极化聚合物电光开关的基础研究
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摘要
本论文对极化聚合物高速电光开关的研制在理论和实验上进行了研究。高速电光开关在新一代的全光网络,新兴的ROF技术以及在军事国防上都有着重大的应用前景。极化聚合物电光开关更因为聚合物光子材料高度的可剪裁性,优良的可加工性和优异的衬底兼容性以及近年来在光损耗、热稳定性等关键特性方面的突破性进展,使高速聚合物电光开关成为极具发展的实现低成本、高性能光子器件。基于自主研发的性能稳定的电光材料,从分子和材料结构、合成工艺与电光材料性能的关系入手,分别研究了掺杂型的分散红1/含氟聚酰亚胺、溶胶—凝胶法合成的有机/无机杂化复合型这两种电光材料。其中有机/无机杂化材料,成膜良好,RMS仅为2.108nm,电光系数在1310nm可达50pm/V且稳定性良好,基于它的优良特性我们设计了一种加载条形波导结构,波导波导的宽度和高度分别为4μm和3μm,分支波导的间距为30μm,调制区长度为1.5cm依据优化的设计参数成功制备了极化聚合物电光开关,经测试消光比可达8dB,为基于有机聚合物光波导技术在高速电光器件领域的应用进行了基础的探索。
Fiber network has become a fundamental system on information processing in many countries. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique is considered as a promising solution to meet the demand of tremendous information transmission in the current telecommunications network because it expands the network’s capacity and also offers flexibility for the construction of novel network architectures. The devises such as electro-optic (EO) modulators and switches are of great technique for wide band optical communication systems and wireless information networks. The frequency conversion, modulation, switch, deflection are basis devices in optical information processing, which put into effect depending on the optical signal (intensity, phase, polarization, etc.) of nonlinear optical materials along with the change of applied electric, sound, magnetic and optical field. In recent years, compared with LiNbO3 crystal, polymers and hybrid materials have many intrinsic advantages, such as their low dispersion in the index of refraction between infrared and millimeter-wave frequencies, fast electronic response and high EO coefficient. These merits make a firm fundamental for the research and development of high speed EO devices.
The thesis is supported by the 973 project. The history and the latest developments in EO switches have been introduced briefly. The necessity of the research on the work is explained. Some poled polymers have been investigated and the strip-loading waveguide structure is also introduced. Finally the switch devices are fabricated and the EO response is obtained. The main results are concluded as follows:
1. The fundamental research on the new pattern of optical waveguide materials.
Monomers of F-PI are synthesized. Polyamides have good thermo oxidative stability, outstanding mechanical properties, fire resistance and so on. We successfully synthesize five materials based on monomer of TFDAS and hope them can keep the advantage of the famous polyimide, such as adhesion to the substrate and hygroscopic. The experiments prove the polymers exhibit excellent thermal stabilities, low optical loss and birefringence, have good solubility in many solvents, suitable for the fabrication of waveguide.
2. The research on new EO materials: DR1/F-PI.
DR1 and F-PI have a good solution in DMF, we successfully gain the EO coefficient of the DR1/F-PI after corona poling. To compare the doped EO materials, the DR1/F-PI can have a better stability on EO coefficient due to the valence bond effect between the DR1 and F-PI. Considering the characteristic of the EO materials and the design of device, a reverse rib waveguide structure is used. And the output near-field profile from 2-cm-length waveguide is obtained.
3. The hybrid DR1/SiO2 film utilizing sol-gel technique has been prepared.
The reaction process of sol-gel system has been discussed theoretically. The optimal preparation for the DR1/SiO2 film was given. The DR1 chromophores are firmed in the networks of the TiO2-SiO2. The best concentration of solution and the heating treatment condition has been obtained by experiments. The large EO coefficient and good stability (1000h at room temperature only 5% relax) are obtained.
4. A strip-loading waveguide structure is proposed. The waveguide using organic/inorganic film was also fabricated successfully.
The hybrid materials have a small dielectric constant because of the doped host material and the good thermal stability due to rigid and stable inorganic network. But the depth and mismatch between the EO film and polymer can not be ignored. This strip-loading structure eliminates the damage to the EO material by the dry etching process and also avoids the cracks for EO material caused by the mismatch of the thermal expansion constant. Furthermore, the induced guiding core reduces the coupling loss with optical fiber due to its thickness. The modulated efficiency can be also enhanced. The design of the device is optimized by the solution of these problems. We have successfully fabricated the EO switch. And the measurement of the CPW electro-optic switch proves the possibility of this fabrication. The performance parameters of the EO switch are also measured and discussed.
5. The enhancing performance of the EO materials doped with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
The PVA is of great adhesion and flexibility. The doped PVA have effects on the electro-optic performance. And we obtain a good uniformity and the raised thickness of EO film by the experiment. Considering the excellent thermal stabilities of the hybrid film and the simple processes for the device fabrication, this type of device has great potential for electro-optic devices applications.
The researches above are totally innovative. The exploratory work established fundamental for the fabrication of high quality poled polymer electro-optic switches.
Fiber network has become a fundamental system on information processing in many countries. Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technique is considered as a promising solution to meet the demand of tremendous information transmission in the current telecommunications network because it expands the network’s capacity and also offers flexibility for the construction of novel network architectures. The devises such as electro-optic (EO) modulators and switches are of great technique for wide band optical communication systems and wireless information networks. The frequency conversion, modulation, switch, deflection are basis devices in optical information processing, which put into effect depending on the optical signal (intensity, phase, polarization, etc.) of nonlinear optical materials along with the change of applied electric, sound, magnetic and optical field. In recent years, compared with LiNbO3 crystal, polymers and hybrid materials have many intrinsic advantages, such as their low dispersion in the index of refraction between infrared and millimeter-wave frequencies, fast electronic response and high EO coefficient. These merits make a firm fundamental for the research and development of high speed EO devices.
The thesis is supported by the 973 project. The history and the latest developments in EO switches have been introduced briefly. The necessity of the research on the work is explained. Some poled polymers have been investigated and the strip-loading waveguide structure is also introduced. Finally the switch devices are fabricated and the EO response is obtained. The main results are concluded as follows:
1. The fundamental research on the new pattern of optical waveguide materials.
Monomers of F-PI are synthesized. Polyamides have good thermo oxidative stability, outstanding mechanical properties, fire resistance and so on. We successfully synthesize five materials based on monomer of TFDAS and hope them can keep the advantage of the famous polyimide, such as adhesion to the substrate and hygroscopic. The experiments prove the polymers exhibit excellent thermal stabilities, low optical loss and birefringence, have good solubility in many solvents, suitable for the fabrication of waveguide.
2. The research on new EO materials: DR1/F-PI.
DR1 and F-PI have a good solution in DMF, we successfully gain the EO coefficient of the DR1/F-PI after corona poling. To compare the doped EO materials, the DR1/F-PI can have a better stability on EO coefficient due to the valence bond effect between the DR1 and F-PI. Considering the characteristic of the EO materials and the design of device, a reverse rib waveguide structure is used. And the output near-field profile from 2-cm-length waveguide is obtained.
3. The hybrid DR1/SiO2 film utilizing sol-gel technique has been prepared.
The reaction process of sol-gel system has been discussed theoretically. The optimal preparation for the DR1/SiO2 film was given. The DR1 chromophores are firmed in the networks of the TiO2-SiO2. The best concentration of solution and the heating treatment condition has been obtained by experiments. The large EO coefficient and good stability (1000h at room temperature only 5% relax) are obtained.
4. A strip-loading waveguide structure is proposed. The waveguide using organic/inorganic film was also fabricated successfully.
The hybrid materials have a small dielectric constant because of the doped host material and the good thermal stability due to rigid and stable inorganic network. But the depth and mismatch between the EO film and polymer can not be ignored. This strip-loading structure eliminates the damage to the EO material by the dry etching process and also avoids the cracks for EO material caused by the mismatch of the thermal expansion constant. Furthermore, the induced guiding core reduces the coupling loss with optical fiber due to its thickness. The modulated efficiency can be also enhanced. The design of the device is optimized by the solution of these problems. We have successfully fabricated the EO switch. And the measurement of the CPW electro-optic switch proves the possibility of this fabrication. The performance parameters of the EO switch are also measured and discussed.
5. The enhancing performance of the EO materials doped with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
The PVA is of great adhesion and flexibility. The doped PVA have effects on the electro-optic performance. And we obtain a good uniformity and the raised thickness of EO film by the experiment. Considering the excellent thermal stabilities of the hybrid film and the simple processes for the device fabrication, this type of device has great potential for electro-optic devices applications.
The researches above are totally innovative. The exploratory work established fundamental for the fabrication of high quality poled polymer electro-optic switches.
引文
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