中国古典诗歌的认知分析
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摘要
本文基于认知语言学理论,主要采用认知语法的观点分析中国古典诗歌,旨在为中国古典诗歌分析和欣赏提供一个新的视角。
中国古典诗歌是中国传统文化的瑰宝,人们可以从不同方面、运用不同视角来探索和欣赏古典诗歌之美。然而以往对中国古典诗歌的研究多侧重于文学、美学等角度,较少从认知角度进行分析。认知语言学认为语言是人类认知机制的一部分,语言不是直接对应于客观外在世界,而是与认知参与下的概念结构相一致。古典诗歌作为一种特别的语言艺术,体现了诗人对大千世界的感知和认知方式。本文以代表中国古典诗歌发展顶峰的唐诗宋词为主要语料,运用由Ronald W. Langacker提出的认知语法框架下的识解观和典型事件模型,分析了古典诗歌的意象和前景化句法。本文认为,诗歌语篇中意蕴丰富的意象意义是诗人基于自身体验,运用不同的识解方式感知某一场景或客观物象的结果。同一场景或客观物象,经由不同诗人的识解,产生意趣不同的意象。通过识解观分析,我们可以更好的理解诗歌意象及其意义。中国古典诗歌前景化句法结构的认知机制在于诗人为构建诗歌意义的需要,使诗歌语篇中的某些意象获得句法突显,促成意象间的不同组合或并置。意象通过诗歌前景化句法组合构成了语篇,表达了诗人情感,产生了美不胜收的意境。最后,基于以上论述,本文以《江雪》和《渔歌子》为个案,进行了认知诗学分析。从认知角度分析中国古典诗歌,一方面可以欣赏诗歌之美,另一方面也可解释这种分析与欣赏是如何得到的。
This thesis attempts to analyze Chinese classical poetry with the theory of cognitive grammar in the framework of cognitive linguistics, aiming at offering a new perspective to Chinese classical poetry analysis and appreciation.
Chinese classical poetry is the gem of Chinese traditional culture, which can be discussed and appreciated from different dimensions with different perspectives. However, up to now, scholars and researchers usually studied Chinese classical poetry from the perspectives of literature or aesthetics, etc. And few of them analyzed classical poetry from the cognitive perspective. Cognitive linguistic assumes that language is a part of human cognition. Language is not the direct correspondence to the outside concrete world, but to the conceptual structure of human cognition. Chinese classical poetry, as a special art of language, apparently reflects the conception of the world and the way the poets conceive the world. By applying the notions of construal and canonical event model under the framework of cognitive grammar proposed by Ronald W. Langacker, this thesis analyzes the images and foregrounding syntactic structures of some poems which are mostly selected from Tang Shi and Song Ci, which represent the peak of classical poetry and then gives a cognitive poetic analysis of two poems, Fishing in the snow and Tune: a fisherman’s song. According to the analysis of image with the construal view, the meaning of image results from the conception of some scenes or objects in different construal ways by the poets based on his bodily experience. The same scene or object, if construed by different poets, creates quite distinctive meanings of image. With the construal view, we can understand the images and their meaning deeply. The cognitive mechanism of foregrounding syntactic structure lies in that it makes some images in the poem gain the status of syntactic prominence, causing the combination and juxtaposition of images so as to serve the need for the poet to construct the meaning of the text. By the means of foregrounding syntactic structure, the images are combined to construct the whole poetry text and display the poet’s emotions, bringing a beautiful artistic conception to the reader. From the perspective of cognition, the readers can not only explain and appreciate the beauty of classical poetry, but also explain how that appreciation is arrived at.
中国古典诗歌是中国传统文化的瑰宝,人们可以从不同方面、运用不同视角来探索和欣赏古典诗歌之美。然而以往对中国古典诗歌的研究多侧重于文学、美学等角度,较少从认知角度进行分析。认知语言学认为语言是人类认知机制的一部分,语言不是直接对应于客观外在世界,而是与认知参与下的概念结构相一致。古典诗歌作为一种特别的语言艺术,体现了诗人对大千世界的感知和认知方式。本文以代表中国古典诗歌发展顶峰的唐诗宋词为主要语料,运用由Ronald W. Langacker提出的认知语法框架下的识解观和典型事件模型,分析了古典诗歌的意象和前景化句法。本文认为,诗歌语篇中意蕴丰富的意象意义是诗人基于自身体验,运用不同的识解方式感知某一场景或客观物象的结果。同一场景或客观物象,经由不同诗人的识解,产生意趣不同的意象。通过识解观分析,我们可以更好的理解诗歌意象及其意义。中国古典诗歌前景化句法结构的认知机制在于诗人为构建诗歌意义的需要,使诗歌语篇中的某些意象获得句法突显,促成意象间的不同组合或并置。意象通过诗歌前景化句法组合构成了语篇,表达了诗人情感,产生了美不胜收的意境。最后,基于以上论述,本文以《江雪》和《渔歌子》为个案,进行了认知诗学分析。从认知角度分析中国古典诗歌,一方面可以欣赏诗歌之美,另一方面也可解释这种分析与欣赏是如何得到的。
This thesis attempts to analyze Chinese classical poetry with the theory of cognitive grammar in the framework of cognitive linguistics, aiming at offering a new perspective to Chinese classical poetry analysis and appreciation.
Chinese classical poetry is the gem of Chinese traditional culture, which can be discussed and appreciated from different dimensions with different perspectives. However, up to now, scholars and researchers usually studied Chinese classical poetry from the perspectives of literature or aesthetics, etc. And few of them analyzed classical poetry from the cognitive perspective. Cognitive linguistic assumes that language is a part of human cognition. Language is not the direct correspondence to the outside concrete world, but to the conceptual structure of human cognition. Chinese classical poetry, as a special art of language, apparently reflects the conception of the world and the way the poets conceive the world. By applying the notions of construal and canonical event model under the framework of cognitive grammar proposed by Ronald W. Langacker, this thesis analyzes the images and foregrounding syntactic structures of some poems which are mostly selected from Tang Shi and Song Ci, which represent the peak of classical poetry and then gives a cognitive poetic analysis of two poems, Fishing in the snow and Tune: a fisherman’s song. According to the analysis of image with the construal view, the meaning of image results from the conception of some scenes or objects in different construal ways by the poets based on his bodily experience. The same scene or object, if construed by different poets, creates quite distinctive meanings of image. With the construal view, we can understand the images and their meaning deeply. The cognitive mechanism of foregrounding syntactic structure lies in that it makes some images in the poem gain the status of syntactic prominence, causing the combination and juxtaposition of images so as to serve the need for the poet to construct the meaning of the text. By the means of foregrounding syntactic structure, the images are combined to construct the whole poetry text and display the poet’s emotions, bringing a beautiful artistic conception to the reader. From the perspective of cognition, the readers can not only explain and appreciate the beauty of classical poetry, but also explain how that appreciation is arrived at.
引文
[1] Ching, Marvin K.L, Haley, Michel C. & Lunsford, Ronald F. Linguistic Perspectives on Literature [C]. London, Boston and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980
[2] Croft, W & Cruse, D. Allan. Cognitive Linguistics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
[3] Fowler, Roger. (ed.). Essays on Style and Language [C]. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967
[4] Freeman, Margaret. The Body in the Word: A Cognitive Approach to the Shape of a Poetic Text [A]. In Semino, Elena & Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis [C]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002:23-47
[5] Gavins, Joanna & Steen, Gerard (eds.). Cognitive Poetics in Practice [C]. New York: Routledge, 2003
[6] Hamilton, Crag. A Cognitive Grammar of‘Hospital Barge’by Wilfred Owen [A]. In Gavins, Joanna & Steen, Gerard (eds.). Cognitive Poetics in Practice [C]. London and New York: Routledge, 2003:55-65
[7] Johnson, Mark. The Body in the Mind: the Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason [M]. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987
[8] Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind [M]. Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press, 1987
[9] Langacker, Ronald W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites [M]. VolumeⅠ. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987
[10] Langacker, Ronald W. Concept, Image, and Symbol: the Cognitive Basis of Grammar [M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990
[11] Langacker, Ronald. W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Practical Applications [M].VolumeⅡ. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991
[12] Langacker, Ronald. W. Grammar and Conceptualization [M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999
[13] Langacker, Ronald. W. Ten Lectures on Cognitive Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007
[14] Leech, Geoffrey N. Linguistics and the Figures of Rhetoric [A]. In Fowler, Roger. (ed.), Essays on Style and Language [C]. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967:135-156
[15] Leech, Geoffrey N. A Linguistic Guided to English Poetry [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1969
[16] Meyer, Michael, Poetry: An Introduction [M]. Boston: Bedford Books of ST. Martin Press, 1967
[17] Muka?ovsky, J. Standard language and poetic language [A]. In Freeman, D. C. (ed.). Linguistic and literary style [C]. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970:40-56
[18]Owen, Stephen. Reading in Chinese Literary Thought [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1992
[19] Semino, Elena & Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis [C]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002
[20] Stockwell, Peter. Cognitive Poetics: An Introduction [M]. New York:Routledge, 2002
[21] Tsur, R. Toward a Theory of Cognitive Poetics [M]. Amsterdam, London, New York and Tokyo: North-Holland Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 1992
[22] Tsur, R. Aspects of Cognitive poetics [A]. In Semino, Elena & Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis [C]. Ansterdam and Philadephia: John Benjamin Publishing Company, 2002:279-328
[23] Ungerer, F & Schmid, H. J. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics [M]. London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1996
[24]艾初玲(Ai Chuling),试论李白诗歌中的“佳丽”形象[J].船山学刊,2005(3)
[25]曹苇舫,吴晓(Cao Weifang & Wu Xiao),诗歌意象功能论[J].文学评论,2002(6)
[26]程抱一(法)(Cheng Baoyi),中国诗画语言研究[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2006
[27]陈植锷(Chen Zhi’e),诗歌意象论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990
[28]耿占春(Geng Zhanchun),隐喻[M].上海:东方出版社,1993
[29]蒋绍愚(Jiang Shaoyu),唐诗语言研究[M].北京:语文出版社,2008
[30]李春华,李勇忠(Li Chunhua & Li Yongzhong),诗歌意象建构的认知分析[J].江西师范大学学报,2005(3)
[31]李娟(Li Juan),试析李商隐诗歌意境的主要特征及其成因[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版),2004(4)
[32]梁丽,陈蕊(Liang Li & Chen Rui),图形/背景理论在唐诗中的现实化及其对意境的作用[J].外国语,2008(4)
[33]刘正光(Liu Zhengguang)汉语范畴化与汉语诗歌中的名词短语并置[J].外国语,2008(7)
[34]宋词鉴赏辞典(上下册)[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,2003
[35]唐诗鉴赏辞典[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1983
[36]王力(Wang Li),汉语诗律学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1979
[37]王力(Wang Li),汉语史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1980
[38]汪少华( Wang Shaohua),诗歌中视角空间的美学功能[J].外语教学, 2002a(2)
[39]汪少华(Wang Shaohua),诗歌中的视角空间与文化想象[J].福建外语,2002b(4)
[40]王寅,李弘(Wang Yin & Li Hong),体验哲学和认知语言学对句法成因的解释[J].外语学刊,2003(1)
[41]王义娜,李亚培(Wang Yina & Li Yapei),由意象与识解看认知语法的理论架构[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2008(6)
[42]文旭,叶狂(Wen Xu & Ye Kuang),归田园居第一首的隐喻分析[J].外语语言文学研究,2001(1)
[43]吴晓,曹苇舫(Wu Xiao & Cao Weifang),论作为意象符号系统的诗歌存在形态[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003(2)
[44]许渊冲(Xu Yuanchong)译,唐宋词一百首(汉英对照)[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1991
[45]袁行霈(Yuan Xingpei),中国诗歌艺术研究(增订本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1996
[46]颜小英(Yan Xiaoying),论着眼点的转移[D].江西师范大学硕士论文,2004
[47]严云受(Yan Yunshou),诗词意象的魅力[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2003
[48]余渭深,董平荣(Yu Weishen & Dong Pingrong),合成空间与中国古典诗词意象[J].外语与外语教学,2003(3)
[49]张娇(Zhang Jiao),从原型范畴理论和语义场理论解读中国古诗词的意象之美----试以白居易的《暮江吟》作个案分析[J].成都理工大学学报,2005(3)
[50]赵艳芳(Zhao Yanfang),认知语言学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
[51]周振甫(Zhou Zhenfu),诗词例话[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1979
[52]宗白华(Zong Baihua),美学散步[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1981
[53]朱光潜(Zhu Guangqian),诗论[M].北京:北京出版社,2005
[2] Croft, W & Cruse, D. Allan. Cognitive Linguistics [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004
[3] Fowler, Roger. (ed.). Essays on Style and Language [C]. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967
[4] Freeman, Margaret. The Body in the Word: A Cognitive Approach to the Shape of a Poetic Text [A]. In Semino, Elena & Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis [C]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002:23-47
[5] Gavins, Joanna & Steen, Gerard (eds.). Cognitive Poetics in Practice [C]. New York: Routledge, 2003
[6] Hamilton, Crag. A Cognitive Grammar of‘Hospital Barge’by Wilfred Owen [A]. In Gavins, Joanna & Steen, Gerard (eds.). Cognitive Poetics in Practice [C]. London and New York: Routledge, 2003:55-65
[7] Johnson, Mark. The Body in the Mind: the Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason [M]. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1987
[8] Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind [M]. Chicago and London: the University of Chicago Press, 1987
[9] Langacker, Ronald W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites [M]. VolumeⅠ. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987
[10] Langacker, Ronald W. Concept, Image, and Symbol: the Cognitive Basis of Grammar [M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1990
[11] Langacker, Ronald. W. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Practical Applications [M].VolumeⅡ. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991
[12] Langacker, Ronald. W. Grammar and Conceptualization [M]. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999
[13] Langacker, Ronald. W. Ten Lectures on Cognitive Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2007
[14] Leech, Geoffrey N. Linguistics and the Figures of Rhetoric [A]. In Fowler, Roger. (ed.), Essays on Style and Language [C]. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967:135-156
[15] Leech, Geoffrey N. A Linguistic Guided to English Poetry [M]. London: Longman Group Ltd. 1969
[16] Meyer, Michael, Poetry: An Introduction [M]. Boston: Bedford Books of ST. Martin Press, 1967
[17] Muka?ovsky, J. Standard language and poetic language [A]. In Freeman, D. C. (ed.). Linguistic and literary style [C]. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970:40-56
[18]Owen, Stephen. Reading in Chinese Literary Thought [M]. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1992
[19] Semino, Elena & Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis [C]. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002
[20] Stockwell, Peter. Cognitive Poetics: An Introduction [M]. New York:Routledge, 2002
[21] Tsur, R. Toward a Theory of Cognitive Poetics [M]. Amsterdam, London, New York and Tokyo: North-Holland Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 1992
[22] Tsur, R. Aspects of Cognitive poetics [A]. In Semino, Elena & Culpeper, Jonathan (eds.). Cognitive Stylistics: Language and Cognition in Text Analysis [C]. Ansterdam and Philadephia: John Benjamin Publishing Company, 2002:279-328
[23] Ungerer, F & Schmid, H. J. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics [M]. London: Addison Wesley Longman Limited, 1996
[24]艾初玲(Ai Chuling),试论李白诗歌中的“佳丽”形象[J].船山学刊,2005(3)
[25]曹苇舫,吴晓(Cao Weifang & Wu Xiao),诗歌意象功能论[J].文学评论,2002(6)
[26]程抱一(法)(Cheng Baoyi),中国诗画语言研究[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2006
[27]陈植锷(Chen Zhi’e),诗歌意象论[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990
[28]耿占春(Geng Zhanchun),隐喻[M].上海:东方出版社,1993
[29]蒋绍愚(Jiang Shaoyu),唐诗语言研究[M].北京:语文出版社,2008
[30]李春华,李勇忠(Li Chunhua & Li Yongzhong),诗歌意象建构的认知分析[J].江西师范大学学报,2005(3)
[31]李娟(Li Juan),试析李商隐诗歌意境的主要特征及其成因[J].华南理工大学学报(社会科学版),2004(4)
[32]梁丽,陈蕊(Liang Li & Chen Rui),图形/背景理论在唐诗中的现实化及其对意境的作用[J].外国语,2008(4)
[33]刘正光(Liu Zhengguang)汉语范畴化与汉语诗歌中的名词短语并置[J].外国语,2008(7)
[34]宋词鉴赏辞典(上下册)[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,2003
[35]唐诗鉴赏辞典[Z].上海:上海辞书出版社,1983
[36]王力(Wang Li),汉语诗律学[M].上海:上海教育出版社,1979
[37]王力(Wang Li),汉语史稿[M].北京:中华书局,1980
[38]汪少华( Wang Shaohua),诗歌中视角空间的美学功能[J].外语教学, 2002a(2)
[39]汪少华(Wang Shaohua),诗歌中的视角空间与文化想象[J].福建外语,2002b(4)
[40]王寅,李弘(Wang Yin & Li Hong),体验哲学和认知语言学对句法成因的解释[J].外语学刊,2003(1)
[41]王义娜,李亚培(Wang Yina & Li Yapei),由意象与识解看认知语法的理论架构[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2008(6)
[42]文旭,叶狂(Wen Xu & Ye Kuang),归田园居第一首的隐喻分析[J].外语语言文学研究,2001(1)
[43]吴晓,曹苇舫(Wu Xiao & Cao Weifang),论作为意象符号系统的诗歌存在形态[J].浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2003(2)
[44]许渊冲(Xu Yuanchong)译,唐宋词一百首(汉英对照)[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1991
[45]袁行霈(Yuan Xingpei),中国诗歌艺术研究(增订本)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1996
[46]颜小英(Yan Xiaoying),论着眼点的转移[D].江西师范大学硕士论文,2004
[47]严云受(Yan Yunshou),诗词意象的魅力[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2003
[48]余渭深,董平荣(Yu Weishen & Dong Pingrong),合成空间与中国古典诗词意象[J].外语与外语教学,2003(3)
[49]张娇(Zhang Jiao),从原型范畴理论和语义场理论解读中国古诗词的意象之美----试以白居易的《暮江吟》作个案分析[J].成都理工大学学报,2005(3)
[50]赵艳芳(Zhao Yanfang),认知语言学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
[51]周振甫(Zhou Zhenfu),诗词例话[M].北京:中国青年出版社,1979
[52]宗白华(Zong Baihua),美学散步[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1981
[53]朱光潜(Zhu Guangqian),诗论[M].北京:北京出版社,2005