烟梗木质素与纤维素的分离及太赫兹图谱研究
|
摘要
本研究采用高沸醇溶剂的方法,用90 %左右的1,4-丁二醇溶液,对烟梗体内的木质素进行提取。在所选取因素水平内,利用正交设计,寻求分离提取烟梗木质素最佳条件。研究结果显示,选用浓度90 %的1,4-丁二醇溶液、使用催化剂C、温度为220℃及时间为120 min的条件下,木质素的产量最高。同时,也找到了另一个有效的催化剂A。由于催化剂C和催化剂A的催化剂能力相差不大,但因催化剂C的价格较高,因此,在实际的生产中推荐使用催化剂A。
本研究首次采用激发波长785 nm的激光器,检测出了木质素的拉曼光谱,其检测条件为:功率0.5 mW,将散射光聚焦到样品上直径约1μm区域内,数据采集时间为100 s,测定范围3000 ~100 cm-1。检测功率不能超过4 mW,否则木质素就会被烧焦。同时也对其谱线做了归属,特别是在拉曼位移2048 cm-1中等强度的峰,该峰是一个异常的峰,本研究初步归属为低波数区域的组频和/或倍频。
本研究首次采用太赫兹光谱系统,测定了木质素在0.3~2.0 THz频率区域太赫兹图谱,结果表明:木质素折射率曲线可以拟合成一条斜率为负的直线,但其吸收系数的曲线,可以拟合为一条斜率为正的直线,而且,不同分子量的木质素的斜率相差较大。
本研究首次采用太赫兹光谱系统,测定不同方式处理的烟梗在0.3~1.5 THz之间的太赫兹图谱,结果显示:醇烟梗的折射率图谱在该频率区域,可以拟合成一条斜率为负的直线,其拟合方程为:Y =1.84857-5.23397E-14 X,但原烟梗、水烟梗以及膨胀烟梗却可以拟合成一条多项式方程,原因可能是醇烟梗中的木质素被提取出来后,致使醇烟梗的木质素含量很少,而其它三种烟梗中的木质素含量较高。同时,四种烟梗样品吸收系数,基本上都可以拟合成斜率为正的直线,但斜率相差较大。
太赫兹实现技术在烟草化学中的应用,拓宽了一条研究烟草及卷烟制品的新方法、新途径。
In this work, lignin in the midribs of tobacco leaves was extracted through high boiling solvent-1,4-butylene-glycol (90 % or so). The optimum condition of extraction lignin from midribs of tobacco leaves was found through orthogonal design. The result shows that: the yield of lignin was the highest under the condition of 90 % 1,4-butylene-glycol solution, temperature of 220℃, time of 120 minutes and catalyst C. Another effective catalyst A was also found. Catalyst A was recommended to be used during production practice due to its lower cost.
Raman spectrum of lignin from midribs from tobacco leaves was detected by using 785 nm laser for the first time. The Raman intensities of HBS-lignin was measured through a high resolution Raman systems (JY-HR-800) with confocal microscopy. A 100 X microscopy objection lens was used for focusing the laser beam and the collection of the scattered light. The spot diameter of the focused laser beam on the sample is about 1μm. A solid-state diode laser was used as an excited source 785 nm. The laser power on the sample was kept at 0.5 mw and typical spectrum acquisition time was 100 s. If the source power is over 4 mW, lignin would be burned. The bands in Raman spectrum were assigned; the especial 2048 cm-1 band was assigned to overtones and/or combinations.
Terahertz spectra of lignin from midribs of tobacco leaves were measured through terahertz-TDS at frequency of 0.3~2.0 THz. The results show that: the data of refractive index of lignin can be fit using a line with negative slope, while the data of absorption coefficient about lignin can fit using a line with positive slope. Furthermore, the difference on the slope values of absorption coefficient is caused by the difference of lignin’s molecular weight.
Terahertz spectra of midribs from different chemical treatments were also measured through terahertz-TDS at terahertz range of 0.3~1.5 THz. The results show that: the data of refractive index about alcohol midribs can be fit by a line with negative slope, which is Y =1.84857-5.23397E-14 X, at this frequency range but the data of the other 3 samples i.e. original, expanded and water midribs can be fit by polynomial equations; at the same time, the data of absorption coefficients from the 4 samples of midribs can all be fit by lines with different slopes.
A new method to detect tobacco leaves and cigarette products was developed using terahertz techniques.
本研究首次采用激发波长785 nm的激光器,检测出了木质素的拉曼光谱,其检测条件为:功率0.5 mW,将散射光聚焦到样品上直径约1μm区域内,数据采集时间为100 s,测定范围3000 ~100 cm-1。检测功率不能超过4 mW,否则木质素就会被烧焦。同时也对其谱线做了归属,特别是在拉曼位移2048 cm-1中等强度的峰,该峰是一个异常的峰,本研究初步归属为低波数区域的组频和/或倍频。
本研究首次采用太赫兹光谱系统,测定了木质素在0.3~2.0 THz频率区域太赫兹图谱,结果表明:木质素折射率曲线可以拟合成一条斜率为负的直线,但其吸收系数的曲线,可以拟合为一条斜率为正的直线,而且,不同分子量的木质素的斜率相差较大。
本研究首次采用太赫兹光谱系统,测定不同方式处理的烟梗在0.3~1.5 THz之间的太赫兹图谱,结果显示:醇烟梗的折射率图谱在该频率区域,可以拟合成一条斜率为负的直线,其拟合方程为:Y =1.84857-5.23397E-14 X,但原烟梗、水烟梗以及膨胀烟梗却可以拟合成一条多项式方程,原因可能是醇烟梗中的木质素被提取出来后,致使醇烟梗的木质素含量很少,而其它三种烟梗中的木质素含量较高。同时,四种烟梗样品吸收系数,基本上都可以拟合成斜率为正的直线,但斜率相差较大。
太赫兹实现技术在烟草化学中的应用,拓宽了一条研究烟草及卷烟制品的新方法、新途径。
In this work, lignin in the midribs of tobacco leaves was extracted through high boiling solvent-1,4-butylene-glycol (90 % or so). The optimum condition of extraction lignin from midribs of tobacco leaves was found through orthogonal design. The result shows that: the yield of lignin was the highest under the condition of 90 % 1,4-butylene-glycol solution, temperature of 220℃, time of 120 minutes and catalyst C. Another effective catalyst A was also found. Catalyst A was recommended to be used during production practice due to its lower cost.
Raman spectrum of lignin from midribs from tobacco leaves was detected by using 785 nm laser for the first time. The Raman intensities of HBS-lignin was measured through a high resolution Raman systems (JY-HR-800) with confocal microscopy. A 100 X microscopy objection lens was used for focusing the laser beam and the collection of the scattered light. The spot diameter of the focused laser beam on the sample is about 1μm. A solid-state diode laser was used as an excited source 785 nm. The laser power on the sample was kept at 0.5 mw and typical spectrum acquisition time was 100 s. If the source power is over 4 mW, lignin would be burned. The bands in Raman spectrum were assigned; the especial 2048 cm-1 band was assigned to overtones and/or combinations.
Terahertz spectra of lignin from midribs of tobacco leaves were measured through terahertz-TDS at frequency of 0.3~2.0 THz. The results show that: the data of refractive index of lignin can be fit using a line with negative slope, while the data of absorption coefficient about lignin can fit using a line with positive slope. Furthermore, the difference on the slope values of absorption coefficient is caused by the difference of lignin’s molecular weight.
Terahertz spectra of midribs from different chemical treatments were also measured through terahertz-TDS at terahertz range of 0.3~1.5 THz. The results show that: the data of refractive index about alcohol midribs can be fit by a line with negative slope, which is Y =1.84857-5.23397E-14 X, at this frequency range but the data of the other 3 samples i.e. original, expanded and water midribs can be fit by polynomial equations; at the same time, the data of absorption coefficients from the 4 samples of midribs can all be fit by lines with different slopes.
A new method to detect tobacco leaves and cigarette products was developed using terahertz techniques.
引文
[1]李炎强,郝建辉,赵明月,景延秋,胡有持.烤烟烟梗和叶片中性香味成分的分析烟草科技. 2002, 11: 3~9
[2]杨再波,彭黔荣,赖东辉,蔡元青.烤烟烟梗中挥发性中性香味成分的分析研究.贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版) 2005,34(1): 31~35
[3]刘燕,刘钟栋.微波条件下烟梗果胶多糖提取工艺研究中国食品添加剂, 2006. 5: 58~61
[4]何炬,刘维涓,师建全,卫青,毛子渊.微波膨胀烟梗质量研究.烟草科技, 2006, 2: 9~12
[5]肖厚荣,张悠金,朱仁发,李俊江.从烟梗中提取果胶工艺研究.烟草科技2002.3:36~38
[6]朱国庆,程远平,季经纬,顾正洪,张宏琨.卷烟制丝工艺主要可燃物火灾特性实验研究.消防科学与技术. 2007.26(3): 235~238
[7]彭黎明,闻质红,赵晓东.烤烟C3F叶片和烟梗中香味成分对比分析.烟草科技. 2007,1:43~45
[8]鲁蕾,付敏,郭宝星.烟梗成分提取及其应用研究.四川化工. 2004,7(1):9~12
[9]杨伟祖,谢刚,王保兴,侯英,徐济仓,杨勇,杨燕,王玉.烤烟烟叶和烟梗的热裂解产物的研究.色谱. 2006, 26(4): 606~610
[10]胡江涌,梁勇,谢亚,黄肇峰,钟汉佐.烟草各部位中茄尼醇含量分布研究.分析实验室. 2007,26(12):106~108
[11]鲁蕾,付敏,郭宝星.烟梗果胶浸提工艺的研究,西南农业学报2004,17(3): 374~377
[12] Rincon J.De Lucas A, Garcia M A, Garcia A., Alvarez a. Carnicer A. Preliminary study on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of nicotine from tobacco wastes,Separation Science and Technology,1998,33(3):411~423
[13] De Luca Antonio, Canizares Pablo, Garcia Miguel A. Gomez J., Rodriguez J.F. Recovery of nicotine from aqueous extracts of tobacco wastes by an H+ form strong-acid ion exchanger, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ,1998,37(12):4783~4791
[14] Shigeru Eda, Kunio Kato, Atushi Ishizu, Junzo Nakano,An Acidic Polysaccharide Isolated from the Midrib of Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 1982, 46(7): 1783-1790
[15] Trash container for disposal of cigarette waste. U S Patent: D0522688 (20050241655)11/03. 2005
[16] Felicita Bri ki, Nina Horgas, Marija Vukovi, Zoran Gomzi. Aerobic composting of tobacco industry solid waste-simulation of the process. Clean technologies and environmental policy. 2003, 5(3/4): 295~301
[17] Method of re-using waste fibres. Eu Patent: EP0147216, 1990
[18] Catalytic adsorbents obtained from municipal sludges, industrial sludges, compost andtobacco waste and process for their production. U S Patent: 20070113736. 2007.5
[19]菲律宾使用烟梗生产纸浆.中国新包装. 2006.4:52
[20] M.霍夫里特, A.斯泰因比歇尔.郭圣荣主译,生物高分子,第1卷木质素、腐殖质和煤[M].化学工业出版社,2004. 22~34
[21] Sakagami H, Kawazoe Y, Oh-hara T, Kitajima K, Inoue Y, Tanuma S, Ichikawa S, Konno K.. Stimulation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell iodination by lignin-related substances[J]. J Leukoc Biol, 1991 , 49(3): 277~282.
[22] Jiang Y, Satoh K, Aratsu C, , Kobayashi N, Unten S, Kakuta H, Kikuchi H, Nishikawa,H, Ochiai K, Sakagami H. . Combination effect of lignin F and natural products[J]. Anticancer Res, 2001 , 21(2A): 965~970.
[23] Sakagami H, Oh-hara T, Kaiya T, Kawazoe Y, Nonoyama M, Konno K.. Molecular species of the antitumor and antiviral fraction from pine cone extract [J]. Anticancer Res, 1989, 9(6): 1593~1598.
[24] Nezhinskaia GI, Filov VA, Berkovich AM. Investigation of allergenic properties of olipiphat. Vopr. Onkol. 2004, 50(6): 693~694.
[25] McDoniel PB, Cole JR. Antitumor activity of Bursera schlechtendalii (burseraceae): isolation andstructure determination of two new lignans. J. Pharm Sci. 1972 , 61(12): 1992~1994.
[26] Kuboyama N, Fujii A, Tamura T. Antitumor activities of bamboo leaf extracts (BLE) and its lignin (BLL). Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1981, 77(6): 579~596.
[27] Alder E. lignin chemistry-past, present and future [J]. Wood Sci. Tech, 1977, 4: 169~218.
[28] Agarwal U P, Reine R S, Pandey A K, et al. Raman spectra of lignin model Compounds[C]// Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC, 2005, 1:1~8 .
[29]蒋挺大.木质素[M]北京:化学工业出版社,2001: 6, P37
[30] Pobiner H. Improved inflection points in the non-aqueous potentiometer of acid functionalities in Lignin chemicals by using internal standardization and ion exchange [J]. Anal chem. Acta, 1983, 155: 57~65
[31] Chang H-M, Cowling E B, Brown W, et al. Comparative on cellulolytic enzyme lignin and milled wood lignin of sweat gum and spruce [J]. Holzforschung, 1975, 29: 153~159
[32] Lin S Y, Dence C W. Methods in lignin chemistry [M] Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 65~70.
[33] Itoh K, Sumimoto M, Tanaka H. Comparative studies on the mechanochemistry of guaiacylglycerol and veratrylglycer-β-guancylo ether [J]. J. Wood chem. tech, 1995, 15:395~411.
[34] Lapierre C, Monties B, ROLANDO C. Thioacidolysis of lignin: comparison withacidolysis [J]. J. Wood Chem. Tech, 1985, 5: 277~292.
[35] Lora J H,Az1z S.Organosolve pulping:a versatile approach to wood reefing [J].Tappi Journal,1985,68(8):94.
[36] Cronlund M, POWERS J.Bleaching of ALCELL organosolv pulps using conventional and non-chorine bleaching sequences [J].Tappi Journal,1992,(7):189~194.
[37] Diebold.Solvent pulping process [P].US:4100016.1978-07-11.
[38] Tyson.Production of hydrophobic fibers [P].US:5705216.1998-01-06
[39] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 1, Reaction of Guaiacylglycerol-β-Guaiacyl Ether [J]. Holzforschung 2001, 55(6):611~616.
[40] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 2, Homolysis of Guaiacylglycerol-β-Guaiacyl Ether[J]. Holzforschung 2002, 56(6):623~631.
[41]Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping: Part 3. Structural Changes in Lignin Analyzed by 13C-NMR Spectroscopy [J]. 2003, 57(6):602~610
[42] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 4, Effect of a Reducing Sugar on the Degradation of Guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl Ethe [J]. Journal of wood chemistry and technology, 2003, 23(3.4):233~248.
[43] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 5, Reaction of Nonphenolicβ-O-4 Model Compounds in the Presence and Absence of Glucose [J]. J. Wood Chem. and tech.. 2003, 23(3.4):279~292.
[44] Takao Kishimoto, Asuka Ueki, Hitomi,Takamori, Yasumitsu Uraki and Makoto. Ubukata. Delignification mechanism during high-boiling solvent pulping. Part 6: Changes in lignin structure analyzed by 1H–13C correlation 2-D NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung. 2004, 58: 355~362
[45] Xiansu Cheng,Weijian Chen,Yunping Chen,Huashu Fang,Mianjan LI ,Yuexian Chen. a new method for making cellulose and lignin from bam boo by high boiling solvent journal of Tianjin University of Science and Technology. 2004. 19(4): 67~71
[46]程贤建,陈云平,吴耿云,等.高沸醇木质素的研究进展[J].化工进展, 2006.,25(2):147~151.
[47] Brinkmann K, Blaschke L, Polle A. comparison of different methods for lignin determination as a basis for calibration of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and implications of lignoproteins [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2002, 28(12): 2483~2501.
[48] Alves A,Schwanninger M, Pereira H, et al. Calibration of NIR to assess lignin composition (H/G ratio) in maritime pine wood using analytical pyrolysis as the reference method [J]. Holzforschung, 2006,60(1): 29~31.
[49]霍夫里特M,斯泰比歇尔A .生物高分子[M].第1卷.郭圣荣,译.北京:化学工业出版社, 2004: 99~128.
[50] Dence C W. The determination of lignin [M]//LIN S Y, DENCE C W. methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Spinger-Verlag, 1992, 33~61.
[51] Goering H K, Van Soest P J. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agr. Handbk,1970. 379. ARS, USDA, Washington, D.C.
[52] Hstfield R D, Jung H J G, Ralph J. et al. A comparison of the insoluble residues produced by the klason ligning and acid detergent lignin procedures [J]. J Sci Food Agric, 1994, 65: 51~58
[53] Kondo T, Mizuno K, Kato T. variation in solubility of lignin in acid determination and in alkali [J]. J. Japan Grass Sci, 1987, 33:296~299
[54] Lowey J B, Conlan L L, Schlink A C et al. Acid detergent dispersible lignin in tropical grasses [J]. J Sci Food Agri, 1994,65:41~49
[55] Browning B L. Methods of wood chemistry [M]. New York: Willey -interscience, 1967. 498
[56] Bruce R J, West C A. Elicitation of lignin biosynthesis and isoperoxdidase activity by petic fragments in suspension cultures of castor bean [J]. Plant Phys. 1989, 91: 889~897
[57] Bonello P, Heller W, SANDERMANN H. Ozone effects on root-disease susceptibility and defenses response in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.).New phytol, 1993,124(4): 653~663.
[58] Lange B M, Laperrie C, Sandermann H Jr. Elitciter-induced spruce stress lignin, structural similarity to early development lignin[J]. Plant Psychology, 1995, 108: 1277~1281.
[59] Hatfield R., Fukushima R S. Can lignin be accurately measured? [J]. Crop Science, 2005. 45(3): 832~839.
[60] Rodrigues J, Faix O, Pereira H, Improvement of the acetylbromide method for lignin determination within large scale screening programs [J]. Holz Als Rohund Werkstoff, 1999, 57(5): 341~345.
[61] Vanzyi J D. Notes on the spctrophotometric determination of lignin in wood samples [J]. Wood Sci Tech,1978, 12: 251~259.
[62] Iiyama K, Wallis A. an improved acetyl bromide procedure for determining lignin in woods and wood pulps [J]. Wood Sci Technol, 1988, 22: 271~280.
[63] Hatfield R D, Graber J, Ralph J,et al. Using the acetyl bromide assay to determine lignin concentrations in herbaceous plants: some cautionary notes [J]. J Agric. Food Chem, 1999, 8347: 628~632.
[64] Fukushima R S, Hatfield R D. Extraction and isolation of lignin for utilization as a standard to determine lignin concentration using the acetyl bromide spectrophotometric method [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2001. 49:3133~3139.
[65] Sarkanen K V, Islam A, Erson C D. Ozonation [M] //LIN S Y, AND DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Springver-verlag.1992:387~406.
[66] Bose S K, Wilson K L, Francis et al. Lignin analysis by permanganate oxidation. 1. Native spruce lignin [J]. Holzforschung, 1998, 52:297~303.
[67] Schultz T P, Templeton M C, Mcginns G D. Rapid determination of lignocelluose by diffuse reflectance FT-IR[J]. Anal Chem, 1985, 57:2867~2869.
[68] Mclellan T M, Aber J D, Martin M E. Determination of nitrogen lignin ,and cellulose contents of decomposing leaf material by NIRS [J]. Can J Forest Res, 1991a, 21:1684~1688.
[69] Joffre R, Gillon D, Dardence P, et al. The use of NIRS in litter decomposition studies [J]. Ann Sci forest, 1992, 49:481~488.
[70] Gillon D, Toffre R, Ibrahima A. Can litter decomposability be predicted by NIRS [J]. Can J forest Res, 1993 23: 2552~2559.
[71] Bolster K L, Martin M E, Aber J D. Decrimination of carbon fraction and nitrogen concentration in tree foliage by NIRS: a comparison of statistical method [J]. Can J forest Resh. 1996, 26: 590~600.
[72] Amari M. Application of NIRS to forge analysis and predication of TDN contents [J]. Japan Agri Research, 1997, 31(1): 55~63.
[73] Magil A H, Aber J D. long-term effects of experimental nitrogen additions on foliar litter decay and humus formation in forest ecosystems [J]. Plant Soil, 1998, 203:101~112
[74] Aber J D, Bolster K L, Newman S D, et al. Analyses of forest foliage. II measurement of carbon fraction and nitrogen content by end member analysis [J]. J NIRS,1994, 2: 15~23
[75] Newman S D, Sonlia M E, Aber J D, et al. Analysis of forest foliage. I. Laboratory procedures for proximate carbon fractionation and nitrogen determination [J]. J NIRS,1994, 2: 5~14.
[76] Harmon M E, Lajtha K. Analysis of detritus and organic horizons for mineral and organic constituents [M] // Roerston G P, Coleman D C, Bledsoe C S,et al. Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research. New York: Oxford University press, 1999:146~165.
[77] Ono K, Hiraide M, Amari M, Determination of lignin, holocellulose, and organic solvent extractives in fresh leaf, litter fall, and organic material on forest floor using NIRS [J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2003 , 8(3): 191~198.
[78]Agarwal U P, Atalla R H. FT-Raman spectroscopy: what it is and what it can do for lignocellosic research [C]// Proceedings 8th symp Wood and pulp. Chem Helsinki, 1995, 3: 67.
[79] Agarwal U P, Weinstock I A, Atalla R H. FT-Raman spectroscopy: A rapid non-invasive technique for direct measurement of lignin in kraft pulps, proceedings 1996 inter [M]. Atlanta: TAPPI Press, 1996: 531.
[80] Agarwal U P, Mcsweeny J. Photoyellowing of thermomechanical pulps: Loooking beyond a-carbonyl and ethylenic groups as the initiating structures [J]. Wood Chemistry Tech, 1997, 17: 1~26.
[81] Larsen K L, Barsberg S. Kerr gated resonance Raman spectroscopy in the studies of lignin polymerization. Lasers for Science Facility Programme-Biology. Central Laser Facility Annual Report, 2004/2005, 168~169
[82] Saariaho A M. Resonance Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of residual lignin and other unsaturated structures in chemical pulps [D]. Jun. 2005
[83] Anna-Stiina J??skel?inen; Anna-Maija Saariaho; Jouko Vy?rykk?; Tapani Vuorinen; Pavel Matousek; Anthony W. Parker. Application of UV-Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy to study bleaching and photoyellowing of thermomechanical pulps. Holzforschung: International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, & Technology of Wood, 2006, 60 (3): 231~238
[84] Umesh P Agarwal. Raman imaging of lignin and cellulose distribution in black spruce wood ( Picea mariana ) cell walls. In: Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC (International Symposium on Wood, Fiber, and Pulping Chemistry), Appita, 2005 , 377~384
[85] K L Larsen, S Barsberg. K L Ronayne, A W Parker, P Matousek, M Towrie. Kerr gated resonance Raman spectroscopy in the studies of lignin polymerization. Lasers for Science Facility Programme– Biology. Central Laser Facility Annual Report . 2004/2005. 168~169
[86] U. P. Agarwal. An Overview of Raman Spectroscopy as Applied to Lignocellulosic Materials. In: Advances in Lignocellulosics Characterization. Chapter 9 Argyropoulos, D.S.,Ed., TAPPI Press, (1999), 201~225
[87] U. P. Agarwal, Sally A. Ralph, and Rajai H. Atalla. FT Raman Spectroscopic Study of Softwood Lignin. 1997, ISWPC , 8-1~8-4
[88] U. P Agarwal, Richard S reiner, Ashok K pandey. Sally A ralph, kolby, C Hirth, Rajai H Atalla. Raman spectra of lignin model compounds. In: Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC (InternationalSymposium on Wood, Fiber, and Pulping Chemistry), APPITA, c2005. pp. 1~8.
[89] Anna-Stiina J??skel?inen; Anna-Maija Saariaho; Tapani Vuorinen. Quantification of Lignin and Hexenuronic Acid in Bleached Hardwood Kraft Pulps: A New Calibration Method for UVRR Spectroscopy and Evaluation of the Conventional Methods. Journal of wood chemistry and technology. 2005, 25(1/2): 51 ~ 65
[90] Lundquist K. Proton HNMR studies of lignin [M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 242~249.
[91]周学飞,余家銮,陈嘉翔.核磁共振法在研究木素和碳水化合物结构方面的应用[J].中国造纸学报,1998, 13(1):86~91.
[92] Archipov Y, Argyropoulos D S, Bolker H, et al. 31P-NMR. spectroscopy in wood chemistry[J]. Phosphite Derivatives of Carbohydrates, 1991, 220: 49~61.
[93] Ahvazi B C, Argyroopoulos D S. 19FNMR Spectroscopy for elucidation of carbonyl groups in lignin 1 mode compounds [J]. J Agric Food Chemistry, 1996, 44: 2167~2175.
[94] LearY G J, Newman R H. Gross: polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy [M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992:146~161.
[95] Wen X Y, He H P, Zhu J X, et al. Arrangement, conformation, and mobility of surfactant molecules intercalated in montmorillonite prepared at different pillaring reagent concentrations as studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy [J]. J Colloid &inter Sci, 2006, 299(2):754~760.
[96] Newman R H, Stephen E K, Scheele S, et al. Leaf-fiber lignins of Phormium varieties compared by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy [J]. Holzforschung, 2005, 59(2): 147~152.
[97] Balakshin M Y, Capanema E A, GOLDFARB B, et al. NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir Lignins [J] . Holzforschung, 2005, 59(5): 488~496.
[98] Ammalahti E, Brunow G, Bardet M, et al. Identification of side-chain structures in polar lignin using 3D hmqc-hohaha-nmrs [J]. J Agri Food chem., 1999, 46:5113~5117.
[99] Pla F. light scatting[M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Germany,1992:498~508.
[100] Pla F. Vapor pressure osmometry [M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry . Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, 509~519.
[101] Lin S Y. Ultra filtration // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry [M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 518~523.
[102] Walsh A R, campbell A G, Hpsec analysis of kraft lignin on a bondagel column [J]. Holzforschung,1986, 40(5): 263~266.
[103] Lu F, Ralph J. DFRC method for lignin analysis. 1. New method for ?β-aryl ether cleavage: Lignin Model Studies [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 1997, 45: 4655~4660.
[104] Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC Method), a New Method for Lignin Analysis: Protocol for Analysis of DFRC Monomers [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 2590~2592
[105] Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 7. Behavior of Cinnamyl End Groups [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 1981~1987
[106] Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 2. Monomers from Isolated Lignins [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 547~552
[107] Fachuang Lu,John Ralph. the DFRC method for lignin analysis. part 3. nmr studies [J]. J. wood chemistry and technology. 1998, 18(2), 219~233
[108] Junpeng Peng, Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 4. Lignin Dimers Isolated from DFRC-Degraded Loblolly Pine Wood [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 553~560
[109] John Ralph, Fachuang Lu. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 6. A Simple odification for Identifying Natural Acetates on Lignins [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 4616~4619
[110] Romuanldo S, Fukushima, Hatfield R D. Comparison of the acetylbromide spectrophoto metric method with other analytical lignin methods for determining lignin concentration in forge samples [J]. J Agri Food Chem, 2004,52: 3713~3720.
[111] Pirkko Karhunen, Petted Rummakko, Jussi Sipila, Costa Brunow. The Formation Of Dibenzodioxocin Structures By Oxidative Coupling. A Model Reaction For Linin Biosynthesis [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 1995, 36(25): 4501~4504
[112] Glasser W G,Glasser H R . Simulation of reactions with lignin by. computer (Simrel). II. Model for softwood lignin [J]. Holzforschung. 1974. 28: 5~11
[113] W. G. Glasser, H. R. Glasser, and N. Morohoshi. Simulation of reactions with lignin by computer (SIMREL). 6. Interpretation of primary experimental analysis data ("analysis program") [J]; Macromolecules; 1981; 14(2): 253 ~262;
[114] Glasser W G and Glasser H R . The evaluation of lignin’s chemical structure by experimental and computer simulation [J]. Techniques. Pap Pun. 1981, 2: 71~83
[115] A. Sakakibara1 A structural model of softwood lignin [J], wood science and technology, 1980,14(2):89~100
[116] Brounow,G., Lundquist, K., Gellerstedt, G.. 1998,Lignin [M],in: Analytical methods in wood chemistry, Pulpoing and papermaking(Sjstorm, E., Alen, R., Eds.) pp:77~124. Berlin; Springer-Verlag.
[117]冯建豪,GlasserWG.甘蔗渣木质素的化学结构[J].中国造纸,1986,5(2):10~19
[118] Anderson D. B., Park A. US Patent, 3022248. 1962.
[119] Dongherty W. K. US Patent, 3634387, 1972
[120]黄云,王健,雷庆虹,袁迎中.木质素磺酸钠/AM耐高温高盐堵水剂的室内评价[J].内蒙古石油化工.2006, 32(3) :117~118
[121]黎载波,刘宏文.木质素类油田化学品的研究与应用[J]. 2004, 5(7): 6~9
[122]赵颖华,徐艳妹,王海峰,杨勇,刘庆梅.木质素磺酸盐的改性及其在三次采油中的应用[J].大庆石油地质与开发. 2005, 24(4): 90~91
[123] Setua, D K; Shukla, M K; Nigam, V; Singh, H; Mathur, G N. Lignin reinforced rubber composites [J]. Polymer Composites (USA). 2000, 21(6):988~995
[124] Sand, K; Yamashita, S; Kohjiya, S. Improvement of Plasticity of Lignin/1-Chlorobutadiene--Butadiene Copolymer Composite [J]. Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi (Journal of the Society of Rubber Industry, Japan) (Japan). 1993, 66(5): 319~326.
[125] Nakamura y. ; Sawada T. ; Sungusia m. G. ; Kobayashi F.; Kuwahara M. ; Ito H.. Lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on polyurethane foam [J]. Journal of chemical engineering of Japan (J. chem. eng. Jpn.) 1997, 30, (1): 1~6
[126] C. Ciobanu, M. Ungureanu, L. Ignat, D. Ungureanu , V. I. Popa. Properties of lignin–polyurethane films prepared by casting method [J]. Industrial crops and products. 2004, 20(2): 231~241
[127] W D Oliveira, W G. Classer. Novel cellulose derivatives. II. synthesis and characteristics of mono-functional cellulose propionate segments [J]. Cellulose. 1994, 1(1): 77~86
[128] S S Kelley, W G Glasser, T C Ward. Multiphase materials with lignin. IX: Effect of lignin content on interpenetrating polymer network properties [J]. Polymer. 1989, 30(12): 2265~2268
[129] J Dong, F Wu, G Zhang. Influence of cadmium on antioxidant capacity and four microelement concentrations in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum) [J]. Chemosphere . 2006, 64(10): 1659~1666
[130] Yu. N. Forostyan and Miamufiti Prosper. Inhibiting properties of lignin [J]. chemistry of natural compounds. 1983, 19 (3): 358~359
[131] Zhao J,Wilkins R M.Acylated lignin:a matrix for controlled release formulations of pesticides [J].Pests and Diseases,2002,(1):441·446
[132] Gordon O.; Wiedmer H.; Studer H. Lignin additive. Lignin additive[J]. Trends in food science and technology. 1997, 8(2): 61~61
[133]穆环珍,曾文,黄衍初,孙悦凤,杨问波.增效磷肥的研制与增产效应研究[J].农业环境保护. 2002, 21(1): 26~28
[134]陶用珍,管映亭.木质素的化学结构及其应用[J].纤维素科学与技术. 2003, 11(1): 42~55
[135] B. Baurhoo, C.A. Ruiz-Feria and X. Zhao. Purified lignin: Nutritional and health impacts on farm animals—A review [J]. Animal feed science and technology . doi: 10.1016/ j. ani feed sci. 2007. 10.016
[136]王晓红,赵谦.造纸黑液中木质素在农业领域的应用[J].林产化工通讯2004, 38(2): 36~40
[137]李建法,宋湛谦.木质素磺酸盐及其接枝产物作沙土稳定剂的研究[J].林产化学与工业. 2002,22(1) : 17~20
[138] Fleming J. W., High resolution Submillimeter-wave FT Spectrometry of gases, IEEE Trans. Microware Theory Techniques [J], 1974,22(12):1023~1025
[139]P Y Han and X-C Zhang,Free-space coherent broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy [J],Measurement science and technology,2001, 12: 1~10
[140] Hu B B, Nuss M C. Imaging with terahertz waves [J]. Optical letters. 1995, 20 (16): 1716~1718
[141] Q. Chen, Zhiping Jiang , X.-C. Zhang ,“Two-Dimensional Terahertz Wave Imaging,”[M] a chapter in Terahertz Sources and Systems, Kluwer Academic Publisher, edited by R.E. Miles et al, (2001): 225~239.
[142] Mittleman D.M. Jacobsen, R.H. Nuss M C, et al, T-ray imaging [J].IEEE J Selected topics in Quantum Electronics. 1996, 2(3):679~692
[143] D.M. Mittleman, M. Gupta, R. Neelamani, et al. Recent advances in terahertz imaging [J]. Applied. Physics. 1999, B 68: 1085–1094
[144] P. Y. Han, X. G. Huang, X.-C. Zhang. Direct characterization of terahertz radiation from the dynamics of the semiconductor surface field [J], Applied Physics Letters., 2000, 77(18): 2864~2866
[145] Hunsche S, Koch M, Brener I and Nuss M C. THz near-field imaging [J]. Optics Communications. 1998, 150(5): 22~26
[146] G. C. Cho, P. Y. Han, X. C. Zhang, et al. Optical phonon dynamics of GaAs studied with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy [J]. Optics letter, 2000, 25 (21): 1609~1611
[147] Markelz A G, Roitberg A, Heilweil E J, et al, Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy of DNA, bovine serum albumin and collagen between 0.06 THz to 2 THz [J], chemical Physics letters. 2000, 320: 42~48
[148] Taday P F, Bardley I V and Arnone D D., Terahertz pulse spectroscopy of biological materials: L-glutamic acid. Journal of biological physics [J]. 2003.29 .109~115
[149] Joseph Knab; Jing-Yin Chen; Andrea Markelz,Hydration Dependence of Conformational Dielectric Relaxation of Lysozyme [J],Biophysical Journal; Apr 1, 2006; 90(7): 2576~2581
[150] Woodward R M, Wallace V P, Pye R J, Cole B E, Arnone D D, Linfield E H, Pepper W. Terahertz Pulse imaging of ex vivo Basal Cell Carcinoma. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003, 120(1): 72~78
[151] M. Nagel P. Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, and H. Kurz. Integrated THz technology for label-free genetic diagnostics. [J] Applied Physics letters. 2002, 80:154~156
[152] Andrea G. Marklez and Scott E. Whitmire. Terahertz applications to bimolecular sensing. [J]. International Journal of high speed electronics and systems. 2003, 13: 951~967
[153] R. K. Joseph, J. Y. Chen, S. J. Ye, Y. F. He, A. G. Markelz Protein Conformational Dynamics Measured With Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy. 2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electrnics, 2006, 9,183
[154] N. N. Brandt, A. Yu, Chikishev, M. M. Nazarov, O. D. Parashchuk, S. A. Shkelnyuk, D. A. Sapozhnikov, I. N. Smirnova, A. P. Shkurinov, Terahertz Time-Domain and Raman Studies of Sulfur-Containing Polypeptides.2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electrnics, 2006,9,186
[155] M. Teranaka, A.Doi, T. Tatsukawa, T. Idehara, S. Mitsudo, T. Kanemaki, T. Namba. Millimeter wave irradiation and invasion into living bodies using AR waveguide vent antennas. 2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electronics, 2006,9:188
[156] Eiji Kato, Hisa Yoshida, Shin ichiro Hayashi, Yuichi Ogawa, Kodo Kawase. THz sensing method based on thin metallic mesh and an application for bimolecular sensing. 2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electronics, 2006, 9:185
[157] Shue-chu S, Santo I, Genzel L. Far-infrared spectroscopy of amino acids, polypetides and proteins. Can Journal spectroscopy [J] 1981, 26: 126~133
[158] Bandekar J E, Genzel L, Kremar F, et al. The temperature dependence of the far-infrared spectra of L-alanine Spectro chimica [J]. Acta.Part A-molecular Spectroscopy, 1983, 39A: 357~366
[159] Brucherseifer M, Nagel M, Haring Bolivar P, et al. Haring Bolivar P, et al. label-free probing of the binding state of DNA by time-domain terahertz sensing [J]. Applied physics letter, 2000, 77: 4049~4051
[160] Walther M, Fischer B, Schall M, et al. Far-infrared vibrational spectra of all- trans, 9-cisand 13-cis retional measured by THz-TDS [J]. Chemical. Physics letters, 2000, 332:389~395
[161] T.R. Globus, D.L. Woolard, T. Khromova et al. THz-Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules [J]. Journal of biological physics. 2003, 29: 89~100
[162] Ken Suto and Jun-ichi Nishizawa. Widely Frequency-Tunable Terahertz Wave Generation and Spectroscopic Application [J]. International Journal of infrared and Millimeter wave. 2005, 26:937~952
[163] Haran G, Sun W D, Wynne K, et al. Femtosecond far-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy: a new tool for studying low-frequency vibrational dynamics in molecular condensed phases [J]. chemical physics letters, 1997, 274(4): 365~371
[164] Petruck C R, Jimenez R, Guo T et al. Picosecond-milliangstrom lattice dynamics measured by ultrafast X-ray diffraction [J]. Nature, 1999, 398: 310~312
[165] Michan S P, Abbott D, Munch J et al. fluct. Noise reduction in terahertz thin film measurements using a double modulated differential technique [J]. Noise letter., 2002,2: 13
[166] Bdellah Menikh, Samuel P. Mickan, Haibo Liu, Robert MacColl X. -C. Zhang. Label-free amplified bioaffinity detection using terahertz wave technology [J]. Biosensors & Bio-electronics; 2004, 20 (3): 658~662
[167] T. L. J. Chan, J. E. Bjarnason, A. W. M. Lee, M. A. Celis, E. R. Brown. Attenuation contrast between biomolecular and inorganic materials at terahertz frequencies. Applied Physics Letters [J]. 2004,85,(13): 2523~2525
[47] Tatiana Globus, Dwight Woolard, Thomas W Crowe, Tatyana Khromova, Boris Gelmont and Jeffrey Hesler. Terahertz Fourier transform characterization of biological materials in a liquid phase [J], J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2006 ,39: 3405–3413
[168]岳伟伟,王卫宁,赵国忠,张存林,闫海涛.芳香族氨基酸的太赫兹光谱研究[J].物理学报2005, 54(7):3094~3098
[169]徐惠,余笑寒,张增燕,韩家广,李晴暖,朱志远,李文新.固态氨基酸的THz时域光谱研究[J].中国科学院研究生学报2005, 22(1):90~93
[170] Ge Min, Ge Min,Zhao Hongwei,JI Te,YU Xiaohan, WANG Wenfeng,LI Wenxin. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of some pentoses. SCIENCE IN CHINA (chemistry) 2006. 49(3) : 204~208
[171] Wang Xiao-hong, GUO Lan-tao, HU Ying. The Brief Review of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy on Gas. Chinese Journal of Light scattering[J], 2005, 17(4):67~70
[172]席再军,肖体乔,张增艳,余笑寒,陈敏,徐洪杰.二维透射式Terahertz波时域谱成像研究.光子学报.2006. 35(8):1171~1174
[174]吉特,赵红卫,张增艳葛敏王文锋余笑寒徐洪杰. D-、L-和DL-青霉胺的太赫兹时域光谱.物理化学学报.2006, 22(9):1159~1162
[175] P E Marszalek, A F Oberhauser, Y P Pang, J. Polysaccharide elasticity governed by chair-boat transitions of the glucopyranose ring [J]. Nature. 1996, 396: 661~663
[176] T Shibata-seki, J Masai, Y Ogawa et al. Application of AFM to protein anatomy [J]. Applied Physics. A 1998, 66:625~629
[177] A R Kirby, A P Gunning, V J Morris, Imaging polysaccharides by AFM [J]. Biopolymers 1996, 38:355~366
[178]张礼和中国科学院化学学部编展望21世纪的化学[M]北京化学工业出版社2000. 240~245
[179]张礼和化学学科进展,北京化学工业出版社[M] 2005. pg1~21
[180]张礼和化学生物学进展,北京化学工业出版社[M] 2005. pg1~40
[181]左天觉著朱尊权译烟草的生产、生理和生物化学[M]上海上海远东出版社1993:Pp475~500
[182] Damien Bigourd, Arnaud Cuisset, Francis Hindle, Sophie Matton, Eric Fertein, Robin Bocquet, and Ga?l Mouret. Detection and quantification of multiple molecular species in mainstream cigarette smoke by continuous-wave terahertz spectroscopy [J]. Optics Letters. 2006. 31(15):2356~2358
[183] Knut Lundquist, Brita Ohlsson, Rune Simonson. Isolation of lignin by means of liquid-liquid extraction. Svensk Paperstidning nr. 1977, 143~144
[184]苏同福.实验室制取CH4最佳条件的探讨.许昌学院学报. 2004,23(2):113~116
[185]苏同福实验室Cl2与H2混合气体光爆实验最佳条件的探讨.河北师范大学学报自然科学版. 2001, 25 (2): 232~235
[186]张美云,谭国民.龙须草自催化乙醇法制浆工艺及反应历程的研究[J].中国造纸学报,2001, 16:18~23
[187] Junbiao Chang, Reiner John, Jingxi Xie. Progress on the Chemistry of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans [J]. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105(12): 4581~4609
[188]秦特夫.木和“三北”一号杨磨木木质素化学官能团特征的研究.林业科学. 1999, 35(3): 69~75
[189]方华书,程贤甦,陈跃先,陈云平,李勉钧,陈为健.甘蔗渣高沸醇溶剂法制取木质素.甘蔗2002, 9(4): 15~19
[190]陈为健,程贤甦,方华书,陈跃先,李勉钧,陈云平.高沸醇溶剂法提取花生壳中木质素的研究.花生学报. 2003,32(2):7~11
[191]方华书,陈跃先,陈云平,李勉钧,陈为健,程贤甦.高沸醇溶剂法制备纤维素和木质素.闽江学院学报. 2002, 23(2): 67~69
[192]潘家来.激光拉曼光谱在有机化学上的应.北京,化学工业出版社,1986,P70
[193]吴国祯.拉曼谱学峰强中的信息.北京,科学出版社,2007,P1
[194] Higuchi T, Tanahashi M, Nakatsubo F. Acidolysis of bamboo lignin III. Estimation of arylgrycerol-β-aryl ether groups in lignins. Wood Res.. 1973, 54: 9~18
[195] Fromm J,RockelB,Lautner S, Windeisen E, Wanner G. Lignin distribution in wood cell walls determined by TEM and backscattered SEM techniques. J Struct Biol. 2003, 143(1): 77~84.
[196] Marjatta Kleen. Surface lignin and extractives on hardwood RDH kraft pulp chemically characterized by ToF-SIMS. International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, & Technology of Wood; 2005, 59(5): 481~487
[197] C. Genestar1 and J. Palou1 SEM–FTIR spectroscopic evaluation of deterioration in an historic coffered ceiling . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2006,14: 987~993
[198]乔维川,洪建国,李忠正.嗜黑液菌厌氧降解过程中木质素结构的变化.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007. 31(5):34~38
[199]武书彬,李梦实.麦草酶解-温和酸解木质素的化学结构特性研究.林产化学与工业. 2006,26(1):104~108
[200]田震,邱学清,王晓东.碱木质素性能及应用研究进展.精细化工,2001,18(2):63~66
[201]苏同福,贾新峰,赵国忠,韩鹏昱,李永良,宫长荣.醇水烟梗太赫兹吸收图谱研究.分析测试学报。2008. 27(5): 458-462
[202] Su Tong-fu, Xin-feng Jia, Guo-zhong Zhao, Pengyu Han, Yu-jie Wang, Yongliang Li, Bin Zhou, Chao-peng Song, Jian-feng Chang, Chang-rong Gong. Characterization of original and expanded leaf-roots of tobacco by terahertz spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Materials Letters, 2008, 62: 2779-2782
[2]杨再波,彭黔荣,赖东辉,蔡元青.烤烟烟梗中挥发性中性香味成分的分析研究.贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版) 2005,34(1): 31~35
[3]刘燕,刘钟栋.微波条件下烟梗果胶多糖提取工艺研究中国食品添加剂, 2006. 5: 58~61
[4]何炬,刘维涓,师建全,卫青,毛子渊.微波膨胀烟梗质量研究.烟草科技, 2006, 2: 9~12
[5]肖厚荣,张悠金,朱仁发,李俊江.从烟梗中提取果胶工艺研究.烟草科技2002.3:36~38
[6]朱国庆,程远平,季经纬,顾正洪,张宏琨.卷烟制丝工艺主要可燃物火灾特性实验研究.消防科学与技术. 2007.26(3): 235~238
[7]彭黎明,闻质红,赵晓东.烤烟C3F叶片和烟梗中香味成分对比分析.烟草科技. 2007,1:43~45
[8]鲁蕾,付敏,郭宝星.烟梗成分提取及其应用研究.四川化工. 2004,7(1):9~12
[9]杨伟祖,谢刚,王保兴,侯英,徐济仓,杨勇,杨燕,王玉.烤烟烟叶和烟梗的热裂解产物的研究.色谱. 2006, 26(4): 606~610
[10]胡江涌,梁勇,谢亚,黄肇峰,钟汉佐.烟草各部位中茄尼醇含量分布研究.分析实验室. 2007,26(12):106~108
[11]鲁蕾,付敏,郭宝星.烟梗果胶浸提工艺的研究,西南农业学报2004,17(3): 374~377
[12] Rincon J.De Lucas A, Garcia M A, Garcia A., Alvarez a. Carnicer A. Preliminary study on the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of nicotine from tobacco wastes,Separation Science and Technology,1998,33(3):411~423
[13] De Luca Antonio, Canizares Pablo, Garcia Miguel A. Gomez J., Rodriguez J.F. Recovery of nicotine from aqueous extracts of tobacco wastes by an H+ form strong-acid ion exchanger, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research ,1998,37(12):4783~4791
[14] Shigeru Eda, Kunio Kato, Atushi Ishizu, Junzo Nakano,An Acidic Polysaccharide Isolated from the Midrib of Leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 1982, 46(7): 1783-1790
[15] Trash container for disposal of cigarette waste. U S Patent: D0522688 (20050241655)11/03. 2005
[16] Felicita Bri ki, Nina Horgas, Marija Vukovi, Zoran Gomzi. Aerobic composting of tobacco industry solid waste-simulation of the process. Clean technologies and environmental policy. 2003, 5(3/4): 295~301
[17] Method of re-using waste fibres. Eu Patent: EP0147216, 1990
[18] Catalytic adsorbents obtained from municipal sludges, industrial sludges, compost andtobacco waste and process for their production. U S Patent: 20070113736. 2007.5
[19]菲律宾使用烟梗生产纸浆.中国新包装. 2006.4:52
[20] M.霍夫里特, A.斯泰因比歇尔.郭圣荣主译,生物高分子,第1卷木质素、腐殖质和煤[M].化学工业出版社,2004. 22~34
[21] Sakagami H, Kawazoe Y, Oh-hara T, Kitajima K, Inoue Y, Tanuma S, Ichikawa S, Konno K.. Stimulation of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cell iodination by lignin-related substances[J]. J Leukoc Biol, 1991 , 49(3): 277~282.
[22] Jiang Y, Satoh K, Aratsu C, , Kobayashi N, Unten S, Kakuta H, Kikuchi H, Nishikawa,H, Ochiai K, Sakagami H. . Combination effect of lignin F and natural products[J]. Anticancer Res, 2001 , 21(2A): 965~970.
[23] Sakagami H, Oh-hara T, Kaiya T, Kawazoe Y, Nonoyama M, Konno K.. Molecular species of the antitumor and antiviral fraction from pine cone extract [J]. Anticancer Res, 1989, 9(6): 1593~1598.
[24] Nezhinskaia GI, Filov VA, Berkovich AM. Investigation of allergenic properties of olipiphat. Vopr. Onkol. 2004, 50(6): 693~694.
[25] McDoniel PB, Cole JR. Antitumor activity of Bursera schlechtendalii (burseraceae): isolation andstructure determination of two new lignans. J. Pharm Sci. 1972 , 61(12): 1992~1994.
[26] Kuboyama N, Fujii A, Tamura T. Antitumor activities of bamboo leaf extracts (BLE) and its lignin (BLL). Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1981, 77(6): 579~596.
[27] Alder E. lignin chemistry-past, present and future [J]. Wood Sci. Tech, 1977, 4: 169~218.
[28] Agarwal U P, Reine R S, Pandey A K, et al. Raman spectra of lignin model Compounds[C]// Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC, 2005, 1:1~8 .
[29]蒋挺大.木质素[M]北京:化学工业出版社,2001: 6, P37
[30] Pobiner H. Improved inflection points in the non-aqueous potentiometer of acid functionalities in Lignin chemicals by using internal standardization and ion exchange [J]. Anal chem. Acta, 1983, 155: 57~65
[31] Chang H-M, Cowling E B, Brown W, et al. Comparative on cellulolytic enzyme lignin and milled wood lignin of sweat gum and spruce [J]. Holzforschung, 1975, 29: 153~159
[32] Lin S Y, Dence C W. Methods in lignin chemistry [M] Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 65~70.
[33] Itoh K, Sumimoto M, Tanaka H. Comparative studies on the mechanochemistry of guaiacylglycerol and veratrylglycer-β-guancylo ether [J]. J. Wood chem. tech, 1995, 15:395~411.
[34] Lapierre C, Monties B, ROLANDO C. Thioacidolysis of lignin: comparison withacidolysis [J]. J. Wood Chem. Tech, 1985, 5: 277~292.
[35] Lora J H,Az1z S.Organosolve pulping:a versatile approach to wood reefing [J].Tappi Journal,1985,68(8):94.
[36] Cronlund M, POWERS J.Bleaching of ALCELL organosolv pulps using conventional and non-chorine bleaching sequences [J].Tappi Journal,1992,(7):189~194.
[37] Diebold.Solvent pulping process [P].US:4100016.1978-07-11.
[38] Tyson.Production of hydrophobic fibers [P].US:5705216.1998-01-06
[39] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 1, Reaction of Guaiacylglycerol-β-Guaiacyl Ether [J]. Holzforschung 2001, 55(6):611~616.
[40] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 2, Homolysis of Guaiacylglycerol-β-Guaiacyl Ether[J]. Holzforschung 2002, 56(6):623~631.
[41]Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping: Part 3. Structural Changes in Lignin Analyzed by 13C-NMR Spectroscopy [J]. 2003, 57(6):602~610
[42] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 4, Effect of a Reducing Sugar on the Degradation of Guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl Ethe [J]. Journal of wood chemistry and technology, 2003, 23(3.4):233~248.
[43] Takao K, Yoshihiro S,Delignification Mechanism during High-Boiling Solvent Pulping,part 5, Reaction of Nonphenolicβ-O-4 Model Compounds in the Presence and Absence of Glucose [J]. J. Wood Chem. and tech.. 2003, 23(3.4):279~292.
[44] Takao Kishimoto, Asuka Ueki, Hitomi,Takamori, Yasumitsu Uraki and Makoto. Ubukata. Delignification mechanism during high-boiling solvent pulping. Part 6: Changes in lignin structure analyzed by 1H–13C correlation 2-D NMR spectroscopy. Holzforschung. 2004, 58: 355~362
[45] Xiansu Cheng,Weijian Chen,Yunping Chen,Huashu Fang,Mianjan LI ,Yuexian Chen. a new method for making cellulose and lignin from bam boo by high boiling solvent journal of Tianjin University of Science and Technology. 2004. 19(4): 67~71
[46]程贤建,陈云平,吴耿云,等.高沸醇木质素的研究进展[J].化工进展, 2006.,25(2):147~151.
[47] Brinkmann K, Blaschke L, Polle A. comparison of different methods for lignin determination as a basis for calibration of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and implications of lignoproteins [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2002, 28(12): 2483~2501.
[48] Alves A,Schwanninger M, Pereira H, et al. Calibration of NIR to assess lignin composition (H/G ratio) in maritime pine wood using analytical pyrolysis as the reference method [J]. Holzforschung, 2006,60(1): 29~31.
[49]霍夫里特M,斯泰比歇尔A .生物高分子[M].第1卷.郭圣荣,译.北京:化学工业出版社, 2004: 99~128.
[50] Dence C W. The determination of lignin [M]//LIN S Y, DENCE C W. methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Spinger-Verlag, 1992, 33~61.
[51] Goering H K, Van Soest P J. Forage fiber analyses (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). Agr. Handbk,1970. 379. ARS, USDA, Washington, D.C.
[52] Hstfield R D, Jung H J G, Ralph J. et al. A comparison of the insoluble residues produced by the klason ligning and acid detergent lignin procedures [J]. J Sci Food Agric, 1994, 65: 51~58
[53] Kondo T, Mizuno K, Kato T. variation in solubility of lignin in acid determination and in alkali [J]. J. Japan Grass Sci, 1987, 33:296~299
[54] Lowey J B, Conlan L L, Schlink A C et al. Acid detergent dispersible lignin in tropical grasses [J]. J Sci Food Agri, 1994,65:41~49
[55] Browning B L. Methods of wood chemistry [M]. New York: Willey -interscience, 1967. 498
[56] Bruce R J, West C A. Elicitation of lignin biosynthesis and isoperoxdidase activity by petic fragments in suspension cultures of castor bean [J]. Plant Phys. 1989, 91: 889~897
[57] Bonello P, Heller W, SANDERMANN H. Ozone effects on root-disease susceptibility and defenses response in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal seedings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.).New phytol, 1993,124(4): 653~663.
[58] Lange B M, Laperrie C, Sandermann H Jr. Elitciter-induced spruce stress lignin, structural similarity to early development lignin[J]. Plant Psychology, 1995, 108: 1277~1281.
[59] Hatfield R., Fukushima R S. Can lignin be accurately measured? [J]. Crop Science, 2005. 45(3): 832~839.
[60] Rodrigues J, Faix O, Pereira H, Improvement of the acetylbromide method for lignin determination within large scale screening programs [J]. Holz Als Rohund Werkstoff, 1999, 57(5): 341~345.
[61] Vanzyi J D. Notes on the spctrophotometric determination of lignin in wood samples [J]. Wood Sci Tech,1978, 12: 251~259.
[62] Iiyama K, Wallis A. an improved acetyl bromide procedure for determining lignin in woods and wood pulps [J]. Wood Sci Technol, 1988, 22: 271~280.
[63] Hatfield R D, Graber J, Ralph J,et al. Using the acetyl bromide assay to determine lignin concentrations in herbaceous plants: some cautionary notes [J]. J Agric. Food Chem, 1999, 8347: 628~632.
[64] Fukushima R S, Hatfield R D. Extraction and isolation of lignin for utilization as a standard to determine lignin concentration using the acetyl bromide spectrophotometric method [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2001. 49:3133~3139.
[65] Sarkanen K V, Islam A, Erson C D. Ozonation [M] //LIN S Y, AND DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Springver-verlag.1992:387~406.
[66] Bose S K, Wilson K L, Francis et al. Lignin analysis by permanganate oxidation. 1. Native spruce lignin [J]. Holzforschung, 1998, 52:297~303.
[67] Schultz T P, Templeton M C, Mcginns G D. Rapid determination of lignocelluose by diffuse reflectance FT-IR[J]. Anal Chem, 1985, 57:2867~2869.
[68] Mclellan T M, Aber J D, Martin M E. Determination of nitrogen lignin ,and cellulose contents of decomposing leaf material by NIRS [J]. Can J Forest Res, 1991a, 21:1684~1688.
[69] Joffre R, Gillon D, Dardence P, et al. The use of NIRS in litter decomposition studies [J]. Ann Sci forest, 1992, 49:481~488.
[70] Gillon D, Toffre R, Ibrahima A. Can litter decomposability be predicted by NIRS [J]. Can J forest Res, 1993 23: 2552~2559.
[71] Bolster K L, Martin M E, Aber J D. Decrimination of carbon fraction and nitrogen concentration in tree foliage by NIRS: a comparison of statistical method [J]. Can J forest Resh. 1996, 26: 590~600.
[72] Amari M. Application of NIRS to forge analysis and predication of TDN contents [J]. Japan Agri Research, 1997, 31(1): 55~63.
[73] Magil A H, Aber J D. long-term effects of experimental nitrogen additions on foliar litter decay and humus formation in forest ecosystems [J]. Plant Soil, 1998, 203:101~112
[74] Aber J D, Bolster K L, Newman S D, et al. Analyses of forest foliage. II measurement of carbon fraction and nitrogen content by end member analysis [J]. J NIRS,1994, 2: 15~23
[75] Newman S D, Sonlia M E, Aber J D, et al. Analysis of forest foliage. I. Laboratory procedures for proximate carbon fractionation and nitrogen determination [J]. J NIRS,1994, 2: 5~14.
[76] Harmon M E, Lajtha K. Analysis of detritus and organic horizons for mineral and organic constituents [M] // Roerston G P, Coleman D C, Bledsoe C S,et al. Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research. New York: Oxford University press, 1999:146~165.
[77] Ono K, Hiraide M, Amari M, Determination of lignin, holocellulose, and organic solvent extractives in fresh leaf, litter fall, and organic material on forest floor using NIRS [J]. Journal of Forest Research, 2003 , 8(3): 191~198.
[78]Agarwal U P, Atalla R H. FT-Raman spectroscopy: what it is and what it can do for lignocellosic research [C]// Proceedings 8th symp Wood and pulp. Chem Helsinki, 1995, 3: 67.
[79] Agarwal U P, Weinstock I A, Atalla R H. FT-Raman spectroscopy: A rapid non-invasive technique for direct measurement of lignin in kraft pulps, proceedings 1996 inter [M]. Atlanta: TAPPI Press, 1996: 531.
[80] Agarwal U P, Mcsweeny J. Photoyellowing of thermomechanical pulps: Loooking beyond a-carbonyl and ethylenic groups as the initiating structures [J]. Wood Chemistry Tech, 1997, 17: 1~26.
[81] Larsen K L, Barsberg S. Kerr gated resonance Raman spectroscopy in the studies of lignin polymerization. Lasers for Science Facility Programme-Biology. Central Laser Facility Annual Report, 2004/2005, 168~169
[82] Saariaho A M. Resonance Raman spectroscopy in the analysis of residual lignin and other unsaturated structures in chemical pulps [D]. Jun. 2005
[83] Anna-Stiina J??skel?inen; Anna-Maija Saariaho; Jouko Vy?rykk?; Tapani Vuorinen; Pavel Matousek; Anthony W. Parker. Application of UV-Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy to study bleaching and photoyellowing of thermomechanical pulps. Holzforschung: International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, & Technology of Wood, 2006, 60 (3): 231~238
[84] Umesh P Agarwal. Raman imaging of lignin and cellulose distribution in black spruce wood ( Picea mariana ) cell walls. In: Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC (International Symposium on Wood, Fiber, and Pulping Chemistry), Appita, 2005 , 377~384
[85] K L Larsen, S Barsberg. K L Ronayne, A W Parker, P Matousek, M Towrie. Kerr gated resonance Raman spectroscopy in the studies of lignin polymerization. Lasers for Science Facility Programme– Biology. Central Laser Facility Annual Report . 2004/2005. 168~169
[86] U. P. Agarwal. An Overview of Raman Spectroscopy as Applied to Lignocellulosic Materials. In: Advances in Lignocellulosics Characterization. Chapter 9 Argyropoulos, D.S.,Ed., TAPPI Press, (1999), 201~225
[87] U. P. Agarwal, Sally A. Ralph, and Rajai H. Atalla. FT Raman Spectroscopic Study of Softwood Lignin. 1997, ISWPC , 8-1~8-4
[88] U. P Agarwal, Richard S reiner, Ashok K pandey. Sally A ralph, kolby, C Hirth, Rajai H Atalla. Raman spectra of lignin model compounds. In: Proceedings of the 59th APPITA Annual Conference and Exhibition incorporating the 13th ISWFPC (InternationalSymposium on Wood, Fiber, and Pulping Chemistry), APPITA, c2005. pp. 1~8.
[89] Anna-Stiina J??skel?inen; Anna-Maija Saariaho; Tapani Vuorinen. Quantification of Lignin and Hexenuronic Acid in Bleached Hardwood Kraft Pulps: A New Calibration Method for UVRR Spectroscopy and Evaluation of the Conventional Methods. Journal of wood chemistry and technology. 2005, 25(1/2): 51 ~ 65
[90] Lundquist K. Proton HNMR studies of lignin [M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 242~249.
[91]周学飞,余家銮,陈嘉翔.核磁共振法在研究木素和碳水化合物结构方面的应用[J].中国造纸学报,1998, 13(1):86~91.
[92] Archipov Y, Argyropoulos D S, Bolker H, et al. 31P-NMR. spectroscopy in wood chemistry[J]. Phosphite Derivatives of Carbohydrates, 1991, 220: 49~61.
[93] Ahvazi B C, Argyroopoulos D S. 19FNMR Spectroscopy for elucidation of carbonyl groups in lignin 1 mode compounds [J]. J Agric Food Chemistry, 1996, 44: 2167~2175.
[94] LearY G J, Newman R H. Gross: polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS NMR) spectroscopy [M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992:146~161.
[95] Wen X Y, He H P, Zhu J X, et al. Arrangement, conformation, and mobility of surfactant molecules intercalated in montmorillonite prepared at different pillaring reagent concentrations as studied by solid-state NMR spectroscopy [J]. J Colloid &inter Sci, 2006, 299(2):754~760.
[96] Newman R H, Stephen E K, Scheele S, et al. Leaf-fiber lignins of Phormium varieties compared by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy [J]. Holzforschung, 2005, 59(2): 147~152.
[97] Balakshin M Y, Capanema E A, GOLDFARB B, et al. NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir Lignins [J] . Holzforschung, 2005, 59(5): 488~496.
[98] Ammalahti E, Brunow G, Bardet M, et al. Identification of side-chain structures in polar lignin using 3D hmqc-hohaha-nmrs [J]. J Agri Food chem., 1999, 46:5113~5117.
[99] Pla F. light scatting[M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Germany,1992:498~508.
[100] Pla F. Vapor pressure osmometry [M] // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry . Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, 509~519.
[101] Lin S Y. Ultra filtration // LIN S Y, DENCE C W. Methods in lignin chemistry [M]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992: 518~523.
[102] Walsh A R, campbell A G, Hpsec analysis of kraft lignin on a bondagel column [J]. Holzforschung,1986, 40(5): 263~266.
[103] Lu F, Ralph J. DFRC method for lignin analysis. 1. New method for ?β-aryl ether cleavage: Lignin Model Studies [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 1997, 45: 4655~4660.
[104] Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. Derivatization Followed by Reductive Cleavage (DFRC Method), a New Method for Lignin Analysis: Protocol for Analysis of DFRC Monomers [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997, 45, 2590~2592
[105] Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 7. Behavior of Cinnamyl End Groups [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47, 1981~1987
[106] Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 2. Monomers from Isolated Lignins [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 547~552
[107] Fachuang Lu,John Ralph. the DFRC method for lignin analysis. part 3. nmr studies [J]. J. wood chemistry and technology. 1998, 18(2), 219~233
[108] Junpeng Peng, Fachuang Lu, John Ralph. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 4. Lignin Dimers Isolated from DFRC-Degraded Loblolly Pine Wood [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 553~560
[109] John Ralph, Fachuang Lu. The DFRC Method for Lignin Analysis. 6. A Simple odification for Identifying Natural Acetates on Lignins [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 4616~4619
[110] Romuanldo S, Fukushima, Hatfield R D. Comparison of the acetylbromide spectrophoto metric method with other analytical lignin methods for determining lignin concentration in forge samples [J]. J Agri Food Chem, 2004,52: 3713~3720.
[111] Pirkko Karhunen, Petted Rummakko, Jussi Sipila, Costa Brunow. The Formation Of Dibenzodioxocin Structures By Oxidative Coupling. A Model Reaction For Linin Biosynthesis [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 1995, 36(25): 4501~4504
[112] Glasser W G,Glasser H R . Simulation of reactions with lignin by. computer (Simrel). II. Model for softwood lignin [J]. Holzforschung. 1974. 28: 5~11
[113] W. G. Glasser, H. R. Glasser, and N. Morohoshi. Simulation of reactions with lignin by computer (SIMREL). 6. Interpretation of primary experimental analysis data ("analysis program") [J]; Macromolecules; 1981; 14(2): 253 ~262;
[114] Glasser W G and Glasser H R . The evaluation of lignin’s chemical structure by experimental and computer simulation [J]. Techniques. Pap Pun. 1981, 2: 71~83
[115] A. Sakakibara1 A structural model of softwood lignin [J], wood science and technology, 1980,14(2):89~100
[116] Brounow,G., Lundquist, K., Gellerstedt, G.. 1998,Lignin [M],in: Analytical methods in wood chemistry, Pulpoing and papermaking(Sjstorm, E., Alen, R., Eds.) pp:77~124. Berlin; Springer-Verlag.
[117]冯建豪,GlasserWG.甘蔗渣木质素的化学结构[J].中国造纸,1986,5(2):10~19
[118] Anderson D. B., Park A. US Patent, 3022248. 1962.
[119] Dongherty W. K. US Patent, 3634387, 1972
[120]黄云,王健,雷庆虹,袁迎中.木质素磺酸钠/AM耐高温高盐堵水剂的室内评价[J].内蒙古石油化工.2006, 32(3) :117~118
[121]黎载波,刘宏文.木质素类油田化学品的研究与应用[J]. 2004, 5(7): 6~9
[122]赵颖华,徐艳妹,王海峰,杨勇,刘庆梅.木质素磺酸盐的改性及其在三次采油中的应用[J].大庆石油地质与开发. 2005, 24(4): 90~91
[123] Setua, D K; Shukla, M K; Nigam, V; Singh, H; Mathur, G N. Lignin reinforced rubber composites [J]. Polymer Composites (USA). 2000, 21(6):988~995
[124] Sand, K; Yamashita, S; Kohjiya, S. Improvement of Plasticity of Lignin/1-Chlorobutadiene--Butadiene Copolymer Composite [J]. Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi (Journal of the Society of Rubber Industry, Japan) (Japan). 1993, 66(5): 319~326.
[125] Nakamura y. ; Sawada T. ; Sungusia m. G. ; Kobayashi F.; Kuwahara M. ; Ito H.. Lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on polyurethane foam [J]. Journal of chemical engineering of Japan (J. chem. eng. Jpn.) 1997, 30, (1): 1~6
[126] C. Ciobanu, M. Ungureanu, L. Ignat, D. Ungureanu , V. I. Popa. Properties of lignin–polyurethane films prepared by casting method [J]. Industrial crops and products. 2004, 20(2): 231~241
[127] W D Oliveira, W G. Classer. Novel cellulose derivatives. II. synthesis and characteristics of mono-functional cellulose propionate segments [J]. Cellulose. 1994, 1(1): 77~86
[128] S S Kelley, W G Glasser, T C Ward. Multiphase materials with lignin. IX: Effect of lignin content on interpenetrating polymer network properties [J]. Polymer. 1989, 30(12): 2265~2268
[129] J Dong, F Wu, G Zhang. Influence of cadmium on antioxidant capacity and four microelement concentrations in tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum) [J]. Chemosphere . 2006, 64(10): 1659~1666
[130] Yu. N. Forostyan and Miamufiti Prosper. Inhibiting properties of lignin [J]. chemistry of natural compounds. 1983, 19 (3): 358~359
[131] Zhao J,Wilkins R M.Acylated lignin:a matrix for controlled release formulations of pesticides [J].Pests and Diseases,2002,(1):441·446
[132] Gordon O.; Wiedmer H.; Studer H. Lignin additive. Lignin additive[J]. Trends in food science and technology. 1997, 8(2): 61~61
[133]穆环珍,曾文,黄衍初,孙悦凤,杨问波.增效磷肥的研制与增产效应研究[J].农业环境保护. 2002, 21(1): 26~28
[134]陶用珍,管映亭.木质素的化学结构及其应用[J].纤维素科学与技术. 2003, 11(1): 42~55
[135] B. Baurhoo, C.A. Ruiz-Feria and X. Zhao. Purified lignin: Nutritional and health impacts on farm animals—A review [J]. Animal feed science and technology . doi: 10.1016/ j. ani feed sci. 2007. 10.016
[136]王晓红,赵谦.造纸黑液中木质素在农业领域的应用[J].林产化工通讯2004, 38(2): 36~40
[137]李建法,宋湛谦.木质素磺酸盐及其接枝产物作沙土稳定剂的研究[J].林产化学与工业. 2002,22(1) : 17~20
[138] Fleming J. W., High resolution Submillimeter-wave FT Spectrometry of gases, IEEE Trans. Microware Theory Techniques [J], 1974,22(12):1023~1025
[139]P Y Han and X-C Zhang,Free-space coherent broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy [J],Measurement science and technology,2001, 12: 1~10
[140] Hu B B, Nuss M C. Imaging with terahertz waves [J]. Optical letters. 1995, 20 (16): 1716~1718
[141] Q. Chen, Zhiping Jiang , X.-C. Zhang ,“Two-Dimensional Terahertz Wave Imaging,”[M] a chapter in Terahertz Sources and Systems, Kluwer Academic Publisher, edited by R.E. Miles et al, (2001): 225~239.
[142] Mittleman D.M. Jacobsen, R.H. Nuss M C, et al, T-ray imaging [J].IEEE J Selected topics in Quantum Electronics. 1996, 2(3):679~692
[143] D.M. Mittleman, M. Gupta, R. Neelamani, et al. Recent advances in terahertz imaging [J]. Applied. Physics. 1999, B 68: 1085–1094
[144] P. Y. Han, X. G. Huang, X.-C. Zhang. Direct characterization of terahertz radiation from the dynamics of the semiconductor surface field [J], Applied Physics Letters., 2000, 77(18): 2864~2866
[145] Hunsche S, Koch M, Brener I and Nuss M C. THz near-field imaging [J]. Optics Communications. 1998, 150(5): 22~26
[146] G. C. Cho, P. Y. Han, X. C. Zhang, et al. Optical phonon dynamics of GaAs studied with time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy [J]. Optics letter, 2000, 25 (21): 1609~1611
[147] Markelz A G, Roitberg A, Heilweil E J, et al, Pulsed terahertz spectroscopy of DNA, bovine serum albumin and collagen between 0.06 THz to 2 THz [J], chemical Physics letters. 2000, 320: 42~48
[148] Taday P F, Bardley I V and Arnone D D., Terahertz pulse spectroscopy of biological materials: L-glutamic acid. Journal of biological physics [J]. 2003.29 .109~115
[149] Joseph Knab; Jing-Yin Chen; Andrea Markelz,Hydration Dependence of Conformational Dielectric Relaxation of Lysozyme [J],Biophysical Journal; Apr 1, 2006; 90(7): 2576~2581
[150] Woodward R M, Wallace V P, Pye R J, Cole B E, Arnone D D, Linfield E H, Pepper W. Terahertz Pulse imaging of ex vivo Basal Cell Carcinoma. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003, 120(1): 72~78
[151] M. Nagel P. Haring Bolivar, M. Brucherseifer, and H. Kurz. Integrated THz technology for label-free genetic diagnostics. [J] Applied Physics letters. 2002, 80:154~156
[152] Andrea G. Marklez and Scott E. Whitmire. Terahertz applications to bimolecular sensing. [J]. International Journal of high speed electronics and systems. 2003, 13: 951~967
[153] R. K. Joseph, J. Y. Chen, S. J. Ye, Y. F. He, A. G. Markelz Protein Conformational Dynamics Measured With Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy. 2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electrnics, 2006, 9,183
[154] N. N. Brandt, A. Yu, Chikishev, M. M. Nazarov, O. D. Parashchuk, S. A. Shkelnyuk, D. A. Sapozhnikov, I. N. Smirnova, A. P. Shkurinov, Terahertz Time-Domain and Raman Studies of Sulfur-Containing Polypeptides.2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electrnics, 2006,9,186
[155] M. Teranaka, A.Doi, T. Tatsukawa, T. Idehara, S. Mitsudo, T. Kanemaki, T. Namba. Millimeter wave irradiation and invasion into living bodies using AR waveguide vent antennas. 2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electronics, 2006,9:188
[156] Eiji Kato, Hisa Yoshida, Shin ichiro Hayashi, Yuichi Ogawa, Kodo Kawase. THz sensing method based on thin metallic mesh and an application for bimolecular sensing. 2006 joint 31st international conference on infrared and millimeter wave and 14th international conference on terahertz electronics, 2006, 9:185
[157] Shue-chu S, Santo I, Genzel L. Far-infrared spectroscopy of amino acids, polypetides and proteins. Can Journal spectroscopy [J] 1981, 26: 126~133
[158] Bandekar J E, Genzel L, Kremar F, et al. The temperature dependence of the far-infrared spectra of L-alanine Spectro chimica [J]. Acta.Part A-molecular Spectroscopy, 1983, 39A: 357~366
[159] Brucherseifer M, Nagel M, Haring Bolivar P, et al. Haring Bolivar P, et al. label-free probing of the binding state of DNA by time-domain terahertz sensing [J]. Applied physics letter, 2000, 77: 4049~4051
[160] Walther M, Fischer B, Schall M, et al. Far-infrared vibrational spectra of all- trans, 9-cisand 13-cis retional measured by THz-TDS [J]. Chemical. Physics letters, 2000, 332:389~395
[161] T.R. Globus, D.L. Woolard, T. Khromova et al. THz-Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules [J]. Journal of biological physics. 2003, 29: 89~100
[162] Ken Suto and Jun-ichi Nishizawa. Widely Frequency-Tunable Terahertz Wave Generation and Spectroscopic Application [J]. International Journal of infrared and Millimeter wave. 2005, 26:937~952
[163] Haran G, Sun W D, Wynne K, et al. Femtosecond far-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy: a new tool for studying low-frequency vibrational dynamics in molecular condensed phases [J]. chemical physics letters, 1997, 274(4): 365~371
[164] Petruck C R, Jimenez R, Guo T et al. Picosecond-milliangstrom lattice dynamics measured by ultrafast X-ray diffraction [J]. Nature, 1999, 398: 310~312
[165] Michan S P, Abbott D, Munch J et al. fluct. Noise reduction in terahertz thin film measurements using a double modulated differential technique [J]. Noise letter., 2002,2: 13
[166] Bdellah Menikh, Samuel P. Mickan, Haibo Liu, Robert MacColl X. -C. Zhang. Label-free amplified bioaffinity detection using terahertz wave technology [J]. Biosensors & Bio-electronics; 2004, 20 (3): 658~662
[167] T. L. J. Chan, J. E. Bjarnason, A. W. M. Lee, M. A. Celis, E. R. Brown. Attenuation contrast between biomolecular and inorganic materials at terahertz frequencies. Applied Physics Letters [J]. 2004,85,(13): 2523~2525
[47] Tatiana Globus, Dwight Woolard, Thomas W Crowe, Tatyana Khromova, Boris Gelmont and Jeffrey Hesler. Terahertz Fourier transform characterization of biological materials in a liquid phase [J], J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 2006 ,39: 3405–3413
[168]岳伟伟,王卫宁,赵国忠,张存林,闫海涛.芳香族氨基酸的太赫兹光谱研究[J].物理学报2005, 54(7):3094~3098
[169]徐惠,余笑寒,张增燕,韩家广,李晴暖,朱志远,李文新.固态氨基酸的THz时域光谱研究[J].中国科学院研究生学报2005, 22(1):90~93
[170] Ge Min, Ge Min,Zhao Hongwei,JI Te,YU Xiaohan, WANG Wenfeng,LI Wenxin. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of some pentoses. SCIENCE IN CHINA (chemistry) 2006. 49(3) : 204~208
[171] Wang Xiao-hong, GUO Lan-tao, HU Ying. The Brief Review of Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy on Gas. Chinese Journal of Light scattering[J], 2005, 17(4):67~70
[172]席再军,肖体乔,张增艳,余笑寒,陈敏,徐洪杰.二维透射式Terahertz波时域谱成像研究.光子学报.2006. 35(8):1171~1174
[174]吉特,赵红卫,张增艳葛敏王文锋余笑寒徐洪杰. D-、L-和DL-青霉胺的太赫兹时域光谱.物理化学学报.2006, 22(9):1159~1162
[175] P E Marszalek, A F Oberhauser, Y P Pang, J. Polysaccharide elasticity governed by chair-boat transitions of the glucopyranose ring [J]. Nature. 1996, 396: 661~663
[176] T Shibata-seki, J Masai, Y Ogawa et al. Application of AFM to protein anatomy [J]. Applied Physics. A 1998, 66:625~629
[177] A R Kirby, A P Gunning, V J Morris, Imaging polysaccharides by AFM [J]. Biopolymers 1996, 38:355~366
[178]张礼和中国科学院化学学部编展望21世纪的化学[M]北京化学工业出版社2000. 240~245
[179]张礼和化学学科进展,北京化学工业出版社[M] 2005. pg1~21
[180]张礼和化学生物学进展,北京化学工业出版社[M] 2005. pg1~40
[181]左天觉著朱尊权译烟草的生产、生理和生物化学[M]上海上海远东出版社1993:Pp475~500
[182] Damien Bigourd, Arnaud Cuisset, Francis Hindle, Sophie Matton, Eric Fertein, Robin Bocquet, and Ga?l Mouret. Detection and quantification of multiple molecular species in mainstream cigarette smoke by continuous-wave terahertz spectroscopy [J]. Optics Letters. 2006. 31(15):2356~2358
[183] Knut Lundquist, Brita Ohlsson, Rune Simonson. Isolation of lignin by means of liquid-liquid extraction. Svensk Paperstidning nr. 1977, 143~144
[184]苏同福.实验室制取CH4最佳条件的探讨.许昌学院学报. 2004,23(2):113~116
[185]苏同福实验室Cl2与H2混合气体光爆实验最佳条件的探讨.河北师范大学学报自然科学版. 2001, 25 (2): 232~235
[186]张美云,谭国民.龙须草自催化乙醇法制浆工艺及反应历程的研究[J].中国造纸学报,2001, 16:18~23
[187] Junbiao Chang, Reiner John, Jingxi Xie. Progress on the Chemistry of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans [J]. Chem. Rev. 2005, 105(12): 4581~4609
[188]秦特夫.木和“三北”一号杨磨木木质素化学官能团特征的研究.林业科学. 1999, 35(3): 69~75
[189]方华书,程贤甦,陈跃先,陈云平,李勉钧,陈为健.甘蔗渣高沸醇溶剂法制取木质素.甘蔗2002, 9(4): 15~19
[190]陈为健,程贤甦,方华书,陈跃先,李勉钧,陈云平.高沸醇溶剂法提取花生壳中木质素的研究.花生学报. 2003,32(2):7~11
[191]方华书,陈跃先,陈云平,李勉钧,陈为健,程贤甦.高沸醇溶剂法制备纤维素和木质素.闽江学院学报. 2002, 23(2): 67~69
[192]潘家来.激光拉曼光谱在有机化学上的应.北京,化学工业出版社,1986,P70
[193]吴国祯.拉曼谱学峰强中的信息.北京,科学出版社,2007,P1
[194] Higuchi T, Tanahashi M, Nakatsubo F. Acidolysis of bamboo lignin III. Estimation of arylgrycerol-β-aryl ether groups in lignins. Wood Res.. 1973, 54: 9~18
[195] Fromm J,RockelB,Lautner S, Windeisen E, Wanner G. Lignin distribution in wood cell walls determined by TEM and backscattered SEM techniques. J Struct Biol. 2003, 143(1): 77~84.
[196] Marjatta Kleen. Surface lignin and extractives on hardwood RDH kraft pulp chemically characterized by ToF-SIMS. International Journal of the Biology, Chemistry, Physics, & Technology of Wood; 2005, 59(5): 481~487
[197] C. Genestar1 and J. Palou1 SEM–FTIR spectroscopic evaluation of deterioration in an historic coffered ceiling . Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2006,14: 987~993
[198]乔维川,洪建国,李忠正.嗜黑液菌厌氧降解过程中木质素结构的变化.南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2007. 31(5):34~38
[199]武书彬,李梦实.麦草酶解-温和酸解木质素的化学结构特性研究.林产化学与工业. 2006,26(1):104~108
[200]田震,邱学清,王晓东.碱木质素性能及应用研究进展.精细化工,2001,18(2):63~66
[201]苏同福,贾新峰,赵国忠,韩鹏昱,李永良,宫长荣.醇水烟梗太赫兹吸收图谱研究.分析测试学报。2008. 27(5): 458-462
[202] Su Tong-fu, Xin-feng Jia, Guo-zhong Zhao, Pengyu Han, Yu-jie Wang, Yongliang Li, Bin Zhou, Chao-peng Song, Jian-feng Chang, Chang-rong Gong. Characterization of original and expanded leaf-roots of tobacco by terahertz spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Materials Letters, 2008, 62: 2779-2782