后殖民视域下辜鸿铭的儒经英译
|
摘要
清朝末期,中国陷入了半殖民地半封建社会的深渊,社会形势内忧外患。中国文化身份在被忽视和被扭曲中濒临世界文化的边缘。爱国知识分子为拯救中国,争相引进西方先进的思想文化和科学技术,虽然带来一些积极影响却也进一步地扩大了文化交流赤字,中国文化身份仍处于被书写的状态中。此时,学贯中西的学者辜鸿铭却“反其道而行之”,大量著文写书推介中国传统文化,特别是儒家文化。除此之外,他先后将《论语》、《中庸》、《大学》翻译成英文出版,得到了许多学者,特别是西方读者的赞誉。然而,国内却鲜有笔墨探讨辜鸿铭译书行为,而大侃其奇闻异事、“怪癖”之举；或批评其译文不符合传统的翻译理论中“忠实”标准,对其重视程度和研究深度远小于其他译者。
后殖民翻译理论为辜鸿铭的儒经翻译提供了新的理论依据和视角。后殖民翻译理论指导下,辜鸿铭的翻译行为在当时特定的社会文化背景下有其合理性和必要性。后殖民翻译关注译本生成外部制约条件(权利关系、文化差异、政治因素等)以及译本生成后对目标文化的影响。本文以后殖民翻译理论为基础,梳理了辜鸿铭翻译儒经的前因后果及其采用的翻译策略,拟在探讨辜鸿铭的儒经英译在中国文化身份的建构中所起的独特作用,并为后殖民翻译理论研究和中国典籍英译带来一些新的启示。
文章首先分析了辜鸿铭英译儒经的主客观原因：辜鸿铭看到了西方对中国文化身份的扭曲,意识到中国传统文化正处于存亡之秋；在政府和朋友的影响下以及爱国热情的驱动下,选择将中国文化精髓之儒家思想传播到西方,用以矫正扭曲的中国形象,进一步达到教育西方人民的目的。在翻译策略方面,他并未逐字逐词进行对照翻译,而是选择了归化以适应西方读者。在辜鸿铭的《论语》英译中,儒家重要概念的翻译灵活统一,专有名词简单达意；句子形散而神在；篇章思路连贯、逻辑严密。此外,辜鸿铭还用西方耳熟能详的箴言和思想阐释中国儒家教义；根据自己的理解诠释和改儒家思想中难以理解的部分。因为只有用真正地道的语言和西方先贤的话语才能让强势的西人耐下性子倾听中国话语,才能让中国文化身份被知道和被理解。虽然辜鸿铭的儒经翻译并未从根本上改变中国被侵略的面貌,没有使中国文化身份彻底走出灰暗的阴影,但它打破了传教士、汉学家垄断制造中国形象的局面。从国内外学者的反馈来看,它也从一定程度上为中国的文明树立了正面的形象,是一次矫正和构建中国文化身份的积极尝试。
辜鸿铭儒经英译同样也为后殖民翻译理论带来了新的研究话题和启示。辜鸿铭选择归化的翻译策略,使译本顺利进入目标文化系统,论证了抵抗性、排他性并非后殖民翻译的唯一特性,适当的归化同样也是构建文化身份的重要途径。这同时也避免了不同文化的激烈碰撞和强弱文化的不平衡灌输,使得中西文化在翻译中达到了杂合。此外,在中国文化国际影响力不断提升背景下,辜鸿铭儒经英译也指导当代译者正确处理的经典翻译：要以正确理解典籍、把握其中精髓为基础；要以准确传达精义、避免误解和误读为准绳；要以语言通达、容易被译入语文化读者所接受为目的。而这些都需要译者有长期深厚的专业积累和非功利性的情感投入,而非批量生产和粗制滥造。
As a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, China was disturbed by both domestic troubles and foreign invasions in the late Qing Dynasty. Chinese culture identity was quite close to be marginalized at that time of national depression. Patriots desperately wanted to bring in the western technologies to help China pull through the difficulty, but still have the negative consequence as have increased the cultural deficit between China and the west. Chinese cultural identity stayed in the trap of "being written" by the west. Ku Hungming, different from the majority of scholars at that time, wanted to introduce the traditional Chinese culture, especially the Confucian culture, to the west. His translation works such as The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius, The Universal Order or Conduct of Life and Higher Education won many praises from western readers, while domestic scholars paid little attention to them. Ku Hungming and his translations were far less talked about with comparison to other native authors like Yan Fu, Lin Shu or Lin Yutang, as a result of which, his contributions and the value of his works are still much hidden.
The postcolonial translation theory would take a new angle to study Ku Hungming and his translation. This cutting-edge theory would give reasonable explanations to Ku's translation concerning the special social background of his time. Postcolonial translation theory mainly concerns the translation's external conditions (politics, power, and ideology), based on which, the dissertation would analyzed the cause and effect of Ku's translation as well as the strategy he had used. It is hoped to discover the unique functions that Ku's translation of Confucian Classics have to the construction of Chinese cultural identity, and find its implications to the study of postcolonial translation and the contemporary translation of Chinese Classics.
After the literature review of Chapter two, the dissertation first analyzes the objective and subjective reasons for Ku's translation activity:Ku personally saw the distortion of China's identity and the declining of traditional Chinese culture. Besides, the government, his friends and his patriotic enthusiasm all drive him to transmit the Chinese culture to the west by using the strategy of domestication on the lexical, sentence and text levels. He also quoted famous western sayings to explain the Confucian doctrines, which made the proud westerners be patient enough to read the translations by looking at the discourses of their own predecessors. Only in this way, the Chinese identity can be seen and truly further understood. All though Ku's translation is not enough to pull China out of all invasions, it is still a good try to re-construct the Chinese image.
Ku Hungming's translation also has brought some implications to the study of postcolonial translation. By using the strategy of domestication, Ku successfully introduced the Confucian text into the target culture. It proves that "resistance" or "foreignalization" are not the only ways to keep the characteristics of "other" culture. Last but not least, Ku gives us a good example of translating Chinese classics to quenching the thirst of a growing number of foreign readers who are keen on getting to know traditional Chinese culture. Accurate understanding and comprehensive comprehending of the source text, expressive languages but less obscure and trivial expressions are suggested in order to avoid misunderstanding and be easier accepted in the target culture. To accomplish this, translators should have long-term accumulation of professional skills for the translation work.
后殖民翻译理论为辜鸿铭的儒经翻译提供了新的理论依据和视角。后殖民翻译理论指导下,辜鸿铭的翻译行为在当时特定的社会文化背景下有其合理性和必要性。后殖民翻译关注译本生成外部制约条件(权利关系、文化差异、政治因素等)以及译本生成后对目标文化的影响。本文以后殖民翻译理论为基础,梳理了辜鸿铭翻译儒经的前因后果及其采用的翻译策略,拟在探讨辜鸿铭的儒经英译在中国文化身份的建构中所起的独特作用,并为后殖民翻译理论研究和中国典籍英译带来一些新的启示。
文章首先分析了辜鸿铭英译儒经的主客观原因：辜鸿铭看到了西方对中国文化身份的扭曲,意识到中国传统文化正处于存亡之秋；在政府和朋友的影响下以及爱国热情的驱动下,选择将中国文化精髓之儒家思想传播到西方,用以矫正扭曲的中国形象,进一步达到教育西方人民的目的。在翻译策略方面,他并未逐字逐词进行对照翻译,而是选择了归化以适应西方读者。在辜鸿铭的《论语》英译中,儒家重要概念的翻译灵活统一,专有名词简单达意；句子形散而神在；篇章思路连贯、逻辑严密。此外,辜鸿铭还用西方耳熟能详的箴言和思想阐释中国儒家教义；根据自己的理解诠释和改儒家思想中难以理解的部分。因为只有用真正地道的语言和西方先贤的话语才能让强势的西人耐下性子倾听中国话语,才能让中国文化身份被知道和被理解。虽然辜鸿铭的儒经翻译并未从根本上改变中国被侵略的面貌,没有使中国文化身份彻底走出灰暗的阴影,但它打破了传教士、汉学家垄断制造中国形象的局面。从国内外学者的反馈来看,它也从一定程度上为中国的文明树立了正面的形象,是一次矫正和构建中国文化身份的积极尝试。
辜鸿铭儒经英译同样也为后殖民翻译理论带来了新的研究话题和启示。辜鸿铭选择归化的翻译策略,使译本顺利进入目标文化系统,论证了抵抗性、排他性并非后殖民翻译的唯一特性,适当的归化同样也是构建文化身份的重要途径。这同时也避免了不同文化的激烈碰撞和强弱文化的不平衡灌输,使得中西文化在翻译中达到了杂合。此外,在中国文化国际影响力不断提升背景下,辜鸿铭儒经英译也指导当代译者正确处理的经典翻译：要以正确理解典籍、把握其中精髓为基础；要以准确传达精义、避免误解和误读为准绳；要以语言通达、容易被译入语文化读者所接受为目的。而这些都需要译者有长期深厚的专业积累和非功利性的情感投入,而非批量生产和粗制滥造。
As a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, China was disturbed by both domestic troubles and foreign invasions in the late Qing Dynasty. Chinese culture identity was quite close to be marginalized at that time of national depression. Patriots desperately wanted to bring in the western technologies to help China pull through the difficulty, but still have the negative consequence as have increased the cultural deficit between China and the west. Chinese cultural identity stayed in the trap of "being written" by the west. Ku Hungming, different from the majority of scholars at that time, wanted to introduce the traditional Chinese culture, especially the Confucian culture, to the west. His translation works such as The Discourses and Sayings of Confucius, The Universal Order or Conduct of Life and Higher Education won many praises from western readers, while domestic scholars paid little attention to them. Ku Hungming and his translations were far less talked about with comparison to other native authors like Yan Fu, Lin Shu or Lin Yutang, as a result of which, his contributions and the value of his works are still much hidden.
The postcolonial translation theory would take a new angle to study Ku Hungming and his translation. This cutting-edge theory would give reasonable explanations to Ku's translation concerning the special social background of his time. Postcolonial translation theory mainly concerns the translation's external conditions (politics, power, and ideology), based on which, the dissertation would analyzed the cause and effect of Ku's translation as well as the strategy he had used. It is hoped to discover the unique functions that Ku's translation of Confucian Classics have to the construction of Chinese cultural identity, and find its implications to the study of postcolonial translation and the contemporary translation of Chinese Classics.
After the literature review of Chapter two, the dissertation first analyzes the objective and subjective reasons for Ku's translation activity:Ku personally saw the distortion of China's identity and the declining of traditional Chinese culture. Besides, the government, his friends and his patriotic enthusiasm all drive him to transmit the Chinese culture to the west by using the strategy of domestication on the lexical, sentence and text levels. He also quoted famous western sayings to explain the Confucian doctrines, which made the proud westerners be patient enough to read the translations by looking at the discourses of their own predecessors. Only in this way, the Chinese identity can be seen and truly further understood. All though Ku's translation is not enough to pull China out of all invasions, it is still a good try to re-construct the Chinese image.
Ku Hungming's translation also has brought some implications to the study of postcolonial translation. By using the strategy of domestication, Ku successfully introduced the Confucian text into the target culture. It proves that "resistance" or "foreignalization" are not the only ways to keep the characteristics of "other" culture. Last but not least, Ku gives us a good example of translating Chinese classics to quenching the thirst of a growing number of foreign readers who are keen on getting to know traditional Chinese culture. Accurate understanding and comprehensive comprehending of the source text, expressive languages but less obscure and trivial expressions are suggested in order to avoid misunderstanding and be easier accepted in the target culture. To accomplish this, translators should have long-term accumulation of professional skills for the translation work.
引文
Alitto, Guy Salvatore艾凯.1997.辜鸿铭：中国最彻底的现代化批评者.Song Binhui ed.宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Alitto, Guy Salvatore艾恺.1991.《世界范围内的反现代化思潮：论文化守成主义》(Anti-Modernization Thought Trends in a World-Wide Perspective:On Cultural Conservatism). Gui Zhou:Gui Zhou People's Press贵州人民出版社.
Alvarez, Roman & Vidal, M. Carmen-Arica.2007. Translation, Power, Subversion. Beijing:Foreign Language Translating and Researching Press.
Bao, Huinan包惠南.2001.《文化语境与语言翻译》(Cultural Context and Language Translation). Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation中国对外翻译出版公司.
Bassnett, Susan & Trivedi, Harish.1999. Post-Colonial Translation:Theory and Practice. London:Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi K.1994. The Location of Culture. London and New York:Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi K. In Ashcroft et al(ed).1995. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. New York:Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi K. Jonathan Rutherford(ed).1990. "The Third Space. Inverview with Homi Bhabha". Identity, Community, Culture, Difference,207-21. London: Lawrence and Winhart.
Brands勃兰兑斯.1997.辜鸿铭论.Song Binhui(ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Cai, Xinle蔡新乐.2002.后殖民状况下还有翻译吗?(Does translation still exist under the context of post-colonialism?).《中国比较文学》(Comparative Literature in China),4:43-57.
Campos, H.1992. Translation as Creation and. Criticism. Sao Paulo:perspective.
Chen, Houcheng陈厚诚.1999.后殖民主义理论在中国的传播(The Spreading of Postcolonial Theory in China).《社会科学研究》(Social Science Research), 6:125-131.
Chen, Yajun陈亚君.2008.辜鸿铭《论语》英译本中的视界融合(Fusion of Horizons in Gu Hongming's English Translation of The Analects of Confucius).《江汉大学学报(人文科学版)》(Journal of Jianghan University (Humanities Sciences),3:108-112.
Chen, Yongguo陈永国.2005.《翻译与后现代性》(Translation and Postmodernity). Beijing:China Renmin University Press中国人民大学出版社.
Dai, Weidong & He, Zhaoxiong戴炜栋,何兆熊.2002.《新编简明英语语言学教程》(A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press上海外语教育出版社.
Fei, Xiaoping费小平.2005.《翻译的政治》(Politics of Translation). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press中国社会科学出版社.
Ge, Xiaoqin葛校琴.2002.当前归化/异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈(Domestication /Foreignization in the Postcolonial Context).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),5:32-35.
Gilbert, Bart Moore et al (ed). Yang, Naiqiao杨乃乔tr.2001.《后殖民批评》(Postcolonial Criticism). Beijing:Peking University Press北京大学出版社.
Gramsci, Antonio.1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Geneva:International Publishers.
Han, Ziman韩子满.2005.《文学翻译杂合研究》(A Study of Hybridity in Literary Translation). Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House上海译文出版社.
He, Xianbin贺显斌.2005. 《论权力关系对翻译的操控》(Translation As Manipulated By Power Relations). Xiamen:Xiamen University Press厦门大学出版社.
Hong, Zhigang洪治纲.2008.《辜鸿铭经典文存》(Ku Hungming's Classic Literature). Shanghai:Shang University Press上海大学出版社.
Hu, Dexiang胡德香.2005.后殖民理论对我国翻译研究的启示(How Do Postcolonial Theories Inspire Translation Studies in China?).《外国语》(Journal of Foreign Languages),5:56-61.
Hu, Zhuanglin胡壮麟.1994.《语篇的衔接与连贯》(Discourse cohesion and coherence. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press上海外语教育出版社.
Huang, Guowen黄国文.1988.《语篇分析概要》(Discourse Analysis). Changsha: Hunan Education Press湖南教育出版社.
Huang, Xingtao黄兴涛.1995.《文化怪杰辜鸿铭》(Ku Hungming:The cultural wizard). Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company中华书局.
Huang, Xingtao黄兴涛.1997.“辜鸿铭现象”的历史阐释.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Jiang, Xiaohua蒋骁华.2003.巴西的翻译：“吃人”翻译理论与实践及其文化内涵(Campos'"Cannibalism":Translation Theory and Practice in Brazil).《外国语》(Journal of Foreign Languages),1:63-67.
Jiang, Xiaohua蒋骁华.2009.东方学对翻译的影响(The influence of orientalism to translation).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),2:11-18.
Jones, Andrew.1994. Chinese Literature in the "World" Literary Economy, Modern Chinese Literature, (8):171-190.
Kong, Qingmao孔庆茂.1997.《辜鸿铭评传》(A biography of Gu Hongming). Nanchang:Baihuazhou Literature and Art Publishing House百花洲文艺出版.
Ku, Hungming.1906. Preface[A].The Universal Order, or Conduct of Life. Shanghai: The Shanghai Mereury, Ltd.
Ku, Hungming.1998.《中国人的精神》(The Spirit of Chinese People). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press外语教学与研究出版社.
Ku, Hungming. Huang, Xingtao tr. (ed).黄兴涛.1996.《辜鸿铭文集》(Corpus of Ku Hungming's Literature) vol.1. Hainan:Hainan Publishing House海南出版社.
Ku, Hungming. Huang, Xingtao tr. (ed).黄兴涛.1996.《辜鸿铭文集》(Corpus of Ku Hungming's Literature) vol.2. Hainan:Hainan Publishing House海南出版社.
Lefevere, Andre.1992. Translation/History/Culture:A Source Book. London: Routledge.
Li, Hongman李红满.2003.翻译研究的后殖民视角(Translation Studies from a Postcolonial Perspective)《四川外语学院学报》(Journal of Sichuan International Studies University),1:105-109.
Li, Hongyu李红玉.2009.斯皮瓦克翻译思想探究(Analysis of Spivak's Translation Ideas).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal).2:12-16.
Lin, Yutang林语堂.1997.辜鸿铭集译《论语》译英文序.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming).Shanghai：Academia Press学林出版社.
Liu, Lin柳林.2007.后殖民翻译研究的中国话语(Postcolonial Translation Studies in China).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),3:26-29.
Liu, Lydia刘禾.Song, Weijie宋伟杰et al tr.2002.《跨语际实践——文学、民族文学与被译介的现代性》(Translingual Practice:Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity). Beijing:Sdxjoint Publishing Compony三联书店.
Luo, Zhenyu罗振玉.1997.外务部左丞辜君传.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Ma, Boyuan马伯援.1997.记辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Ma, Zuyi.2004.《中国翻译简史》(A Brief History of Chinese Translation).4th ed. Beijing:China Translation and Publishing Company中国对外翻译出版社.
Munday, Jeremy.2001. Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and Applications. Routledge:London and New York.
Niranjana, Tejaswini.1992. Siting Translation:History Post-structuralism, and the Colonial Context. Berkeley& Los Angeles:University of California Press.
Pan, Tiancui潘天翠.2008.中国翻译人才的现状与培养(On fostering of translators in China).《国际人才交流》(International Talent),10:6-8.
Qiu, Hemin裘禾敏.2008.论后殖民语境下的译者主体性：强势文化与弱势文化(Translator's Subjectivity in the Context of Post-colonialism:Strong Culture vs. Weak Culture).《浙江社会科学》(Zhejiang Social Sciences),3:86-128.
Robinson, Douglas.1997.Translation and Empire:Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester:St Jerome.
Said, Edward爱德华·萨义德.Wang, Yugeng王宇根tr. 2007.《东方学》(Orientalism). Beijing:Sdxjoint Publishing Compony三联书店.
Said, Edward.1993. Culture and Imperialism. London:Routledge.
Shimizu, Yasuzo清水安三.1997.辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Simon, Sherry & Paul, St-Pierre.2007. Changing the Terms:Translating in the Postcolonial Era. Beijing:Foreign Language Translating and Researching Press.
Simon, Sherry.1996. Gender in Translation:Cultural Identity and the Politics of Translation. London and New York:Routledge.
Somerset, Maugham毛姆.1997.辜鸿铭访问记.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai: Academia Press学林出版社.
Spivak, Gayatri C.1988.Can the subaltern speak?, in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture:271-313. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Sun, Huijun孙会军.2005.《普遍与差异——后殖民批评视阈下的翻译研究》(Universality vs. Difference:A Post-colonial Approach to Translation Studies). Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House上海译文出版社.
Tymoczko, Maria.2004. 《后殖民语境中的翻译：爱尔兰早期文学英译》(Translation in a Postcolonial Context:Early Irish Literature in English Translation). Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press上海外语 教育出版社.
Tytler, Alexander Fraser (1790) Essay on the Principles of Translation; reprinted in 1970, New York:Garland; also see excerpts in Douglas Robinson (1997) Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche, Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing; reprinted in 2006, Beijing:The Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,209-212.
Venuti, Lawrence.1995. The Translator's Invisibility. London and New York: Routledge.
Vieira, E.1999. Liberating Calibans:Readings of Antropofagia and Haroldo de Campo'poetics of transcreation, in S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi (eds) Post-Colonial Translation:Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge,95-113.
Wang, Chengsheng王成圣.1988.突梯滑稽辜鸿铭The Funnyman:Ku Hungming. Wu Guoqing(ed).伍国庆《文坛怪杰辜鸿铭》(The Talent in Literature:Ku Hungming). Changsha:Yuelu Publishing House岳麓书社.
Wang, Dongfeng王东风.2002.归化与异化：矛与盾的交锋?(About Domestieation and Foreignization).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal), 5:24-26.
Wang, Dongfeng王东风.2003.翻译研究的后殖民视角(Postcolonial Perspective of Translation Studies).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),4:3-8.
Wang, Hui王辉.2007.后殖民视域下的辜鸿铭《中庸》译本(A Postcolonial Perspective on Ku Hung-Ming s Translation of Zhongyong).《解放军外国语学院学报》(Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages),1:62-68.
Wang, Li王力.2009.《国文常识讲话》(General knowledge of Chinese Literature). Beijing:Beijing University Press北京大学出版社.
Wang, Ning王宁.2002.叙述、文化定位和身份认同——霍米·巴巴的后殖民批评理论(Homi F. Bhabha and His Post-Colonial Critical Theory).《外国文学》(Foreign Literature),6:48-55.
Wang, Ning王宁.2005.翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向(The Cultural Construction of Translation and the Translation Turn in Cultural Studies).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),6:5-9.
Wang, Yan王炎.2004.重新认识萨义德和他的《东方学》(A Reconsideration of E.W.Said and His Orientalism).《外国文学》(Foreign Literature),3:32-36.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.1997.文化边缘话语与文学边缘批评(Cultural Discourse and Literature Critique).《文学自由谈》(Free Forum of Literature), 2:50-54.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.1999.《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》(Literary Theory of Postcolonialism & New Historicism). Jinan:Shandong Education Press山东教育出版社.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.2001.后殖民主义与文化批评话语(Post-Colonialism And Cultural Critical Discourse).《求索》(Seeker),6:105-109.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.2007.儒家经典重释的当代意义(The Present Meaning of Reinterpretation on Confucianism Works).《西南民族大学学报》(Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities),10:60-76.
Weedon, Chris.1987. Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory. Oxford:B. Blackwell.
Wu, Wen'an吴文安.2008.《后殖民翻译研究——翻译和权利研究》(Postcolonial Translation Studies:Translation And Power Relations). Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press外语教学与研究出版社.
Xu, Baoqiang et al (ed).许宝强.2001.《语言与翻译的政治》(Language and Politics of Translation). Beijing:Central Compilation & Translation Press中央编译出版社.
Young, Robert J.C.1995.Colonial Desire:Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London and New York:Routledge.
Yuan, Zhenying袁振英.1997.辜鸿铭先生的思想.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai: Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhang, Boran et al张柏然等.2004.后殖民之后：翻译研究再思——后殖民主义 理论对翻译研究的启示(Rethinking upon Translation Studies Enlightened by Postcolonial Theory).《翻译学研究》(Translation Studies),1:111-117.
Zhang, Jingyuan (ed)张京媛.1999. 《后殖民理论与文化批评》(Postcolonial Theory and Cultural Critique). Beijing:Beijing University Press北京大学出版社.
Zhang, Libo张立波.2004.后殖民理论视域中的东方民族文化身份(Oriental Identity on the Horizon of Post-Colonial Theory).《广东社会科学》(Social Sciences in Guangdong),5:68-72.
Zhang, Nanfeng张南峰.2000.特性与共性——论中国翻译学与翻译学的关系(Chinese Translatology and its Specific Characteristics).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),2:2-7.
Zhang, Xiaobo & Zhang, Yingxian张小波,张映先.2006.从古籍英译分析意识形态对翻译的影响(Influence of Ideology on Foreignizing Method of Translation: The Doctrine of the. Mean and The Analects).《中国科技翻译》(Chinese Science & Technology Translators Journal),1:39-42.
Zhang, Zhongxing张中行.1997.辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhao, Wenjun兆文钧.1997.辜鸿铭传奇.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhen, Ying震瀛.1997.记辜鸿铭先生.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhou, Junliang周君亮.1997.追忆怪才辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhu, An'bo朱安博.2005.翻译研究中的新历史主义话语(Power/Discourse, New Historicism, and Translation Studies).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),2:10-13.
Zhu, Chaowei祝朝伟.2005.后殖民主义理论对翻译研究的启示(Contributions of Postcolonial Theories to Translation Studies in China).《四川外语学院学报》(Journal of Sichuan International Studies University),3:89-115.
Zhu, Weizheng朱维铮.1997.辜鸿铭生平及其他非考证.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai: Academia Press学林出版社.
Alitto, Guy Salvatore艾恺.1991.《世界范围内的反现代化思潮：论文化守成主义》(Anti-Modernization Thought Trends in a World-Wide Perspective:On Cultural Conservatism). Gui Zhou:Gui Zhou People's Press贵州人民出版社.
Alvarez, Roman & Vidal, M. Carmen-Arica.2007. Translation, Power, Subversion. Beijing:Foreign Language Translating and Researching Press.
Bao, Huinan包惠南.2001.《文化语境与语言翻译》(Cultural Context and Language Translation). Beijing:China Translation & Publishing Corporation中国对外翻译出版公司.
Bassnett, Susan & Trivedi, Harish.1999. Post-Colonial Translation:Theory and Practice. London:Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi K.1994. The Location of Culture. London and New York:Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi K. In Ashcroft et al(ed).1995. The Post-colonial Studies Reader. New York:Routledge.
Bhabha, Homi K. Jonathan Rutherford(ed).1990. "The Third Space. Inverview with Homi Bhabha". Identity, Community, Culture, Difference,207-21. London: Lawrence and Winhart.
Brands勃兰兑斯.1997.辜鸿铭论.Song Binhui(ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Cai, Xinle蔡新乐.2002.后殖民状况下还有翻译吗?(Does translation still exist under the context of post-colonialism?).《中国比较文学》(Comparative Literature in China),4:43-57.
Campos, H.1992. Translation as Creation and. Criticism. Sao Paulo:perspective.
Chen, Houcheng陈厚诚.1999.后殖民主义理论在中国的传播(The Spreading of Postcolonial Theory in China).《社会科学研究》(Social Science Research), 6:125-131.
Chen, Yajun陈亚君.2008.辜鸿铭《论语》英译本中的视界融合(Fusion of Horizons in Gu Hongming's English Translation of The Analects of Confucius).《江汉大学学报(人文科学版)》(Journal of Jianghan University (Humanities Sciences),3:108-112.
Chen, Yongguo陈永国.2005.《翻译与后现代性》(Translation and Postmodernity). Beijing:China Renmin University Press中国人民大学出版社.
Dai, Weidong & He, Zhaoxiong戴炜栋,何兆熊.2002.《新编简明英语语言学教程》(A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press上海外语教育出版社.
Fei, Xiaoping费小平.2005.《翻译的政治》(Politics of Translation). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press中国社会科学出版社.
Ge, Xiaoqin葛校琴.2002.当前归化/异化策略讨论的后殖民视阈(Domestication /Foreignization in the Postcolonial Context).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),5:32-35.
Gilbert, Bart Moore et al (ed). Yang, Naiqiao杨乃乔tr.2001.《后殖民批评》(Postcolonial Criticism). Beijing:Peking University Press北京大学出版社.
Gramsci, Antonio.1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Geneva:International Publishers.
Han, Ziman韩子满.2005.《文学翻译杂合研究》(A Study of Hybridity in Literary Translation). Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House上海译文出版社.
He, Xianbin贺显斌.2005. 《论权力关系对翻译的操控》(Translation As Manipulated By Power Relations). Xiamen:Xiamen University Press厦门大学出版社.
Hong, Zhigang洪治纲.2008.《辜鸿铭经典文存》(Ku Hungming's Classic Literature). Shanghai:Shang University Press上海大学出版社.
Hu, Dexiang胡德香.2005.后殖民理论对我国翻译研究的启示(How Do Postcolonial Theories Inspire Translation Studies in China?).《外国语》(Journal of Foreign Languages),5:56-61.
Hu, Zhuanglin胡壮麟.1994.《语篇的衔接与连贯》(Discourse cohesion and coherence. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press上海外语教育出版社.
Huang, Guowen黄国文.1988.《语篇分析概要》(Discourse Analysis). Changsha: Hunan Education Press湖南教育出版社.
Huang, Xingtao黄兴涛.1995.《文化怪杰辜鸿铭》(Ku Hungming:The cultural wizard). Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company中华书局.
Huang, Xingtao黄兴涛.1997.“辜鸿铭现象”的历史阐释.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Jiang, Xiaohua蒋骁华.2003.巴西的翻译：“吃人”翻译理论与实践及其文化内涵(Campos'"Cannibalism":Translation Theory and Practice in Brazil).《外国语》(Journal of Foreign Languages),1:63-67.
Jiang, Xiaohua蒋骁华.2009.东方学对翻译的影响(The influence of orientalism to translation).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),2:11-18.
Jones, Andrew.1994. Chinese Literature in the "World" Literary Economy, Modern Chinese Literature, (8):171-190.
Kong, Qingmao孔庆茂.1997.《辜鸿铭评传》(A biography of Gu Hongming). Nanchang:Baihuazhou Literature and Art Publishing House百花洲文艺出版.
Ku, Hungming.1906. Preface[A].The Universal Order, or Conduct of Life. Shanghai: The Shanghai Mereury, Ltd.
Ku, Hungming.1998.《中国人的精神》(The Spirit of Chinese People). Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press外语教学与研究出版社.
Ku, Hungming. Huang, Xingtao tr. (ed).黄兴涛.1996.《辜鸿铭文集》(Corpus of Ku Hungming's Literature) vol.1. Hainan:Hainan Publishing House海南出版社.
Ku, Hungming. Huang, Xingtao tr. (ed).黄兴涛.1996.《辜鸿铭文集》(Corpus of Ku Hungming's Literature) vol.2. Hainan:Hainan Publishing House海南出版社.
Lefevere, Andre.1992. Translation/History/Culture:A Source Book. London: Routledge.
Li, Hongman李红满.2003.翻译研究的后殖民视角(Translation Studies from a Postcolonial Perspective)《四川外语学院学报》(Journal of Sichuan International Studies University),1:105-109.
Li, Hongyu李红玉.2009.斯皮瓦克翻译思想探究(Analysis of Spivak's Translation Ideas).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal).2:12-16.
Lin, Yutang林语堂.1997.辜鸿铭集译《论语》译英文序.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming).Shanghai：Academia Press学林出版社.
Liu, Lin柳林.2007.后殖民翻译研究的中国话语(Postcolonial Translation Studies in China).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),3:26-29.
Liu, Lydia刘禾.Song, Weijie宋伟杰et al tr.2002.《跨语际实践——文学、民族文学与被译介的现代性》(Translingual Practice:Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity). Beijing:Sdxjoint Publishing Compony三联书店.
Luo, Zhenyu罗振玉.1997.外务部左丞辜君传.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Ma, Boyuan马伯援.1997.记辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Ma, Zuyi.2004.《中国翻译简史》(A Brief History of Chinese Translation).4th ed. Beijing:China Translation and Publishing Company中国对外翻译出版社.
Munday, Jeremy.2001. Introducing Translation Studies:Theories and Applications. Routledge:London and New York.
Niranjana, Tejaswini.1992. Siting Translation:History Post-structuralism, and the Colonial Context. Berkeley& Los Angeles:University of California Press.
Pan, Tiancui潘天翠.2008.中国翻译人才的现状与培养(On fostering of translators in China).《国际人才交流》(International Talent),10:6-8.
Qiu, Hemin裘禾敏.2008.论后殖民语境下的译者主体性：强势文化与弱势文化(Translator's Subjectivity in the Context of Post-colonialism:Strong Culture vs. Weak Culture).《浙江社会科学》(Zhejiang Social Sciences),3:86-128.
Robinson, Douglas.1997.Translation and Empire:Postcolonial Theories Explained. Manchester:St Jerome.
Said, Edward爱德华·萨义德.Wang, Yugeng王宇根tr. 2007.《东方学》(Orientalism). Beijing:Sdxjoint Publishing Compony三联书店.
Said, Edward.1993. Culture and Imperialism. London:Routledge.
Shimizu, Yasuzo清水安三.1997.辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Simon, Sherry & Paul, St-Pierre.2007. Changing the Terms:Translating in the Postcolonial Era. Beijing:Foreign Language Translating and Researching Press.
Simon, Sherry.1996. Gender in Translation:Cultural Identity and the Politics of Translation. London and New York:Routledge.
Somerset, Maugham毛姆.1997.辜鸿铭访问记.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai: Academia Press学林出版社.
Spivak, Gayatri C.1988.Can the subaltern speak?, in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture:271-313. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Sun, Huijun孙会军.2005.《普遍与差异——后殖民批评视阈下的翻译研究》(Universality vs. Difference:A Post-colonial Approach to Translation Studies). Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House上海译文出版社.
Tymoczko, Maria.2004. 《后殖民语境中的翻译：爱尔兰早期文学英译》(Translation in a Postcolonial Context:Early Irish Literature in English Translation). Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press上海外语 教育出版社.
Tytler, Alexander Fraser (1790) Essay on the Principles of Translation; reprinted in 1970, New York:Garland; also see excerpts in Douglas Robinson (1997) Western Translation Theory from Herodotus to Nietzsche, Manchester:St. Jerome Publishing; reprinted in 2006, Beijing:The Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,209-212.
Venuti, Lawrence.1995. The Translator's Invisibility. London and New York: Routledge.
Vieira, E.1999. Liberating Calibans:Readings of Antropofagia and Haroldo de Campo'poetics of transcreation, in S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi (eds) Post-Colonial Translation:Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge,95-113.
Wang, Chengsheng王成圣.1988.突梯滑稽辜鸿铭The Funnyman:Ku Hungming. Wu Guoqing(ed).伍国庆《文坛怪杰辜鸿铭》(The Talent in Literature:Ku Hungming). Changsha:Yuelu Publishing House岳麓书社.
Wang, Dongfeng王东风.2002.归化与异化：矛与盾的交锋?(About Domestieation and Foreignization).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal), 5:24-26.
Wang, Dongfeng王东风.2003.翻译研究的后殖民视角(Postcolonial Perspective of Translation Studies).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),4:3-8.
Wang, Hui王辉.2007.后殖民视域下的辜鸿铭《中庸》译本(A Postcolonial Perspective on Ku Hung-Ming s Translation of Zhongyong).《解放军外国语学院学报》(Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages),1:62-68.
Wang, Li王力.2009.《国文常识讲话》(General knowledge of Chinese Literature). Beijing:Beijing University Press北京大学出版社.
Wang, Ning王宁.2002.叙述、文化定位和身份认同——霍米·巴巴的后殖民批评理论(Homi F. Bhabha and His Post-Colonial Critical Theory).《外国文学》(Foreign Literature),6:48-55.
Wang, Ning王宁.2005.翻译的文化建构和文化研究的翻译学转向(The Cultural Construction of Translation and the Translation Turn in Cultural Studies).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),6:5-9.
Wang, Yan王炎.2004.重新认识萨义德和他的《东方学》(A Reconsideration of E.W.Said and His Orientalism).《外国文学》(Foreign Literature),3:32-36.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.1997.文化边缘话语与文学边缘批评(Cultural Discourse and Literature Critique).《文学自由谈》(Free Forum of Literature), 2:50-54.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.1999.《后殖民主义与新历史主义文论》(Literary Theory of Postcolonialism & New Historicism). Jinan:Shandong Education Press山东教育出版社.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.2001.后殖民主义与文化批评话语(Post-Colonialism And Cultural Critical Discourse).《求索》(Seeker),6:105-109.
Wang, Yuechuan王岳川.2007.儒家经典重释的当代意义(The Present Meaning of Reinterpretation on Confucianism Works).《西南民族大学学报》(Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities),10:60-76.
Weedon, Chris.1987. Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory. Oxford:B. Blackwell.
Wu, Wen'an吴文安.2008.《后殖民翻译研究——翻译和权利研究》(Postcolonial Translation Studies:Translation And Power Relations). Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press外语教学与研究出版社.
Xu, Baoqiang et al (ed).许宝强.2001.《语言与翻译的政治》(Language and Politics of Translation). Beijing:Central Compilation & Translation Press中央编译出版社.
Young, Robert J.C.1995.Colonial Desire:Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London and New York:Routledge.
Yuan, Zhenying袁振英.1997.辜鸿铭先生的思想.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai: Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhang, Boran et al张柏然等.2004.后殖民之后：翻译研究再思——后殖民主义 理论对翻译研究的启示(Rethinking upon Translation Studies Enlightened by Postcolonial Theory).《翻译学研究》(Translation Studies),1:111-117.
Zhang, Jingyuan (ed)张京媛.1999. 《后殖民理论与文化批评》(Postcolonial Theory and Cultural Critique). Beijing:Beijing University Press北京大学出版社.
Zhang, Libo张立波.2004.后殖民理论视域中的东方民族文化身份(Oriental Identity on the Horizon of Post-Colonial Theory).《广东社会科学》(Social Sciences in Guangdong),5:68-72.
Zhang, Nanfeng张南峰.2000.特性与共性——论中国翻译学与翻译学的关系(Chinese Translatology and its Specific Characteristics).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),2:2-7.
Zhang, Xiaobo & Zhang, Yingxian张小波,张映先.2006.从古籍英译分析意识形态对翻译的影响(Influence of Ideology on Foreignizing Method of Translation: The Doctrine of the. Mean and The Analects).《中国科技翻译》(Chinese Science & Technology Translators Journal),1:39-42.
Zhang, Zhongxing张中行.1997.辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhao, Wenjun兆文钧.1997.辜鸿铭传奇.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhen, Ying震瀛.1997.记辜鸿铭先生.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhou, Junliang周君亮.1997.追忆怪才辜鸿铭.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai:Academia Press学林出版社.
Zhu, An'bo朱安博.2005.翻译研究中的新历史主义话语(Power/Discourse, New Historicism, and Translation Studies).《中国翻译》(Chinese Translators Journal),2:10-13.
Zhu, Chaowei祝朝伟.2005.后殖民主义理论对翻译研究的启示(Contributions of Postcolonial Theories to Translation Studies in China).《四川外语学院学报》(Journal of Sichuan International Studies University),3:89-115.
Zhu, Weizheng朱维铮.1997.辜鸿铭生平及其他非考证.Song Binhui (ed).宋炳辉《印象书系——辜鸿铭印象》(The Impressions on Ku Hungming). Shanghai: Academia Press学林出版社.