数字音频水印中的关键技术研究
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摘要
近年来,音频处理技术的飞速发展和因特网的迅速普及使得数字音频作品的获取、编辑和发布变得十分容易。音频作品的知识产权保护已成为一个急待解决的问题。数字音频水印技术作为一种潜在的解决方案受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注,并成为国际学术界的研究热点。本文对数字音频水印中的关键技术,包括零水印技术、多重水印技术以及多目的水印技术,进行了深入的研究,主要工作体现在以下几个方面。
(1)由于人类听觉系统十分敏感,要实现音频水印系统中鲁棒性和透明性之间的平衡十分困难。为了从原理上解决这一难题,对“音频零水印”技术进行了研究。首先,利用自然语音信号的短时平稳特性,提出了一种基于线性预测系数矢量量化的语音零水印算法。该算法实现了良好的检测可靠性和鲁棒性。然后,结合离散小波变换的多分辨率分析特性、离散余弦变换的能量压缩特性以及高阶累积量的高斯噪声抑制特性,提出了一种音频零水印算法。该算法对各类噪声干扰、信号处理操作和恶意攻击均表现出了很强的鲁棒性。最后,基于音频信号的高频特性设计了一种半脆弱零水印算法。该算法成功的将数字签名技术和传统半脆弱水印技术在内容完整性验证中的优势统一起来。实验结果表明该算法实现了良好的半脆弱性、检测可靠性和篡改定位特性。
(2)首先,提出了基于功率倒谱自相关的回声检测算法,并给出了算法的数学证明。借助于自相关函数的周期不变性和随机噪声抑制特性,该算法取得了较传统算法更高的回声检测率和鲁棒性。然后,考虑到回声隐藏具有隐藏算法简单、隐藏效果好、对同步要求不高、鲁棒性强以及可盲提取的优点,设计了一种基于回声隐藏的多重水印算法,并实现了多重水印的盲提取。实验结果表明该算法对各类信号处理操作和恶意攻击具有很强的鲁棒性。
(3)为了解决音频多目的水印系统中的透明性问题、不同性质水印间的相互干扰问题、以及不同性质水印的独立盲提取问题,提出了基于“零水印”的概念设计鲁棒水印算法,同时利用盲信号分离系统中的瞬时混合模型将脆弱水印嵌入到原始音频信号的高频成分中的多目的水印算法设计思路。并基于该思路先后提出了基于低频混合域系数矢量量化和独立分量分析的算法以及基于离散小波变换和主分量分析的算法。实验结果表明这两种算法取得了较其他多目的水印算法更高的透明性,同时实现了良好的鲁棒性、检测可靠性以及篡改定位特性。
(4)为了真正实现网络数字音频作品的版权保护和盗版跟踪,对数字音频水印应用系统进行了研究。首先,提出了一种基于低频混合域系数两级矢量量化的多重水印方案,采用完全不同的方法将两个水印分别嵌入到原始音频信号低频混合域系数的第一级矢量量化和第二级矢量量化的索引值中。然后,基于该多重水印方案,并结合基于数字水印技术的买卖协议,提出了一个网络数字音频作品版权保护和盗版跟踪模型。该模型采用多重水印方案将标识作品版权的数字水印和标识购买者身份的数字指纹同时嵌入到数字作品中。在发现可疑盗版作品时可通过提取水印对侵权行为进行认定并对版权纠纷进行调节。
论文最后对全文的研究工作进行了总结,并对将来可以进一步研究的领域进行了展望。
In recent years,the fast development of digital audio processing technology and the popularization of Internet make it dead easy for people to access,edit and distribute digital audio works.The copyright protection of digital audio works becomes a burning question.As a potential solution,digital audio watermarking technology is paid extensive attention by researchers at home and abroad and becomes an international academic focus.In this paper,an intensive study is made of the key technologies,including zero watermarking,multiple watermarking and multipurpose watermarking,in digital audio watermarking system.The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Since the human auditory system is extremely sensitive,it is very hard to achieve the balance between the robustness and transparency in audio watermarking system.To solve this difficult problem in theory,a study is made of the audio zero watermarking technique.First,in view of the transient steady property of natural speech signal,a speech zero watermarking algorithm based on the vector quantization of linear prediction coefficients is proposed.This algorithm achieves good detection reliability and robustness.Then,an audio zero watermarking scheme based on the combination of the multi-resolution analysis property of discrete wavelet transform,the energy compression property of discrete cosine transform and the Gaussian noise suppression property of higher-order cumulant is proposed.This algorithm has great robustness against all kinds of noise interference,signal processing manipulations and malicious attacks.Finally,a semi-fragile zero watermarking algorithm is designed based on the high frequency property of audio signal.This algorithm successfully combines the vantages of digital signature technology with the vantages of traditional semi-fragile watermarking technology in the integrity verification.Experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm achieves good semi-fragility,detection reliability and tampering localization property.
(2) First,an echo detection algorithm based on the autocorrelation of power cepstrum is proposed and proved mathematically.Thanks to period invariability and random noise suppression property of autocorrelation function,this algorithm achieves higher echo detection rate and greater robustness than traditional algorithms.Then,in view of the merits of echo hiding technique of simple algorithm,good transparency,undemanding synchronizing,great robustness and blind extraction,a multiple watermarking scheme based on echo hiding is designed and blind extraction of multiple watermarks is also achieved.Experimental results demonstrate this scheme has great robustness against various signal processing manipulations and malicious attacks.
(3) To achieve the transparency,avoid the mutual interference between watermarks of different properties and realize the independent and blind extraction of watermarks of different properties in audio multipurpose watermarking system,a new design idea that generates the robust watermark based on "zero watermarking" idea and utilizes the instantaneous mixing model in blind source separation system to embed the fragile watermark in the high-frequency components of of original audio signal is proposed.And,based on this design idea,a multipurpose watermarking scheme based on the vector quantization of low-frequency components of dual-transformation domain and independent component analysis and another scheme based on discrete wavelet transform and principal component analysis are proposed,respectively.Experimental results demonstrate that these two schemes achieve better transparency than other audio multipurpose watermarking schemes.They also achieve good robustness, detection reliability and tampering localization property.
(4) To realize the copyright protection and pirate tracking of digital audio works in network,a study is made of the application system of digital audio watermarking.First,a multiple watermarking scheme based on two-stage vector quantization of low-frequency coefficients of dual-transformation domain is put forward.Different methods are utilized to embed two watermarks in the indices of the first stage and the second stage vector quantization of the low-frequency coefficients of dual-transformation domain of original audio signal,respectively.Then,a copyright protection and pirate tracking model based on the proposed multiple watermarking scheme and the buyer-seller watermarking protocol is designed.In the proposed model,the multiple watermarking scheme is utilized to embed the copyright watermark for identifying the copyright owner and the digital fingerprint for identifying the buyer in the digital works,simultaneously.Once a piratical work appears, the watermarks are extracted to identify the copyright violator and to resolve the copyright dispute.
At last,the main contributions of this dissertation are summed up and the research areas worthy further studying are summarized.
(1)由于人类听觉系统十分敏感,要实现音频水印系统中鲁棒性和透明性之间的平衡十分困难。为了从原理上解决这一难题,对“音频零水印”技术进行了研究。首先,利用自然语音信号的短时平稳特性,提出了一种基于线性预测系数矢量量化的语音零水印算法。该算法实现了良好的检测可靠性和鲁棒性。然后,结合离散小波变换的多分辨率分析特性、离散余弦变换的能量压缩特性以及高阶累积量的高斯噪声抑制特性,提出了一种音频零水印算法。该算法对各类噪声干扰、信号处理操作和恶意攻击均表现出了很强的鲁棒性。最后,基于音频信号的高频特性设计了一种半脆弱零水印算法。该算法成功的将数字签名技术和传统半脆弱水印技术在内容完整性验证中的优势统一起来。实验结果表明该算法实现了良好的半脆弱性、检测可靠性和篡改定位特性。
(2)首先,提出了基于功率倒谱自相关的回声检测算法,并给出了算法的数学证明。借助于自相关函数的周期不变性和随机噪声抑制特性,该算法取得了较传统算法更高的回声检测率和鲁棒性。然后,考虑到回声隐藏具有隐藏算法简单、隐藏效果好、对同步要求不高、鲁棒性强以及可盲提取的优点,设计了一种基于回声隐藏的多重水印算法,并实现了多重水印的盲提取。实验结果表明该算法对各类信号处理操作和恶意攻击具有很强的鲁棒性。
(3)为了解决音频多目的水印系统中的透明性问题、不同性质水印间的相互干扰问题、以及不同性质水印的独立盲提取问题,提出了基于“零水印”的概念设计鲁棒水印算法,同时利用盲信号分离系统中的瞬时混合模型将脆弱水印嵌入到原始音频信号的高频成分中的多目的水印算法设计思路。并基于该思路先后提出了基于低频混合域系数矢量量化和独立分量分析的算法以及基于离散小波变换和主分量分析的算法。实验结果表明这两种算法取得了较其他多目的水印算法更高的透明性,同时实现了良好的鲁棒性、检测可靠性以及篡改定位特性。
(4)为了真正实现网络数字音频作品的版权保护和盗版跟踪,对数字音频水印应用系统进行了研究。首先,提出了一种基于低频混合域系数两级矢量量化的多重水印方案,采用完全不同的方法将两个水印分别嵌入到原始音频信号低频混合域系数的第一级矢量量化和第二级矢量量化的索引值中。然后,基于该多重水印方案,并结合基于数字水印技术的买卖协议,提出了一个网络数字音频作品版权保护和盗版跟踪模型。该模型采用多重水印方案将标识作品版权的数字水印和标识购买者身份的数字指纹同时嵌入到数字作品中。在发现可疑盗版作品时可通过提取水印对侵权行为进行认定并对版权纠纷进行调节。
论文最后对全文的研究工作进行了总结,并对将来可以进一步研究的领域进行了展望。
In recent years,the fast development of digital audio processing technology and the popularization of Internet make it dead easy for people to access,edit and distribute digital audio works.The copyright protection of digital audio works becomes a burning question.As a potential solution,digital audio watermarking technology is paid extensive attention by researchers at home and abroad and becomes an international academic focus.In this paper,an intensive study is made of the key technologies,including zero watermarking,multiple watermarking and multipurpose watermarking,in digital audio watermarking system.The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Since the human auditory system is extremely sensitive,it is very hard to achieve the balance between the robustness and transparency in audio watermarking system.To solve this difficult problem in theory,a study is made of the audio zero watermarking technique.First,in view of the transient steady property of natural speech signal,a speech zero watermarking algorithm based on the vector quantization of linear prediction coefficients is proposed.This algorithm achieves good detection reliability and robustness.Then,an audio zero watermarking scheme based on the combination of the multi-resolution analysis property of discrete wavelet transform,the energy compression property of discrete cosine transform and the Gaussian noise suppression property of higher-order cumulant is proposed.This algorithm has great robustness against all kinds of noise interference,signal processing manipulations and malicious attacks.Finally,a semi-fragile zero watermarking algorithm is designed based on the high frequency property of audio signal.This algorithm successfully combines the vantages of digital signature technology with the vantages of traditional semi-fragile watermarking technology in the integrity verification.Experimental results demonstrate that this algorithm achieves good semi-fragility,detection reliability and tampering localization property.
(2) First,an echo detection algorithm based on the autocorrelation of power cepstrum is proposed and proved mathematically.Thanks to period invariability and random noise suppression property of autocorrelation function,this algorithm achieves higher echo detection rate and greater robustness than traditional algorithms.Then,in view of the merits of echo hiding technique of simple algorithm,good transparency,undemanding synchronizing,great robustness and blind extraction,a multiple watermarking scheme based on echo hiding is designed and blind extraction of multiple watermarks is also achieved.Experimental results demonstrate this scheme has great robustness against various signal processing manipulations and malicious attacks.
(3) To achieve the transparency,avoid the mutual interference between watermarks of different properties and realize the independent and blind extraction of watermarks of different properties in audio multipurpose watermarking system,a new design idea that generates the robust watermark based on "zero watermarking" idea and utilizes the instantaneous mixing model in blind source separation system to embed the fragile watermark in the high-frequency components of of original audio signal is proposed.And,based on this design idea,a multipurpose watermarking scheme based on the vector quantization of low-frequency components of dual-transformation domain and independent component analysis and another scheme based on discrete wavelet transform and principal component analysis are proposed,respectively.Experimental results demonstrate that these two schemes achieve better transparency than other audio multipurpose watermarking schemes.They also achieve good robustness, detection reliability and tampering localization property.
(4) To realize the copyright protection and pirate tracking of digital audio works in network,a study is made of the application system of digital audio watermarking.First,a multiple watermarking scheme based on two-stage vector quantization of low-frequency coefficients of dual-transformation domain is put forward.Different methods are utilized to embed two watermarks in the indices of the first stage and the second stage vector quantization of the low-frequency coefficients of dual-transformation domain of original audio signal,respectively.Then,a copyright protection and pirate tracking model based on the proposed multiple watermarking scheme and the buyer-seller watermarking protocol is designed.In the proposed model,the multiple watermarking scheme is utilized to embed the copyright watermark for identifying the copyright owner and the digital fingerprint for identifying the buyer in the digital works,simultaneously.Once a piratical work appears, the watermarks are extracted to identify the copyright violator and to resolve the copyright dispute.
At last,the main contributions of this dissertation are summed up and the research areas worthy further studying are summarized.
引文
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