全双工OFDM-ROF系统及其峰均比特性研究
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摘要
随着多媒体技术的发展,人们对带宽的需求越来越大,对服务的方便灵活性要求越来越高。光纤无线通信ROF(Radio over Fiber)技术融合了无线通信的灵活性和光纤通信的高带宽、低损耗等特性,受到了广泛研究。正交频分复用OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)技术具有抗多径能力强、频谱利用率高、传输容量大等特点被公认为4G的核心技术。ROF技术与OFDM技术的融合充分结合了两者的优势,成为了下一代通信技术的研究热点。本论文主要对全双工OFDM-ROF系统以及OFDM信号的高峰均比PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio)对整个系统的影响做了比较细致的研究,取得的主要成果如下：
第一,实验研究了一种基于单臂马赫曾德尔强度调制器MZIM(Mach-Zehnder intensity Modulators),并在基站利用光载波抑制OCS(Optical Carrier Suppression)技术产生40 GHz光载毫米波的全双工正交频分复用-光纤无线通信系统。本实验中,研究了全双工OFDM-ROF系统的上行链路；另一方面在中心站采用了副载波调制,相比之前人们研究的单载波调制,既可以增强抗色散性能,又能减少上下行数据的干扰(由于中心载波没有调制下行数据)；最后是避免了之前的研究里使用过多耦合器的缺陷,该系统只在基站使用了环形器和FBG(Fiber Bragg Grating)来滤出波长重用的中心载波,简化了系统结构。在下行链路中,2.5Gb/s的OFDM信号与20GHz的射频RF(Radio Frequency)正弦波信号混频后,驱动强度调制器调制中心激光载波,经标准单模光纤SSMF(Standard Single-Mode Fiber)传输至基站后接收；在上行链路中,通过波长重利用调制2.5Gb/s的OOK(On-Off Keying)信号传输至中心站。实验结果表明,下行和上行分别经过50 km标准单模光纤传输后功率代价分别小于1dB和0.5dB。
第二,从理论仿真和实验验证两个方面研究了OFDM信号的高峰均比对光OFDM-ROF系统的影响。在光通信系统中,适当增加发射光功率可以提高接收信号的信噪比和增加传输距离。但由于光纤中光非线性效应的存在,一味地加大发射光功率会导致光纤非线性效应的产生和不断加剧,高PAPR是OFDM非线性的主要来源。本论文的后半部分主要研究了降低PAPR的扰码技术中选择映射SLM(Selective Mapping)技术在降低过高PAPR方面的性能：研究了结合光路建立基于扰码技术降低PAPR的光路模型,通过仿真和实验验证其在改善光OFDM-ROF系统非线性方面重要的实际意义。
There is a greater demand of broadband and flexible service with the development of multimedia technology. The radio over fiber (ROF) technology is a combination of wireless communication and optical communication. It has many advantages such as full of flexibility, wide bandwidth, low loss and so on. It has been actively investigated recently. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been considered as the core technology of 4G because it has offered higher channel efficiency, greater capability, and increased robustness against both frequency selective fading and narrow band interference. Thus, both ROF and OFDM become the hotspots of next generation communication system. In this paper, we primarily investigated the full-duplex OFDM-ROF system and researches concentrating on the high peak-to-average power ration (PAPR) of the OFDM signal have been made. And we have obtained several positive outcomes:
Firstly, a novel scheme to generate 40GHz optical millimeter-wave based on optical carrier suppression (OCS) and a full-duplex OFDM-ROF system by using one single-arm Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator were investigated and experimentally demonstrated. The experiment investigates the up-link of full-duplex OFDM-ROF system. The method of using subcarrier modulation at the central station has many advantages compared to the conventional single-carrier modulation. It could increase the robustness against fiber chromatic dispersion and because the downstream data was not modulated to the optical carrier, the interference between up-link and down-link data was reduced. Moreover, the base station made use of optical circulator and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) to reuse the optical carrier that avoided overusing of coupler and simplified the system. The 2.5-Gb/s OFDM signal of the downstream data was up-converted with the 20GHz RF sine-wave signal by an electrical mixer. The optical carrier was modulated via an intensity modulator driven by the up-converted signal. Then the generated optical millimeter-wave was transmitted to the base station in a single-mode fiber (SMF); The optical carrier was reused to carry 2.5-Gb/s OOK signal of the upstream data and delivered to the central station. The experiment results show that both 2.5-Gb/s downstream and upstream data can be transmitted over 50km SMF with the power penalty lower than 1dB and 0.5dB respectively.
Secondly, we have theoretically and experimentally investigated the impact of high PAPR of the OFDM signal on the optical OFDM-ROF system. In the optical communication system, properly increasing the transmission power can improve the signal noise ratio (SNR) of the receiver and increase the transmission distance. However, the nonlinearity of the optical fiber will appear and even greatly affect the system's performance if the transmission power is too high, The nonlinearity of fiber mainly derives from high PAPR. So the selective mapping (SLM) was introduced to reduce the impact of high PAPR on the performance of the system. We set up the optical link model based on scrambling code technology, and the simulation and experiment both testified the practical value of SLM in improving the performance of the optical OFDM-ROF system.
第一,实验研究了一种基于单臂马赫曾德尔强度调制器MZIM(Mach-Zehnder intensity Modulators),并在基站利用光载波抑制OCS(Optical Carrier Suppression)技术产生40 GHz光载毫米波的全双工正交频分复用-光纤无线通信系统。本实验中,研究了全双工OFDM-ROF系统的上行链路；另一方面在中心站采用了副载波调制,相比之前人们研究的单载波调制,既可以增强抗色散性能,又能减少上下行数据的干扰(由于中心载波没有调制下行数据)；最后是避免了之前的研究里使用过多耦合器的缺陷,该系统只在基站使用了环形器和FBG(Fiber Bragg Grating)来滤出波长重用的中心载波,简化了系统结构。在下行链路中,2.5Gb/s的OFDM信号与20GHz的射频RF(Radio Frequency)正弦波信号混频后,驱动强度调制器调制中心激光载波,经标准单模光纤SSMF(Standard Single-Mode Fiber)传输至基站后接收；在上行链路中,通过波长重利用调制2.5Gb/s的OOK(On-Off Keying)信号传输至中心站。实验结果表明,下行和上行分别经过50 km标准单模光纤传输后功率代价分别小于1dB和0.5dB。
第二,从理论仿真和实验验证两个方面研究了OFDM信号的高峰均比对光OFDM-ROF系统的影响。在光通信系统中,适当增加发射光功率可以提高接收信号的信噪比和增加传输距离。但由于光纤中光非线性效应的存在,一味地加大发射光功率会导致光纤非线性效应的产生和不断加剧,高PAPR是OFDM非线性的主要来源。本论文的后半部分主要研究了降低PAPR的扰码技术中选择映射SLM(Selective Mapping)技术在降低过高PAPR方面的性能：研究了结合光路建立基于扰码技术降低PAPR的光路模型,通过仿真和实验验证其在改善光OFDM-ROF系统非线性方面重要的实际意义。
There is a greater demand of broadband and flexible service with the development of multimedia technology. The radio over fiber (ROF) technology is a combination of wireless communication and optical communication. It has many advantages such as full of flexibility, wide bandwidth, low loss and so on. It has been actively investigated recently. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been considered as the core technology of 4G because it has offered higher channel efficiency, greater capability, and increased robustness against both frequency selective fading and narrow band interference. Thus, both ROF and OFDM become the hotspots of next generation communication system. In this paper, we primarily investigated the full-duplex OFDM-ROF system and researches concentrating on the high peak-to-average power ration (PAPR) of the OFDM signal have been made. And we have obtained several positive outcomes:
Firstly, a novel scheme to generate 40GHz optical millimeter-wave based on optical carrier suppression (OCS) and a full-duplex OFDM-ROF system by using one single-arm Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator were investigated and experimentally demonstrated. The experiment investigates the up-link of full-duplex OFDM-ROF system. The method of using subcarrier modulation at the central station has many advantages compared to the conventional single-carrier modulation. It could increase the robustness against fiber chromatic dispersion and because the downstream data was not modulated to the optical carrier, the interference between up-link and down-link data was reduced. Moreover, the base station made use of optical circulator and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) to reuse the optical carrier that avoided overusing of coupler and simplified the system. The 2.5-Gb/s OFDM signal of the downstream data was up-converted with the 20GHz RF sine-wave signal by an electrical mixer. The optical carrier was modulated via an intensity modulator driven by the up-converted signal. Then the generated optical millimeter-wave was transmitted to the base station in a single-mode fiber (SMF); The optical carrier was reused to carry 2.5-Gb/s OOK signal of the upstream data and delivered to the central station. The experiment results show that both 2.5-Gb/s downstream and upstream data can be transmitted over 50km SMF with the power penalty lower than 1dB and 0.5dB respectively.
Secondly, we have theoretically and experimentally investigated the impact of high PAPR of the OFDM signal on the optical OFDM-ROF system. In the optical communication system, properly increasing the transmission power can improve the signal noise ratio (SNR) of the receiver and increase the transmission distance. However, the nonlinearity of the optical fiber will appear and even greatly affect the system's performance if the transmission power is too high, The nonlinearity of fiber mainly derives from high PAPR. So the selective mapping (SLM) was introduced to reduce the impact of high PAPR on the performance of the system. We set up the optical link model based on scrambling code technology, and the simulation and experiment both testified the practical value of SLM in improving the performance of the optical OFDM-ROF system.
引文
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[2]Zhengsheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang. All-optical 16×2.5Gb/s WDM signal simultaneous up-conversion based on XPM in an NOLM in ROF systems. Photonics Technology Letters,2005,17(12):2724-2726
[3]Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang, Zhengsheng Jia. A ROF downstream link with optical mm-wave generation using optical phase modulator for providing broadband optical-wireless access service. In:Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Anaheim, California:Optical Society of America,2006, OFM3
[4]Jia Z, Yu J, Ellinas G, et al. Key enabling technologies for optical wireless networks:optical millimeter-wave generation, wavelength reuse, and architecture. Journal of Lightwave Technology,2007,25(11):3452-3471
[5]Ming-Fang Huang, Jianjun Yu, Zhengsheng Jia. Simultaneous generation of centralized lightwaves and double/single sideband optical millimeter-wave requiring only low-frequency local oscillator signals for radio-over-fiber systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology,2008,26(15):2653-2662
[6]Jianjun Yu, Zhengsheng Jia, Gee-Kung Chang. Broadband convergence of 60-GHz ROF and WDM-PON systems with a single modulator for bidirectional access networks. In:European Conference on Optical Communication. Vienna, Austria:VDE VERLAG GMBH,2009,6.5.2
[7]Zizheng Cao, Jianjun Yu, Hui Zhou et al. WDM-ROF-PON architecture for flexible wireless and wire-line layout. Optical Society of America,2010, 2(2):117-121
[8]涂涛,查开德.光波-毫米波无线通信技术.光通信技术,2000,23(1)：5-12
[9]Attygalle M, Pendock L J, Nirmalathas A et al. Transmission improvement in fiber wireless links using fiber bragg gratings. Photonics Technology Letters, 2005,17(1):190-192
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[11]佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用.北京：人民邮电出版社,2003,1-116
[12]王文博,郑侃.宽带无线通信OFDM技术.北京：人民邮电出版社,2003,1-113
[13]M.R.D. Rodrigues, J.J. O'Reilly. An analytic technique to assess the imlpact of non-linearities on the error probability of OFDM signals in ROF based wireless networks. In:IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory.Washington, DC:IEEE,2001,316
[14]巫玮佳,严开恩,王陆唐等.关于OFDM-ROF光无线传输系统中若干问题的研究.光电子技术,2005,25(2)：90-96
[15]Capmany J, Novak D. Microwave photonics combines two worlds. Review Article,2007,6(1):319-330
[16]方祖捷,叶青,刘峰等.毫米波副载波光纤通信技术的研究进展.中国激光,2006,33(4)：481-488
[17]Zhensheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang. A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system based on optical carrier suppression and reuse. Photonics Technology Letters,2006,18(16):1726-1728
[18]Zhensheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, David Boivin et al. Bidirectional ROF links using optically up-converted DPSK for downstream and remodulated OOK for upstream. Photonics Technology Letters,2007,19(9):653-655
[19]Lin Chen, Hong Wen,and Shuangchun Wen. A radio-over-fiber system with a novel sheme for millimeter-wave generation and wavelength for up-link connection. Photonics Technology Letters,2006,18(19):2056-2058
[20]Lin Chen, Yufeng Shao, Xiaoyan Lei et al. A novel radio-over-fiber system with wavelength reuse for upstream data connection. Photonics Technology Letters, 2007,19(6):387-389
[21]Jianxin Ma, Xiangjun Xin, Chongxiu Yu et al. Milimeter-wave optical subcarrier generation by using an external modulator and optical carrier suppression. In:Transparent Optical Networks. Rome:IEEE,2007,273-276
[22]Linghui Rao, Xiaoqiang Sun, Wei Li et al. OFDM-ROF system and performance analysis of signal transmission. In:Optics Valley of China International Symposium on Optoelectronic. Wuhan:IEEE,2006,67-70
[23]Jianjun Yu, Juqiang Hu, Dayou Qian et al. Transmission of microwave-photonics generated 16Gbit/s super broadband OFDM signals in radio-over-fiber system. In: The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC). San Diego,CA:IEEE,2008, OThP2
[24]Zhensheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, Dayou Qian et al. Experimental demonstration for delivering 1-Gb/s OFDM signals over 80-km SSMF in 40-GHz radio-over-fiber access systems. In:The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC). San Diego, CA:IEEE,2008, JWA108
[25]Chun-Ting Lin, Yu-Min Lin, Jason(Jyehong)Chen et al. Generation of direct-detection optical OFDM signal for radio-over-fiber link using frequency doubling scheme with carrier suppression. In:The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC). San Diego,CA:IEEE,2008,OMM5
[26]陈林,董泽,李瑛等.采用电光调制器产生光毫米波的全双工通信光纤无线通信系统,通信学报,2007,28(9)：85-90
[27]Bauml R W, Fischer F H, Huber J B. Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping. Electronics Letters,1996, 32(22):2056-2057
[28]韩艳春,杨士中.OFDM系统PAPR减小技术综述.电视技术,2006,(1)：41-43
[29]李万臣,谷志刚,施齐云.OFDM系统PAPR减小技术分析.现代电子技术,2007,30(21)：41-42,47
[30]Hideki Ochiai, Hideki Imai. Performance analysis of deliberately clipped OFDM signals. IEEE Trans on Communications,2002,50(1):89-101
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[32]Heung Gyoon Ryu, Byoung Jin, InBase Kim. PAPR reduction using soft clipping and ACI rejection in OFDM system. IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics,2000, 48(1):17-22
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[2]Zhengsheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang. All-optical 16×2.5Gb/s WDM signal simultaneous up-conversion based on XPM in an NOLM in ROF systems. Photonics Technology Letters,2005,17(12):2724-2726
[3]Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang, Zhengsheng Jia. A ROF downstream link with optical mm-wave generation using optical phase modulator for providing broadband optical-wireless access service. In:Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Anaheim, California:Optical Society of America,2006, OFM3
[4]Jia Z, Yu J, Ellinas G, et al. Key enabling technologies for optical wireless networks:optical millimeter-wave generation, wavelength reuse, and architecture. Journal of Lightwave Technology,2007,25(11):3452-3471
[5]Ming-Fang Huang, Jianjun Yu, Zhengsheng Jia. Simultaneous generation of centralized lightwaves and double/single sideband optical millimeter-wave requiring only low-frequency local oscillator signals for radio-over-fiber systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology,2008,26(15):2653-2662
[6]Jianjun Yu, Zhengsheng Jia, Gee-Kung Chang. Broadband convergence of 60-GHz ROF and WDM-PON systems with a single modulator for bidirectional access networks. In:European Conference on Optical Communication. Vienna, Austria:VDE VERLAG GMBH,2009,6.5.2
[7]Zizheng Cao, Jianjun Yu, Hui Zhou et al. WDM-ROF-PON architecture for flexible wireless and wire-line layout. Optical Society of America,2010, 2(2):117-121
[8]涂涛,查开德.光波-毫米波无线通信技术.光通信技术,2000,23(1)：5-12
[9]Attygalle M, Pendock L J, Nirmalathas A et al. Transmission improvement in fiber wireless links using fiber bragg gratings. Photonics Technology Letters, 2005,17(1):190-192
[10]汪裕民.OFDM关键技术与应用.北京：机械工业出版社,2007,58-62
[11]佟学俭,罗涛.OFDM移动通信技术原理与应用.北京：人民邮电出版社,2003,1-116
[12]王文博,郑侃.宽带无线通信OFDM技术.北京：人民邮电出版社,2003,1-113
[13]M.R.D. Rodrigues, J.J. O'Reilly. An analytic technique to assess the imlpact of non-linearities on the error probability of OFDM signals in ROF based wireless networks. In:IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory.Washington, DC:IEEE,2001,316
[14]巫玮佳,严开恩,王陆唐等.关于OFDM-ROF光无线传输系统中若干问题的研究.光电子技术,2005,25(2)：90-96
[15]Capmany J, Novak D. Microwave photonics combines two worlds. Review Article,2007,6(1):319-330
[16]方祖捷,叶青,刘峰等.毫米波副载波光纤通信技术的研究进展.中国激光,2006,33(4)：481-488
[17]Zhensheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang. A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system based on optical carrier suppression and reuse. Photonics Technology Letters,2006,18(16):1726-1728
[18]Zhensheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, David Boivin et al. Bidirectional ROF links using optically up-converted DPSK for downstream and remodulated OOK for upstream. Photonics Technology Letters,2007,19(9):653-655
[19]Lin Chen, Hong Wen,and Shuangchun Wen. A radio-over-fiber system with a novel sheme for millimeter-wave generation and wavelength for up-link connection. Photonics Technology Letters,2006,18(19):2056-2058
[20]Lin Chen, Yufeng Shao, Xiaoyan Lei et al. A novel radio-over-fiber system with wavelength reuse for upstream data connection. Photonics Technology Letters, 2007,19(6):387-389
[21]Jianxin Ma, Xiangjun Xin, Chongxiu Yu et al. Milimeter-wave optical subcarrier generation by using an external modulator and optical carrier suppression. In:Transparent Optical Networks. Rome:IEEE,2007,273-276
[22]Linghui Rao, Xiaoqiang Sun, Wei Li et al. OFDM-ROF system and performance analysis of signal transmission. In:Optics Valley of China International Symposium on Optoelectronic. Wuhan:IEEE,2006,67-70
[23]Jianjun Yu, Juqiang Hu, Dayou Qian et al. Transmission of microwave-photonics generated 16Gbit/s super broadband OFDM signals in radio-over-fiber system. In: The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC). San Diego,CA:IEEE,2008, OThP2
[24]Zhensheng Jia, Jianjun Yu, Dayou Qian et al. Experimental demonstration for delivering 1-Gb/s OFDM signals over 80-km SSMF in 40-GHz radio-over-fiber access systems. In:The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC). San Diego, CA:IEEE,2008, JWA108
[25]Chun-Ting Lin, Yu-Min Lin, Jason(Jyehong)Chen et al. Generation of direct-detection optical OFDM signal for radio-over-fiber link using frequency doubling scheme with carrier suppression. In:The Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC) and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference (NFOEC). San Diego,CA:IEEE,2008,OMM5
[26]陈林,董泽,李瑛等.采用电光调制器产生光毫米波的全双工通信光纤无线通信系统,通信学报,2007,28(9)：85-90
[27]Bauml R W, Fischer F H, Huber J B. Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping. Electronics Letters,1996, 32(22):2056-2057
[28]韩艳春,杨士中.OFDM系统PAPR减小技术综述.电视技术,2006,(1)：41-43
[29]李万臣,谷志刚,施齐云.OFDM系统PAPR减小技术分析.现代电子技术,2007,30(21)：41-42,47
[30]Hideki Ochiai, Hideki Imai. Performance analysis of deliberately clipped OFDM signals. IEEE Trans on Communications,2002,50(1):89-101
[31]Wulich D. Goldfeld L. Reduction of peak factor in orthogonal multicarrier modulation by amplitude limiting and coding. IEEE Trans on Communication, 1999,47(1):18-21
[32]Heung Gyoon Ryu, Byoung Jin, InBase Kim. PAPR reduction using soft clipping and ACI rejection in OFDM system. IEEE Trans on Consumer Electronics,2000, 48(1):17-22
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