities." Library Journal 120, no. 14,September 1995.
124. Johnson, Paul. Intellectuals. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1988.
125. Johnston, George Sim. "The Last Man of Letters." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 250, no. 75,September 28, 2007.
126. Johnston, Paul K. "Grumpy Good Samaritan." Commonweal 133, no. 18,October 20, 2006.
127. Johnston, Paul. "The vexations of modernism." American Scholar 58, no. 1,Winter89 1989.
128. Jones Jr., Malcolm, and Laura Shapiro. "A summer book bag." Newsweek 122, no. 1,July 5, 1993.
129. Jones, Malcolm. "Death Becomes Them." Newsweek 154, no. 6/7,August 10, 2009.
130. Kaiser, Jo Ellen Green. "Disciplining The Waste Land, or how to lead critics into temptation." Twentieth Century Literature 44, no. 1,Spring98 1998.
131. Karl, Frederick R. Modern and Modernism: The Sovereignty of the Artist 1885-1925. New York: Atheneum, 1985.
132. Karlinsky, Simon, Dan Bawly, and Frederick C. Thayer. "Correspondence." New Republic 181, no. 3/4,July 21, 1979.
133. Kauffmann, Stanley. "Stanley Kauffmann on films." New Republic 170, no. 15,April 13, 1974.
134. Kazin, Alfred. "Edmund Wilson: His Life and Books." Atlantic,01606506) 220, no. 1,July 1967.
135. Kazin, Alfred. "The New Republic: A Personal View." New Republic 201, no. 19,November 6, 1989.
136. --------"Zeal For The Hidden Detail." Atlantic,02769077) 251, no. 4,April 1983.
137. --------"The Critic and the Age." The New Yorker, no. 15 Nov.1952.
138. Kieft, Ruth M. Vande. "Testament of a Myth-Shrinker." Nation 209, no. 10,September 29, 1969.
139. King, Daniel Patrick. "World literature in review: English." World Literature Today 70, no. 4,September 1996.
140. Kipen, David. "Easier Said Than Done." Atlantic Monthly,10727825) 295, no. 1,January 2005.
141. Koenig, Rhoda. "Doctor knows best." New York 22, no. 45,November 20, 1989.
142. --------"The curmudgeonly Mr. Wilson." New York 26, no. 28,July 19, 1993.
143. Kramer, Hilton. "Critical Lapses." Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition 246, no. 40,August 26, 2005.
144. Kramer, Hilton. "The Edmund Wilson centenary." New Criterion 13, no. 9,May 1995. Kriegel, Leonard. "Affairs and Landscapes." Nation 231, no. 10,October 4, 1980.
145. -------- "The Man Of Letters In The Modern World." Sewanee Review 113, no. 4,Fall2005 2005.
146. Kriegel, Leonard. "The Self-Sufficient Mind." Nation 225, no. 14,October 29, 1977.Lamott, Kenneth. "Edmund Wilson in California: A Reappraisal." Nation 226, no. 3,January 28, 1978.
147. Lanchester, John. "Short Cuts." London Review of Books 30, no. 12,June 19, 2008.
148. Lawrence Van, Gelder. "William Slater Brown, 100, Writer of the Lost Generation." New York Times, June 28, 1997.
149. LeStage, Gregory. "The maddening genius." Times Higher Education Supplement no. 1253,November 8, 1996.
150. Levenson, Gabriel H., et al. "Letters to the Editors." Nation 145, no. 23,December 4, 1937.
151. Lewis M., Dabney. "Bookend; The Philosopher and the Critic." New York Times Book Review,November 29, 1998.
152. Lingeman, Richard. "She Took a Village." Nation 267, no. 16,November 16, 1998.
153. Long, Robert Emmet. "The Decade of Axel's Castle." Nation 215, no. 9, October 2, 1972.
154. Lodge, David, ed. 20Th Century Literary Criticism. New York: Longman Group Limited, 1972.
155. Lynn, Kenneth S. "Starting Out in the Twenties." American Scholar 44, no. 4,September 1975.
156. -------- "The Right to Secede from History." New Republic 146, no. 26,June 25, 1962.
157. M.S., and Suzanne Mantell. "Wilson's lit crit '60s." Publishers Weekly 240, no. 17,April 26, 1993.
158. Maclay, Catherine. "Jeffrey Meyers: A big book every year." Publishers Weekly 242, no. 21,May 22, 1995.
159. Malcolm, Donald. "Substitutes for Conversation." New Republic 136, no. 10,March 11, 1957.
160. March, Thomas. "Wilson's The Jumping-Off Place." Explicator 57, no. 2,Winter99 1999.
161. Margo, Jefferson. "Books Of The Times; Characters 'Laboring to Maladjust'." New York Times, October 19, 1994.Marshall, Margaret. "Drama." Nation 172, no. 19,May 12, 1951.
162. Marshall, Margaret. "The Moral Top of the World." Nation 142, no. 3703,June 24, 1936.
163. Marty, Martin E. "The Wilson syndrome." Christian Century 111, no. 2,January 19, 1994.
164. Mary B. W., Tabor. "Book Notes." New York Times, May 17, 1995.
165. Mary, Gordon. "Rediscoveries; The Angel of Malignity: The Cold Beauty of Katherine Anne Porter." New York Times Book Review,April 16, 1995.
166. Matthew, Price. "Books In Brief: Nonfiction." New York Times Book Review,February 10, 2002.
167. Maxfield Parrish, Stephen. "Critics, Academic and Lay." Virginia Quarterly Review, no. 29, 1953.
168. McCabe, Bernard. "What Cyril Thought." Nation 238, no. 15,April 21, 1984.
169. McCann, William. "Cultural Record." Progressive 51, no. 2,February 1987.
170. McCarthy, Mary. "Edmund Wilson." Paris Review 33, no. 119,Summer91 1991.
171. McCollum, John W., and Don W. Kleine. "Letters." Nation 210, no. 19,May 18, 1970.
172. McGrath, Charles. "A Shaper of the Canon Gets His Place in It." New York Times, October 07, 2007.
173. Mead, Walter Russell. "Literary Essays and Reviews of the 1920s and 30s: "The Shores of Light," "Axel's Castle," Uncollected Reviews." Foreign Affairs 87, no. 3,May 2008..
174. Meade, Norah. "Greenwich Villagers." Nation 130, no. 3365,January 1930.
175. Mel, Gussow. "Stage View; Another Major Novel Eludes Its Adapter." New York Times, September 29, 1985.
176. Meltzer, Milton. "The Thirties,Book Review." Library Journal 105, no. 12,June 15, 1980.
177. Menand, Louis. "Edmund Wilson's Vanished World." New York Review of Books 51, no. 14,September 23, 2004.
178. Menand, Louis. "Missionary." New Yorker 81, no. 23,August 8, 2005.
179. -------- "The Historical Romance." New Yorker 79, no. 5,March 24, 2003.
180. --------"The Lion In Autumn." New Republic 195, no. 22,December 1986.
181. Meyers, Jeffrey. "Scott Fitzgerald and Edmund Wilson: A troubled friendship." American Scholar 61, no. 3,Summer92 1992.
182. --------"The bulldog and the butterfly." American Scholar 63, no. 3,Summer94 1994.
183. -------- "Priapic polymath." New Criterion 12, no. 1,September 1993.
184. --------Edmund Wilson: A Biography. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.
185. Michaels, Leonard. "The Odd Couple." Nation 228, no. 23,June 16, 1979.
186. Miller, Perry. "Essays and Asides "A Passion for Literature." Nation 172, no. 4,January 27, 1951.
187. Mimken, Judy. "Book reviews: Arts & humanities." Library Journal 120, no. 3,February 15, 1995.
188. Miner, Brad. "Random Notes." National Review 43, no. 3,February 25, 1991.
189. Mishra, Pankaj. "The Unquiet American." New York Review of Books 53, no. 1,January 12, 2006.
190. Mitgang, Herbert. "Carl Sandburg." New Republic 178, no. 2,January 14, 1978.
191. Mizener, Arthur. "Arthur Mizener: Edmund Wilson's New Republic." New Republic 162, no. 19,May 9, 1970.
192. Morrison, Sarah R. "Of woman borne: Male experience and feminine truth in Jane Austen's novels." Studies in the Novel 26, no. 4,Winter94 1994.
193. Moss, R0bert F. "Winner And Still Champion." Yale Review 94, no. 4,October 2006.
194. Nabokov, Vladimir. "A Letter To Edmund Wilson." Kenyon Review 1, no. 1,Winter79 1979. .
195. Nathan, Paul. "But not forgotten." Publishers Weekly 242, no. 28,July 10, 1995. .
196. Nevius, Blake. "Pussie" Jones's Verses: A Bibliographical Note On Edith Wharton." American Literature 23, no. 4,January 1952.
197. Niebuhr, Reinhold. "The Goddess History." Nation 151, no. 13,September 28, 1940.
198. Nussbaum, Martha C. "Preface to the Revised Edition." In The Fragility of Goodness, London: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
199. O'hagan, Andrew. "Back to The Blitz." New York Times, October 16, 2008.
200. Page, Tim. "Letters by Dawn Powell to Edmund Wilson." New Criterion 18, no. 1,September 1999.
201. Paul, Sherman. Edmund Wilson: A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time. Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 1967.
202. Pasternak, Boris. "Interpretation." New Yorker 72, no. 17,June 24, 1996.
203. Pearl K. Bell' Pearl K. Bell is a freelance critic in Cambridge, Mass. "Life Without Father." New York Times Book Review,December 10, 1989.
204. Peck, David. "Edmund Wilson: A Biography." Magill Book Reviews,September 1995.
205. Peretz, Martin. "Mr. Wilson Balks." Nation 197, no. 18,November 30, 1963.
206. Perl, Jed. "A Cool Heat." Harper's Magazine 311, no. 1864,September 2005.
207. -------- "Wilson's eye." Modern Painters 9, no. 4,Winter96 1996.
208. Perluck, Herbert A., Harold R. Hogstrom, and Jack D. Douglas. "Correspondence." New Republic 155, no. 6/7,August 13, 1966.
209. Pickard, Zachariah. "The Morality of Aesthetic Action: Elizabeth Bishop, Randall Jarrell, and the Politics of Poetry." American Literature 79, no. 2,June 2007.
210. Platowsky, Elihu L., et al. "Letters to the Editors." Nation 148, no. 3,January 14, 1939. 76.
211. Plotz, John. "Virtually Being There." Southwest Review 87, no. 1,January 2002.
212. Podhoretz, Norman. "On reading for pleasure again." Commentary 94, no. 6,December 1992.
213. Polan, Dana. "Last Intellectual, Lapsed Intellectual?: The Ends of Edmund Wilson." boundary 2 21, no. 3,Fall94 1994.
214. Pritchard, William H. "Edmund Wilson's Clear Light: The lucid prose and inclusive views of "the last great critic in the English line.." American Scholar 74, no. 4,September 2005.
215. Pritchard, William H. "Edmund Wilson's Permanent Criticism: 1920-1950." Hudson Review 61, no. 1,Spring2008 2008.
216. Pritchett, V.S. "Books: Edmund Wilson." New Yorker 62, no. 46,January 5, 1987.
217. Quinn, Terry. "Dear Bunny, Dear Volodya: The Friendship and the Freud." Paris Review 42, no. 157,2001 2000.
218. R.D.M. "Delany as a Postmodern Edmund Wilson." Science Fiction Studies 24, no. 1,March 1997.
219. Raffel, Burton. "From the Uncollected Edmond Wilson." Literary Review 39, no. 3,Spring96 1996.
220. Richard, Gilman. "Dos Passos and the Many Lives of 'U.S.A.'." New York Times Book Review,March 16, 1997.
221. Richard, Gilman. "Edmund's Castle." New York Times Book Review,December 31, 1995.
222. Richards, Eliza. "US Civil War Print Culture and Popular Imagination." American Literary History 17, no. 2,Summer2005 2005.
223. Richter, David H. Ed. The Critical Tradition: Classic Texts and Contemporary Trends. New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1980.
224. Rifkind, D. "Daddy dearest." Commentary 89, no. 5,May 1990.
225. Robin, Finn. "Public Lives; The,Mostly Late) Greats, in New Circulation." New York Times, July 10, 2001.
226. Rodden, John. "Memorial for a Revolutionist: Dwight Macdonald, A Critical American." Society 44, no. 5,July 2007.
227. Roger, Kimball. "And Now for Something Completely Offensive." New York Times Book Review,October 22, 1995.
228. -------- "Classic returns." Library Journal 116, no. 19,November 15, 1991.
229. -------- "Axel's Castle: A Study of the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930." Library Journal 130, no. 1,January 2005.
230. -------- "King of the Delawares: Teedyuscung/Upstate: Records and Recollections of Northern New York,Book." Library Journal 115, no. 16,October 1990.
231. -------- "Memoirs of Hecate County." Library Journal 130, no. 2,February 2005.
232. Rogers, Michael, and Barbara Hoffert. "Book reviews: Classic returns." Library Journal 123, no. 2,February 1998.
233. Romano, Carlin. "Edmund's Castle." Nation 260, no. 23,June 12, 1995.
234. Rosenblatt, Roger. "Edmund Wilson: Letters on Literature and Politics 1912-1972." New Republic 177, no. 16,October 15, 1977.Rubin Jr., Louis D. "Canon Fodder." New Republic 172, no. 21,May 24, 1975.
235. Rubin Jr., Louis D. "The grand panjandrum of Wellfleet." Sewanee Review 102, no. 3,Summer94 1994.
236. Rubin, Merle. "Critic Wilson held high intellectual, but not personal standards." Christian Science Monitor 87, no. 138,June 13, 1995.
237. Samuels, David. "Edmund Wilson and the public intellectuals." Wilson Quarterly 20, no. 1,Winter96 1996.
238. Sandle, Mark. A Short History of Soviet Socialism. London: University College London(UCL) Press, 1999.
239. Sandra Salmans, Special to the New York Times. "Remembering Rogues and Heroes." New York Times, August 08, 1985.
240. Sarah, Bayliss. "Art/Architecture; An Image Welded to the Skyline." New York Times, July 07, 2002.
241. Sarah, Lyall. "V.S. Pritchett, Master of the Short Story And Literary Criticism, Is Dead at 96." New York Times, March 22, 1997.
242. Schiffman, Lawrence H. "Inverting Reality: The Dead Sea Scrolls in the Popular Media." Dead Sea Discoveries 12, no. 1,March 2005.
243. Schlesinger, Arthur M....[et al.], ed. Paths of American Thought. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1970.
244. Schwarz, Benjamin. "Elements of Style." Atlantic Monthly,10727825) 296, no. 1,July 2005.
245. Scott, Veale. "New & Noteworthy Paperbacks." New York Times Book Review,February 11, 2001.
246. Scott, W.B. "Old Friends, Book Ends." American Scholar 48, no. 4,September 1979.
247. Shapiro, Herbert E. "Edmund Wilson,Book Review." Library Journal 103, no. 18,October 15, 1978.
248. Shechner, Mark. "Three Honest Men: Edmund Wilson, F.R. Leavis, Lionel Trilling,Book." New Republic 186, no. 7,February 17, 1982.
249. Sicker, Philip. "Pale Fire and Lyrical Ballads: The dynamics of collaboration." Papers on Language & Literature 28, no. 3,Summer92 1992.
250. Silver, John. "A Note on the Freudian Reading of "The Turn of the Screw." American Literature 29, no. 2,May 1957.
251. Simms Jr., L. Moody. "Edmund Wilson: A Biography,Book." History: Reviews of New Books 32, no. 2,Winter2004 2004.
252. Sissman, L.E. "Innocent Bystander." Atlantic Monthly,00046795) 230, no. 3,September 1972.
253. Smith, G. S. "The Nabokov-Wilson Letters. Correspondence between Vladimir Nabokov and Edmund Wilson 1940-1971." Modern Language Review 76, no. 1,January 1981.
254. Smith, Starr E. "The Fifties,Book." Library Journal 111, no. 14,September 1986.
255. --------"The Forties,Book." Library Journal 108, no. 7,April 1983.
256. Smol, Anna. "Oh...Oh...Frodo!": Readings of Male Intimacy in "The Lord of the Rings." Modern Fiction Studies 50, no. 4,Winter2004 2004.
257. Sorel, Nancy Caldwell. "Mary McCarthy and Edmund Wilson." Atlantic,02769077) 271, no. 5,May 1993.
258. Spender, Stephen. "Wilson Among the Ruins." Nation 165, no. 22,November 29, 1947.
259. Spiller, Robert E. "EDMUND WILSON: Letters on Literature and Politics, 1921-1972,Book." American Literature 50, no. 3,November 1978.
260. -------- "The Influence of Edmund Wilson." Nation 186, no. 8,February 22, 1958.
261. -------- "The Intent Of The Artist/The Intent Of The Critic,Book." American Literature 14, no. 1,March 1942.
262. Star, Alexander. "A Man of Good Reading." New York Times, August 23, 2009.
263. Steloff, Frances. "Edmund Wilson." Journal of Modern Literature 4, no. 4,April 1975.
264. Stone, Edward. "Edition Architecture And 'The Turn Of The Screw'." Studies in Short Fiction 13, no. 1,Winter76 1976.
265. Stout, Daniel A. "Review of Lewis M. Dabney's Edmund Wilson: A Life in Literature." Journal of Media & Religion 5, no. 2,April 2006.
266. Strout, Cushing. "A kinder and gentler Edmund Wilson." Reviews in American History 23, no. 3,September 1995. Suiler, Victor P. "Engines of Discovery,A Century of Particle Accelerators." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 15, no. 1,January 2008.
267. Sykes, Gerald. "Books. The Writer Fights Back." Nation 186, no. 4,January 25, 1958. Tayler, Christopher. "The cocktail set." TLS no. 4996,January 1999.
268. Teachout, Terry, et al. "Books In Brief." National Review 33, no. 24,December 11, 1981.
269. -------- "Edmund Wilson's America." National Review 37, no. 1,January 11, 1985.
270. Terdiman, Richard. Present Past: Modernity and the Memory Crisis, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1993.
271. Thorp, Willard. "Edmund Wilson: A Study of Literary Vocation in Our Time,Book." American Literature 38, no. 3,November 1966.
272. Thorp, Willard. "Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War,Book." American Literature 34, no. 4,January 1963.
273. Toomre, Joyce S. "The Nabokov-Wilson Letters,Book." Library Journal 104, no. 8,April 15, 1979.
274. Touster, Saul. "Patriotic Gore: Studies In The Literature Of The American Civil War,Book." Harvard Law Review 76, no. 2,December 1962. 202-
275. Trilling, Diana. "Fiction in Review." Nation 162, no. 13,March 30, 1946.
276. Updike, John. "Reconsideration: Memoirs of Hecate County." New Republic 174, no. 3,January 17, 1976.
277. --------"The critic in winter." New Yorker 69, no. 40,November 29, 1993.
278. Valiunas, Algis. "Sister Sontag." American Spectator 36, no. 4,August 2003.
279. Versluys, Kristiaan. "Edmund Wilson,Book." English Studies 60, no. 6,December 1979.
280. Vidal, Gore. "Edmund Wilson: This Critic and this Gin and these Shores." In The Second American Revolution and Other Essays(1976-1982), 25-35. New York: Vintage, 1983.
281. Von Baeyer, Hans C. "Book Reviews." American Journal of Physics 77, no. 3,March 2009.
282. Wagwnknecht, Edward. "The Wound and the Bow, Seven Studies in Literature,Book." Modern Language Quarterly 3, no. 1,March 1942.
283. Wain, John. "Edmund Wilson: the Critic as Novelist." New Republic 142, no. 3,January 18, 1960.
284. Walter, Goodman. "Critic's Notebook; Mystery of Mysteries: Whodunits and How They Did." New York Times, February 16, 2000.
285. Walton, Eda Lou. "Critic as Poet; Poet as Critic." Nation 130, no. 3378,April 2, 1930.
286. Warren, Robert Penn. "Asides and Diversions." Nation 155, no. 23,December 5, 1942.
287. Westbrook, Robert. "Critical Mass." Commonweal 135, no. 8,April 25, 2008.
288. Willcox, Christopher. "Man of letters." New Criterion 24, no. 2,October 2005.
289. Williamson Jr., Chilton. "Loner Among The Literati." National Review 27, no. 35,September 12, 1975.
290. -------- "Why is This Man Scowling?." National Review 29, no. 46,November 25, 1977.
291. -------- "Edmund Wilson And The Great Tradition." National Review 41, no. 16,September 1989.
292. Wilson, Edmund.Axel's Castle: A study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930. New York:Charles Scribner's Sons, 1969.
293. -------- Classics and Commercials: A Literary Chronicle of the Forties. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1950.
294. --------Galahad & I Thought of Daisy. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1967.
295. --------The American Earthquake:A Documentary of the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, and the New Deal. New York:Doubleday & Company, Inc.,1964.
296. --------The Bit Between My Teeth. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1965.
297. --------The Fruits of the MLA. New York:A New York Review Book, 1968.
298. --------The Higher Jazz. Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 1988.
299. --------The Scrolls From the Dead Sea. New York:Oxford University Press,1956.
300. --------The Shock of Recognition. New York :Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., 1943.
301. --------The Shores of Light: A Literary Chronicle of the 1920s and 1930s. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1952.
302. --------The Triple Thinker: Twelve Essays on Literary Subjects. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976.
303. --------A Literary Chronicle: 1920-1950.New York: Doubleday Company, Inc., 1952.
304. --------A Piece of My Mind: Reflections at Sixty. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1958.
305. --------A Prelude. New York: Farrar Straus and Giroux, 1967.
306. --------Memoirs of Hecate County. Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1980.
307. --------Night Thoughts. New York: Noonday Press, 1964.
308. --------To the Finland Station. New York: New York , 2003.
309. -------- The Wound and the Bow,. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.
310. Wilson, Elena, ed. Edmund Wilson: Letters on Literature and Politics 1912-1972. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977.
311. Wilson, Reuel K. "Edmund Wilson's Cape Cod Landscape." 100-113. Virginia Quarterly Review, 2004.
312. --------"Growing up with Edmund Wilson and Mary McCarthy." Paris Review 41, no. 153,2000 1999.
313. Wood, James. "Mr. Literature." New Republic 233, no. 13, September 26, 2005.
314. Woolbert, Robert Gale. "Recent Books On International Relations." Foreign Affairs 19, no. 3,April 1941.
315. Ziff, Larzer. "Letters on Literature and Politics, 1912-1972." Modern Language Review 75, no. 1, January 1980.