和解的希望：《铁器时代》和《耻》中的“他者”
摘要
约翰·麦克斯韦尔·库切(John Maxwell Coetzee)是南非著名小说家,2003年度诺贝尔文学奖获得者。在此之前,他曾两次获得英国布克奖(1983和1999年),法国的费米那奖(1985年)以及耶路撒冷奖(1987年)。他的作品总是以南非为背景。在南非,种族压迫和种族歧视使得白人和黑人之间长期以来冲突不断,但库切却从未放弃双方和解的希望,积极地探索通向和解的道路。本论文认为库切把和解的希望寄托在了白人“他者”身上。白人虽然被边缘化为“他者”,经历着主体身份遗失后的迷茫,但库切还是希望他们能担负起为殖民主义罪恶赎罪的重任,打破二元对立的局面,寻找白人与黑人之间的和谐之音。
本论文运用后殖民主义的“他者”理论从三个方面阐释了库切在《铁器时代》和《耻》中如何建构南非白人的“他者”身份以及白人如何承担起了白人与黑人和解的重任。首先,论文在对“自我”和“他者”理论进行梳理的基础上对本文的“他者”概念进行了界定,并详细阐述了库切在《铁器时代》和《耻》中是如何把白人建构为“他者”的。其次,论文对白人“他者”的困境做了具体分析:他们与历史的牵连使得他们倍感内疚,曾经享有的特权身份使他们在新的环境下变得不合时宜,而更为可悲的是,他们此时已无法拥有一个正常的家庭。然而,为了生存,沦为“他者”的白人必须面对现实,寻找出路,以求与黑人的和谐相处。因此,论文最后关注的是白人和黑人和解的希望。在《铁器时代》中,柯伦太太和黑人在危险和无助的时刻所建立起的一种新的关系暗示了和解的可能性;在《耻》中,卢克对现实有了清醒的认识后,最终决定拯救自己,真心悔过;而露西则不惜以自己的身体、土地、甚至尊严为代价寻求共存。本文最后得出结论:作为一名南非白人作家,库切通过把白人建构为“他者”,让白人看到社会的不公,意识到他们所欠黑人同胞的孽债,从而迈出白人和黑人之间和解的第一步。
John Maxwell Coetzee, a distinguished South African writer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. Before it, he had won Booker-Mc Connell Prize twice (1983 and 1999), Prix Femina Etranger (1985), and the Jerusalem Prize (1987). He always sets his novels explicitly in South Africa where whites and blacks have been conflicting with each other for hundreds of years due to racial oppression and racial discrimination, and has constantly probed the way to reconciliation between the white and the black. This thesis contends that Coetzee has staked his hope on the white, who are now reduced to an inferior position of the Other, and that, extremely bewildered as they are, the white, in Coetzee's view, should undertake the responsibility of redressing the crimes committed by their ancestors, break the binary opposition set by colonialism and search for a new way that helps achieve the reconciliation between the white and the black.
The thesis employs the Other theory of the post-colonialism to explore Coetzee's construction of the white as the Others in Age of Iron and Disgrace, who undertakes the responsibility of the reconciliation between the white and the black. First it elaborates how Coetzee constructs the white as the Others in Age of Iron and Disgrace, which is based on a survey of the Self and the Other, and a definition of the concept of the Other in the field of postcolonialism. Then it focuses on the predicament of the Others. Reduced to the position of the Other, the white are caught in a predicament: their complicity in history renders them guilty, their privileged status becomes obsolescent; their family relationship is perverted. However, in order to survive in the new world, the white are obliged to come to terms with the reality and try to seek a way out. Thus this thesis lastly comes to the hopes of the reconciliation between the white and the black. Despite the pessimistic implications in Age of Iron, the relationship that Mrs. Curren establishes with the black in times of danger and helplessness hints at the possibility that harmony might be achieved. In Disgrace, reluctant as he is at first, Lurie eventually decides to redeem himself and shows his true confession; and Lucy is determined to pursue coexistence at the expense of her body, her land and her dignity. Therefore the thesis concludes that Coetzee, as a white writer, awakens the white to their debt to fellow black South Africans in the hope that the white can take the first step towards reconciliation between the white and the black.
本论文运用后殖民主义的“他者”理论从三个方面阐释了库切在《铁器时代》和《耻》中如何建构南非白人的“他者”身份以及白人如何承担起了白人与黑人和解的重任。首先,论文在对“自我”和“他者”理论进行梳理的基础上对本文的“他者”概念进行了界定,并详细阐述了库切在《铁器时代》和《耻》中是如何把白人建构为“他者”的。其次,论文对白人“他者”的困境做了具体分析:他们与历史的牵连使得他们倍感内疚,曾经享有的特权身份使他们在新的环境下变得不合时宜,而更为可悲的是,他们此时已无法拥有一个正常的家庭。然而,为了生存,沦为“他者”的白人必须面对现实,寻找出路,以求与黑人的和谐相处。因此,论文最后关注的是白人和黑人和解的希望。在《铁器时代》中,柯伦太太和黑人在危险和无助的时刻所建立起的一种新的关系暗示了和解的可能性;在《耻》中,卢克对现实有了清醒的认识后,最终决定拯救自己,真心悔过;而露西则不惜以自己的身体、土地、甚至尊严为代价寻求共存。本文最后得出结论:作为一名南非白人作家,库切通过把白人建构为“他者”,让白人看到社会的不公,意识到他们所欠黑人同胞的孽债,从而迈出白人和黑人之间和解的第一步。
John Maxwell Coetzee, a distinguished South African writer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003. Before it, he had won Booker-Mc Connell Prize twice (1983 and 1999), Prix Femina Etranger (1985), and the Jerusalem Prize (1987). He always sets his novels explicitly in South Africa where whites and blacks have been conflicting with each other for hundreds of years due to racial oppression and racial discrimination, and has constantly probed the way to reconciliation between the white and the black. This thesis contends that Coetzee has staked his hope on the white, who are now reduced to an inferior position of the Other, and that, extremely bewildered as they are, the white, in Coetzee's view, should undertake the responsibility of redressing the crimes committed by their ancestors, break the binary opposition set by colonialism and search for a new way that helps achieve the reconciliation between the white and the black.
The thesis employs the Other theory of the post-colonialism to explore Coetzee's construction of the white as the Others in Age of Iron and Disgrace, who undertakes the responsibility of the reconciliation between the white and the black. First it elaborates how Coetzee constructs the white as the Others in Age of Iron and Disgrace, which is based on a survey of the Self and the Other, and a definition of the concept of the Other in the field of postcolonialism. Then it focuses on the predicament of the Others. Reduced to the position of the Other, the white are caught in a predicament: their complicity in history renders them guilty, their privileged status becomes obsolescent; their family relationship is perverted. However, in order to survive in the new world, the white are obliged to come to terms with the reality and try to seek a way out. Thus this thesis lastly comes to the hopes of the reconciliation between the white and the black. Despite the pessimistic implications in Age of Iron, the relationship that Mrs. Curren establishes with the black in times of danger and helplessness hints at the possibility that harmony might be achieved. In Disgrace, reluctant as he is at first, Lurie eventually decides to redeem himself and shows his true confession; and Lucy is determined to pursue coexistence at the expense of her body, her land and her dignity. Therefore the thesis concludes that Coetzee, as a white writer, awakens the white to their debt to fellow black South Africans in the hope that the white can take the first step towards reconciliation between the white and the black.
引文
1. Herbert Mitgang, "Coetzee Wins Writing Prize," New York Times 16 Dec. 1986, C24.
2. Michela Canepari-Labib, Old Myths-Modern Empires: Power, Language, and Identity in J.M. Coetzee's Work (Bern and New York: PeterLang, 2005), p. 13.
3. J. M. Coetzee, Youth (London: Secker & Warburg, 2002), p. 17.
4. Mafika Gwala, "Writing as a Cultural Weapon," Momentum (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1985), p.47.
5. Andre Brink, Writing in a State of Siege: Essays on Politics and Literature (New York: Summit, 1983), p.48.
6. Nadine Gordimer, The Essential Gesture: Writing, Politics and Places, Ed. Stephen Clingman (New York: Knopf, 1988), p.293.
7. Stephen Watson, "Colonialism and the Novels of J. M. Coetzee," Research in African Literature 17 (1986), p.377.
8. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html
9. Scott Mclemee, "Novel Prize in Literature Goes to J. M. Coetzee of South Africa," The Chronicle of Higher Education 2 Oct. 2003.
10. J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians (New York: Penguin Group, 1982), p.139.
11. Ibid., p.156
12. Michela Canepari-Labib, p. 124.
13. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html
14. Robert M. Post, "Oppression in the Fiction of J. M. Coetzee," Critique: Studies in Modern Fiction 27 (1986), p.67.
15. Laurence, Patrick, "J. M. Coetzee Incites an ANC Egg-Dance," 20 April 2004. http://www.hsf.org.za/focus 32/foucus321aurence.html; "DA, ANC Clash over Coetzee's Nobel Prize," 20 April 2004http://www.iafrica.com/news/sa/275456.html
16. Marais Mike, "Reading against Race: J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace, Justin Cartwright's White Lighting and Ivan Vladislavic's The Restless Supermarket," Journal of Literary Studies 19 (2003), p.271.
17. Barney Richard, "Between Swift and Kafka: Animals and the Politics of Coetzee's Elusive Fiction," World Literature Today 78.1 (2004), p.18.
18. Morphet Tony, "Reading Coetzee in South Africa," World Literature Today 78.1 (2004), pp.15-16.
19. Cornwell Gareth, "Disgraceland: History and the Humanities in Frontier Country," English in Africa 30 (2003), pp.50-51.
20. Elleke Boehmer, "Not Saying Sorry, Not Speaking Pain: Gender Implication in Disgrace," Resistance and Reconciliation: Writing in the Commonwealth, Ed. Bruce Bennett at al (Canberra: Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies, 2003), p.43.
21. Kate McInturff, "Rex Oedipus: Animals and the Ethics of Sympathy in Recent Work by J. M. Coetzee," Postcolonial Text 3.4 (2007), p.6.
22. Michael Marais, "'Little Enough, Less than Little: Nothing': Ethics, Engagement and Change in the Fiction of J. M. Coetzee," Modern Fiction Studies 46.1 (2000), p.174.
23. David Attwelh J. M. Coetzee: South African and Politics of Writing (California: University Of California Press, 1993), p. 123.
24.http://www.english.pitt. edu/events/africannovels/conf 1006papers/Attwell%2 0--%20Paper%20Coetzee_s_Estrangement%5B1%5D.pdf
25. Ibid., p. 18.
26. Ian Duncan, "Narrative authority in J.M. Coetzee's Age of Iron," Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 43.2 (2006), p.174.
27. Ibid.
28. Susan VanZanten Gallagher, A Story of South Africa: J. M. Coetzee's Fiction in Context (London: Harvard University Press, 1991), p.199.
29. David Attwell, J. M. Coetzee: South African and Politics of Writing, p.119.
30.Gunnars Kristjana,"A Write's Writer:Two Perspectives," World Literature Today 78.1(2004),pp.11-12.
31.Michela Canepari-Labib,p.210.
32.颜晓川,董革非,“他者之域:和解的希望”,《东北大学学报》,2006年1月,第8卷第1期。
33.Ania Loumba,Colonialism/Postcolonialism(New York:Routledge,1998),p.44.
34.Ibid.,p.47.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid.
37.S.Gilman,Difference and Pathology:Stereotypes of Sexuality,Race and Madness(Ithaca,New York and London:Cornell University Press,1985b),p.18.
38.Robert J.C.Young,Colonial Desire:Hybridity in Theory,Culture and Race(London:Routledge,1995),p.7.
39.Elleke Boehmer,Colonial and Postcolonial Literature:Migrant Metaphors (New York:Oxford University Press,2005),p.21.
40.Ibid.,p.76.
41.Ibid.,pp.77-78.
42.Ibid.,p.75.
43.Ibid.,p.76.
44.Ibid.
45.Bill Ashcroft,Gareth Griffiths &Helen Tiffin,Post-colonial Studies:The Key Concepts(London and New York:Routledge,2007),p.157.
46.Susan VanZanten Gallangher,p.24.
47.Henry Tudor,Political Myth(New York:Praeger,1972),p.124.
48.J.M.Coetzee,"Listening to the Africaners," Rev.of Waiting:The Whites of South Africa,New York Times Book Review 14 April 1985,p.28.
49.Susan VanZanten Gallangher,p.27.
50.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.,"Writing 'Race' and the Difference It Makes,""Race," Writing and Difference,Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,1986), pp.11-12.
51. Ibid., p.11.
52. Susan VanZanten Gallangher, p.33.
53. Ibid., pp.39-40.
54. Ibid., p.24.
55. Ibid., p.1.
56. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths & Helen Tiffin, p. 14.
57. Vincent Crapanzano, Waiting: The Whites of South Africa (New York: Random House, 1985), pp.261-262.
58. Jakes Gerwel, "Liberation Now, Education Later?" Africa Reports 31.2 (1986), p.8.
59. Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No. 34, 1995, Section 3(1).
60. Sandra Young, "Narrative and Healing in the Hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission," Biography 27.1 (2004), p.159.
61. Andre Brink, "Stories of History: Reimagining the Past in Post-Apartheid Narrative," Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa, Ed. Sarah Nuttal and Carli Coetzee (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.30.
62. Ibid., p.30.
63. Sandra Young, p.159.
64. Michael Marais, p. 174.
65. Ibid., p.175. 66.Ibid.
67. J. M. Coetzee, Stranger Shores: Literary Essays 1986-1999 (London: Viking, 2001), p.281.
68. Grant Farred, "The Mundanacity of Violence: Living in a State of Disgrace," Interventions 4.3 (2002), p.354.
69. Ibid., p.354
70. Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature: Migrant Metaphors (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p.78.
71. Michela Canepari-Labib, pp.209-210.
72. Ania Loumba, p. 162.
73. William E. Cain, The Ethics of Exile (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), p.224.
74. J. M. Coetzee, Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews (London: Harvard University Press, 1992), p.248.
75. Antjie Krog, Country of My Skull (London: Vintage, 1999), pp.437-438.
76. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, "Caught in Shifting Values (and Plot)," New York Times Nov. 11,1999, p.10.
77. Frantz Fanon, Peau Noire, Masques Blancs (Paris: Du Seuil, 1952), p.20.
78. Michela Canepari-Labib, pp.63-64.
79. David Plott, "A Deathbed Letter from Cape Town," Rev. of Age of Iron, Wall Street Journal 26 Sept. 1990, A13.
80. Grant Farred, "Bulletproof Settlers: The Politics of Offense in the New South Africa," Ed. Mike Hill, Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York: New York University Press, 1997), p.65.
81. Antjie Krog, pp.271-272.
82. Martin Swales, "Sex, Shame and Guilt: Reflections on Bernhard Schlink's Der Vorleser (The Reader) and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace," Journal of European Studies 33 (2003), p.10.
83. J. M. Coetzee, Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews, p.251.
84. Ibid., p.291.
85. Susan VanZanten Gallangher, p.12.
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2. Michela Canepari-Labib, Old Myths-Modern Empires: Power, Language, and Identity in J.M. Coetzee's Work (Bern and New York: PeterLang, 2005), p. 13.
3. J. M. Coetzee, Youth (London: Secker & Warburg, 2002), p. 17.
4. Mafika Gwala, "Writing as a Cultural Weapon," Momentum (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1985), p.47.
5. Andre Brink, Writing in a State of Siege: Essays on Politics and Literature (New York: Summit, 1983), p.48.
6. Nadine Gordimer, The Essential Gesture: Writing, Politics and Places, Ed. Stephen Clingman (New York: Knopf, 1988), p.293.
7. Stephen Watson, "Colonialism and the Novels of J. M. Coetzee," Research in African Literature 17 (1986), p.377.
8. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html
9. Scott Mclemee, "Novel Prize in Literature Goes to J. M. Coetzee of South Africa," The Chronicle of Higher Education 2 Oct. 2003.
10. J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians (New York: Penguin Group, 1982), p.139.
11. Ibid., p.156
12. Michela Canepari-Labib, p. 124.
13. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2003/press.html
14. Robert M. Post, "Oppression in the Fiction of J. M. Coetzee," Critique: Studies in Modern Fiction 27 (1986), p.67.
15. Laurence, Patrick, "J. M. Coetzee Incites an ANC Egg-Dance," 20 April 2004. http://www.hsf.org.za/focus 32/foucus321aurence.html; "DA, ANC Clash over Coetzee's Nobel Prize," 20 April 2004http://www.iafrica.com/news/sa/275456.html
16. Marais Mike, "Reading against Race: J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace, Justin Cartwright's White Lighting and Ivan Vladislavic's The Restless Supermarket," Journal of Literary Studies 19 (2003), p.271.
17. Barney Richard, "Between Swift and Kafka: Animals and the Politics of Coetzee's Elusive Fiction," World Literature Today 78.1 (2004), p.18.
18. Morphet Tony, "Reading Coetzee in South Africa," World Literature Today 78.1 (2004), pp.15-16.
19. Cornwell Gareth, "Disgraceland: History and the Humanities in Frontier Country," English in Africa 30 (2003), pp.50-51.
20. Elleke Boehmer, "Not Saying Sorry, Not Speaking Pain: Gender Implication in Disgrace," Resistance and Reconciliation: Writing in the Commonwealth, Ed. Bruce Bennett at al (Canberra: Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies, 2003), p.43.
21. Kate McInturff, "Rex Oedipus: Animals and the Ethics of Sympathy in Recent Work by J. M. Coetzee," Postcolonial Text 3.4 (2007), p.6.
22. Michael Marais, "'Little Enough, Less than Little: Nothing': Ethics, Engagement and Change in the Fiction of J. M. Coetzee," Modern Fiction Studies 46.1 (2000), p.174.
23. David Attwelh J. M. Coetzee: South African and Politics of Writing (California: University Of California Press, 1993), p. 123.
24.http://www.english.pitt. edu/events/africannovels/conf 1006papers/Attwell%2 0--%20Paper%20Coetzee_s_Estrangement%5B1%5D.pdf
25. Ibid., p. 18.
26. Ian Duncan, "Narrative authority in J.M. Coetzee's Age of Iron," Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 43.2 (2006), p.174.
27. Ibid.
28. Susan VanZanten Gallagher, A Story of South Africa: J. M. Coetzee's Fiction in Context (London: Harvard University Press, 1991), p.199.
29. David Attwell, J. M. Coetzee: South African and Politics of Writing, p.119.
30.Gunnars Kristjana,"A Write's Writer:Two Perspectives," World Literature Today 78.1(2004),pp.11-12.
31.Michela Canepari-Labib,p.210.
32.颜晓川,董革非,“他者之域:和解的希望”,《东北大学学报》,2006年1月,第8卷第1期。
33.Ania Loumba,Colonialism/Postcolonialism(New York:Routledge,1998),p.44.
34.Ibid.,p.47.
35.Ibid.
36.Ibid.
37.S.Gilman,Difference and Pathology:Stereotypes of Sexuality,Race and Madness(Ithaca,New York and London:Cornell University Press,1985b),p.18.
38.Robert J.C.Young,Colonial Desire:Hybridity in Theory,Culture and Race(London:Routledge,1995),p.7.
39.Elleke Boehmer,Colonial and Postcolonial Literature:Migrant Metaphors (New York:Oxford University Press,2005),p.21.
40.Ibid.,p.76.
41.Ibid.,pp.77-78.
42.Ibid.,p.75.
43.Ibid.,p.76.
44.Ibid.
45.Bill Ashcroft,Gareth Griffiths &Helen Tiffin,Post-colonial Studies:The Key Concepts(London and New York:Routledge,2007),p.157.
46.Susan VanZanten Gallangher,p.24.
47.Henry Tudor,Political Myth(New York:Praeger,1972),p.124.
48.J.M.Coetzee,"Listening to the Africaners," Rev.of Waiting:The Whites of South Africa,New York Times Book Review 14 April 1985,p.28.
49.Susan VanZanten Gallangher,p.27.
50.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.,"Writing 'Race' and the Difference It Makes,""Race," Writing and Difference,Ed.Henry Louis Gates,Jr.(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press,1986), pp.11-12.
51. Ibid., p.11.
52. Susan VanZanten Gallangher, p.33.
53. Ibid., pp.39-40.
54. Ibid., p.24.
55. Ibid., p.1.
56. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths & Helen Tiffin, p. 14.
57. Vincent Crapanzano, Waiting: The Whites of South Africa (New York: Random House, 1985), pp.261-262.
58. Jakes Gerwel, "Liberation Now, Education Later?" Africa Reports 31.2 (1986), p.8.
59. Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, No. 34, 1995, Section 3(1).
60. Sandra Young, "Narrative and Healing in the Hearings of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission," Biography 27.1 (2004), p.159.
61. Andre Brink, "Stories of History: Reimagining the Past in Post-Apartheid Narrative," Negotiating the Past: The Making of Memory in South Africa, Ed. Sarah Nuttal and Carli Coetzee (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p.30.
62. Ibid., p.30.
63. Sandra Young, p.159.
64. Michael Marais, p. 174.
65. Ibid., p.175. 66.Ibid.
67. J. M. Coetzee, Stranger Shores: Literary Essays 1986-1999 (London: Viking, 2001), p.281.
68. Grant Farred, "The Mundanacity of Violence: Living in a State of Disgrace," Interventions 4.3 (2002), p.354.
69. Ibid., p.354
70. Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature: Migrant Metaphors (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p.78.
71. Michela Canepari-Labib, pp.209-210.
72. Ania Loumba, p. 162.
73. William E. Cain, The Ethics of Exile (New York and London: Routledge, 2005), p.224.
74. J. M. Coetzee, Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews (London: Harvard University Press, 1992), p.248.
75. Antjie Krog, Country of My Skull (London: Vintage, 1999), pp.437-438.
76. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, "Caught in Shifting Values (and Plot)," New York Times Nov. 11,1999, p.10.
77. Frantz Fanon, Peau Noire, Masques Blancs (Paris: Du Seuil, 1952), p.20.
78. Michela Canepari-Labib, pp.63-64.
79. David Plott, "A Deathbed Letter from Cape Town," Rev. of Age of Iron, Wall Street Journal 26 Sept. 1990, A13.
80. Grant Farred, "Bulletproof Settlers: The Politics of Offense in the New South Africa," Ed. Mike Hill, Whiteness: A Critical Reader (New York: New York University Press, 1997), p.65.
81. Antjie Krog, pp.271-272.
82. Martin Swales, "Sex, Shame and Guilt: Reflections on Bernhard Schlink's Der Vorleser (The Reader) and J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace," Journal of European Studies 33 (2003), p.10.
83. J. M. Coetzee, Doubling the Point: Essays and Interviews, p.251.
84. Ibid., p.291.
85. Susan VanZanten Gallangher, p.12.
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