托妮·莫里森《柏油孩子》中主人公吉德对安全空间的探寻
摘要
作为第一位获得诺贝尔奖的美国黑人女作家,托妮·莫里森“也是美国本土产生的最配得上称之为民族作家的黑人女性。”迄今为止,她一共创作了八部小说,凭借其“富有洞察力和诗情画意般的语言,把美国现实中的一个重要方面写活了”。她的作品着重表现了在美国主流社会中,种族和性别压迫对黑人女性造成的精神伤害和安全空间的缺失。通过黑人女性对安全空间的探寻,莫里森对以下问题进行了思考：家庭与社区、自由和责任、黑人女性形象。通过对宗教、神话、民间传说中独特的种族、文化和历史记忆的探寻重塑安全空间。
本论文根据现有的研究成果,以在莫里森小说创作中具有转折性意义的《柏油孩子》作为研究对象,试图采用弗洛伊德心理分析,黑人女性主义,以及文化地理学对小说主人公吉德寻求安全空间进行研究。
论文分为四章。第一章围绕安全空间的定义、莫里森对安全空间理解以及黑人女性安全空间的重要作用,展开分析吉德对安全空间的渴求。第二章集中分析了吉德安全空间缺乏的深层次原因,包括暗恐心理、职业焦虑等。第三章,借助文化地理学的解读策略,对莫里森并置吉德与森二人对相同景观的不同感受,以及所折射出了的文化认同寓义进行了挖掘,以展现吉德在现实世界中探寻安全空间的过程。第四章从吉德三重文化背景(黑人、女人和美国人)入手,呈现吉德追寻安全空间的结果。
结语部分进一步强调莫里森对黑人女性安全空间的探讨,实质上表现了她本人对黑人民族生存和前途命运的思考。
As the first African-American woman writer winning the Nobel Prize for literature, "Toni Morrison is both a great novelist and the closest thing the country has to a national writer". She has published eight novels to date "who, in the novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality". Morrison's novels emphasize the thematic thinking of loss of safe space caused by racial and sexual oppressions in the White dominant culture in order to exhibit complicated relationships between:family and community; individual freedom and responsibility; stereotypes and authentic self-image. As a result, it is available to pursue and reconstruct safe space by means of religion, mythology, folklores, and the memories of race, culture and history.
Illuminated by the researches available at home and abroad, this thesis takes Morrison's transitional novel Tar Baby as its object of study. This thesis studies on the protagonist Jadine's quest for safe space from the critical aspects of psycho-analysis, Black Feminism and cultural geography.
The body of this thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter serves an overview of definitions of safe space, Morrison's understanding of safe space and its significance to the survival of black women; then it exhibits safe space that Jadine aspires for. The second chapter focuses on the sources of Jadine's loss of safe space, including 'the uncanny', professional anxiety, etc. In the third chapter, through the juxtaposition of opposite attitudes held by Jadine and Son to the same landscape which in turn reflects its genius loci, it takes cultural geography as the strategy to explore Jadine's journeys for safe space. The last chapter focuses on Jadine's tri-consciousness as black, woman, and American which jointly construct Jadine's contested visions on aesthetics, stereotypes and blackness, in order to demonstrate the consequences of her quest.
Based on a spatial and cultural framework and mainly from psycho-analytical, Black Feminist and cultural geographical perspectives, this thesis hopes to reveal Morriosn's rethinking of safe space of modern black women and hopes to rethink the significance of safe space to black race, its existence and future.
本论文根据现有的研究成果,以在莫里森小说创作中具有转折性意义的《柏油孩子》作为研究对象,试图采用弗洛伊德心理分析,黑人女性主义,以及文化地理学对小说主人公吉德寻求安全空间进行研究。
论文分为四章。第一章围绕安全空间的定义、莫里森对安全空间理解以及黑人女性安全空间的重要作用,展开分析吉德对安全空间的渴求。第二章集中分析了吉德安全空间缺乏的深层次原因,包括暗恐心理、职业焦虑等。第三章,借助文化地理学的解读策略,对莫里森并置吉德与森二人对相同景观的不同感受,以及所折射出了的文化认同寓义进行了挖掘,以展现吉德在现实世界中探寻安全空间的过程。第四章从吉德三重文化背景(黑人、女人和美国人)入手,呈现吉德追寻安全空间的结果。
结语部分进一步强调莫里森对黑人女性安全空间的探讨,实质上表现了她本人对黑人民族生存和前途命运的思考。
As the first African-American woman writer winning the Nobel Prize for literature, "Toni Morrison is both a great novelist and the closest thing the country has to a national writer". She has published eight novels to date "who, in the novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality". Morrison's novels emphasize the thematic thinking of loss of safe space caused by racial and sexual oppressions in the White dominant culture in order to exhibit complicated relationships between:family and community; individual freedom and responsibility; stereotypes and authentic self-image. As a result, it is available to pursue and reconstruct safe space by means of religion, mythology, folklores, and the memories of race, culture and history.
Illuminated by the researches available at home and abroad, this thesis takes Morrison's transitional novel Tar Baby as its object of study. This thesis studies on the protagonist Jadine's quest for safe space from the critical aspects of psycho-analysis, Black Feminism and cultural geography.
The body of this thesis is composed of four chapters. The first chapter serves an overview of definitions of safe space, Morrison's understanding of safe space and its significance to the survival of black women; then it exhibits safe space that Jadine aspires for. The second chapter focuses on the sources of Jadine's loss of safe space, including 'the uncanny', professional anxiety, etc. In the third chapter, through the juxtaposition of opposite attitudes held by Jadine and Son to the same landscape which in turn reflects its genius loci, it takes cultural geography as the strategy to explore Jadine's journeys for safe space. The last chapter focuses on Jadine's tri-consciousness as black, woman, and American which jointly construct Jadine's contested visions on aesthetics, stereotypes and blackness, in order to demonstrate the consequences of her quest.
Based on a spatial and cultural framework and mainly from psycho-analytical, Black Feminist and cultural geographical perspectives, this thesis hopes to reveal Morriosn's rethinking of safe space of modern black women and hopes to rethink the significance of safe space to black race, its existence and future.
引文
Aberbach, David. Surviving Trauma:loss, literature and psychoanalysis: London:Yale UP,1989.
Abrams, M.H., ed.. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Beijing:Foreign Language and Teaching and Researching Press,2004.
Andersen, Margaret L., and Patricia Hill Collins, eds. Race, Class and Gender:An Anthology.,3rd Edition. Belmont:Wadsworth Publishing Company,1998.
Bell, Bernard W. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst: Massachusetts UP,1987.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London:Routledge,1984.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views:Toni Morrison. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,1990.
Blunt, Alison, and Robyn Dowling. Home. London:Routledge,2006.
Byerman, Keith. Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction. North Carolina UP,2005.
Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering:Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley:California UP,1978.
Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought:Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment.,2nd Edition. New York:Routledge,2000.
David, Ron. Toni Morrison Explained:A Reader's Road Map to the Novels. New York:Random House,2000.
Denard, Carolyn C., ed. Toni Morrison:What Moves at the Margin. Jackson:Mississippi UP,2008.-, ed. Toni Morrison:Conversations. Jackson:Mississippi UP,2008.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York:Bantam House, 1989.
Fultz, Lucilie P. Toni Morrison:Playing with Difference.Urbana and Chicago:Illinois UP,2003.
Furman, Jan. Toni Morrison's Fiction. Columbia:South Carolina UP, 1996.
Gates, Henry Louis. The Signifying Monkey:A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. Oxford:Oxford UP,1988.
Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice:Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge:Harvard UP,1982.
Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic:Modernity and Double Consciousness. New York:Verso,1993.
Goyal, Yogita. "The Gender of Diaspora in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby." Modern Fiction Studies 52.2 (2006:Summer):393-414.
Grewal, Gurleen. Circles of Sorrow, Lines of Struggle. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP,1998.
Griffin, Farah Jasmin. "Who Set You Flow'in?" The African-American Migration Narrative. Oxford:Oxford UP,1995.
Harding, Wendy, and Jacky Martin. A World of Difference:an Inter-Cultural Study of Toni Morrison's Novels. Westpoint: Greenwood Press,1994.
Hernton, Calvin C. "The Sexual Moutain and Black Women Writers" Black American Literature.18.4 (1984:Winter):139-45.
Higgins, Therese E. Religiosity, Cosmology, and Folktale:The African Influence in the Novels of Toni Morrison, New York:"Routledge, 2001.
Hill, Rigney Barbara. The Voice of Toni Morrison. Columbus:Ohio State UP,1991.
House, Elizabeth. "The'Sweet Life'in Toni Morrison's Fiction." American Literature 56.2 (1984:May):181-202.
Jablon, Madelyn. Black Metafiction:Self-Consciousness in African American Literature. Lowa City:Lowa UP,1997.
Jackson, Kennell. American Is Me:170 Fresh Questions and Answers on Black American History. New York:Harpet Perennial,1996.
Johnson, Daniel, and Rex R. Campbell. Black Migration in America:A Social Demographic History. Durham:Duke UP,1981.
King, Natalie R. "Postcoloniality's Polyphonous Voices:Toni Morrison's Tar Baby and Derek Wacott's Omros." Diss. The Florida State University,1997.
Krumholz, Linda. "Blackness and Art in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby." Contemporary Literature 49'.2 (2008:Summer):263-290.
Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. Oxford: Oxford UP,1997.
Loomba, Ania. Colonialism Post-colonialism.2nd Edition. London: Routledge,2005.
Lepow, Lauren. "Paradise Lost and Found:Dualism and Edenic Myth in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby." Toni Morrison's Fiction:Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York and London:Garland Publishing,1997.165-181.
Madsen, Deborah L. Feminist Theory and Literary Practice. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press,2006.
Mbalia, Doreatha Drummond. "Tar Baby:A Reflection of Morrison's Developed Class Consciousness."Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness. London:Associated UP,1991.67-86.
Mitchell, Don. Cultural Geography:A Critical Introduction. Maiden: Blackwell,2000.
Middleton, David L., ed. Toni Morrison's Fiction:Contemporary Criticism. New York:Garland Publishing,1997.
Moffitt, Letitia L. "Finding the Door:Vision/Revision and Stereotype in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby" Critique 46.1 (2004:Fall):12-26.
Mori, Aoi. Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse. New York:Peter Lang Publishing,1999.
Morrison, Toni. "Home." The House That Race Build. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York:Vintage Books,1997:3-12.-. Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge:Harvard UP,1992.-, ed. Race-ing, Justice, En-gendering Power. New York:Pantheon Books,1992.-. "Rootedness:The Ancestor in Afro-American Fiction." Black Women, Writers at Workd:A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Anchor Press,1984.-. Tar Baby. London:Chatto& Windus Limited,1991.-. "Unspeakable Things Unspoken:The Afro-American Presence in American Literature." The Black Feminist Reader. Eds. Joy James and T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. Malden:Blackwell,2000:24-56.
Napier, Winston, ed. African American Literary Theory:A Reader. New York:New York UP,2000.
O'Reilly, Andrea. Toni Morrison and Motherhood:A Politics of the Heart. New York:State University of New York Press,2004.
Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom:Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels. Jackson:Mississippi UP,1995.
Paquet, Sandra Pouchet. "The Ancestor as Foundation in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Tar Baby." Toni Morrison's Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York and London:Garland Publishing,1997.183-206.
Patell, Cyrus R.K., Negative Liberties:Morrison, Pynchon, and Problem of Liberal Ideology. London:Duke UP,2001.
Pereira, Malin Walther. "Periodizing Toni Morrison's Work from The Bluest Eye to Jazz:The Importance of Tar Baby." MELUS 22.3 (1997:Fall):71-82.
Peterson, Nancy J. "Introduction:Canonizing Toni Morrison." Modern Fiction Studies 39.3& 4 (1993:Fall:Winter):461-479.
Pringle, Mary Beth. "On a Jet Plane:Jadine's Search for Identity through Place in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby" Midwestern Miscellany Ser.24. (1996):37-50.
Roberson, Gloria Grant. The World of Toni Morrison:A Guide to Characters and Place in her Novels. London:Greenwood Press, 2003.
Royle, Nicholas. The Uncanny. Manchester:Manchester UP,2003.
Ryan, Judylyn S. "Contested Visions/Double Visions in Tar Baby." Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Ed. Nancy J. Peterson. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins UP,1997:63-87.
Ryan, Michael. Literary Theory:A Practical Introduction. Malden: Blackwell,1988.
Samuels, Wilfred D., and Clenora Hudson-weems. "Folklore as Matrix for Cultural Affirmation in Tar Baby." Toni Morrison. Boston: Twayne,1990:79-93.
Sigmund, Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams. Trans. A.A.Brill. Ed. Chumley P. Grumley.3rdEdition. New York:Plain Label Books, 1976. The Uncanny. Trans. David Mclintock. New York:Penguin Classics, 2003.
Stepto, Robert B. From Behind the Veil:A Study of Afro-American Narrative.2nd Edition. Urbana and Chicago:Illinois UP,1991.
Stout, Janis P. The Journey Narrative in American Literature:Patterns and Departures. Westport:Greenwood Press,1983.
Tally, Justine, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison. Cambridge:Cambridge UP,2007.
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson: Mississippi UP,1994.
Welsh-Asante, Kariamu, ed. The African Aesthetic:Keeper of the Traditions. Westpoint:Greenwood Press,1993.
Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City. New York:Oxford UP, 1973.
-. Culture and Society 1780-1950. Middlesex:Penguin Books,1958.
Willis, Susan. Specifying:Black Women Writing the American Experience. London:Routledge,1987.
法农,弗朗兹：全世界受苦的人。万冰译。南京：译林出版社,2005年。-：黑皮肤,白面具，万冰译。南京：译林出版社,2005年。
胡俊：非裔美国人探求身份之路：对托妮·莫里森小说的研究。北京：北京语言文化大学出版社,2007年。
勒菲弗,亨利：空间与政治。李春译。上海：上海人民出版社,2007。
毛信德：美国黑人文学的巨星：托妮·莫里森小说创作论,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2006。
杨中举、王红坤：黑色之书：莫里森小说创作与黑人文化传统。 北京：中央文献出版社,2007。
王家湘：20世纪美国黑人小说史。南京：译林出版社,2006年。
王守仁、吴新云：性别种族文化——托妮·莫里森的小说创作。北京：北京大学出版社,2004年。
田亚曼：母爱与成长：托妮·莫里森小说。北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009年。
章汝雯： 托妮·莫里森研究。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2006年。
朱荣杰： 伤痛与弥合：托妮·莫里森小说母爱主题的文化研究。 开封：河南大学出版社,2004。
Abrams, M.H., ed.. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Beijing:Foreign Language and Teaching and Researching Press,2004.
Andersen, Margaret L., and Patricia Hill Collins, eds. Race, Class and Gender:An Anthology.,3rd Edition. Belmont:Wadsworth Publishing Company,1998.
Bell, Bernard W. The Afro-American Novel and Its Tradition. Amherst: Massachusetts UP,1987.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London:Routledge,1984.
Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views:Toni Morrison. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,1990.
Blunt, Alison, and Robyn Dowling. Home. London:Routledge,2006.
Byerman, Keith. Remembering the Past in Contemporary African American Fiction. North Carolina UP,2005.
Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering:Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley:California UP,1978.
Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism:Perspectives on Black Women Writers. New York:Pergamon Press,1985.
Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought:Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment.,2nd Edition. New York:Routledge,2000.
David, Ron. Toni Morrison Explained:A Reader's Road Map to the Novels. New York:Random House,2000.
Denard, Carolyn C., ed. Toni Morrison:What Moves at the Margin. Jackson:Mississippi UP,2008.-, ed. Toni Morrison:Conversations. Jackson:Mississippi UP,2008.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York:Bantam House, 1989.
Fultz, Lucilie P. Toni Morrison:Playing with Difference.Urbana and Chicago:Illinois UP,2003.
Furman, Jan. Toni Morrison's Fiction. Columbia:South Carolina UP, 1996.
Gates, Henry Louis. The Signifying Monkey:A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. Oxford:Oxford UP,1988.
Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice:Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge:Harvard UP,1982.
Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic:Modernity and Double Consciousness. New York:Verso,1993.
Goyal, Yogita. "The Gender of Diaspora in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby." Modern Fiction Studies 52.2 (2006:Summer):393-414.
Grewal, Gurleen. Circles of Sorrow, Lines of Struggle. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP,1998.
Griffin, Farah Jasmin. "Who Set You Flow'in?" The African-American Migration Narrative. Oxford:Oxford UP,1995.
Harding, Wendy, and Jacky Martin. A World of Difference:an Inter-Cultural Study of Toni Morrison's Novels. Westpoint: Greenwood Press,1994.
Hernton, Calvin C. "The Sexual Moutain and Black Women Writers" Black American Literature.18.4 (1984:Winter):139-45.
Higgins, Therese E. Religiosity, Cosmology, and Folktale:The African Influence in the Novels of Toni Morrison, New York:"Routledge, 2001.
Hill, Rigney Barbara. The Voice of Toni Morrison. Columbus:Ohio State UP,1991.
House, Elizabeth. "The'Sweet Life'in Toni Morrison's Fiction." American Literature 56.2 (1984:May):181-202.
Jablon, Madelyn. Black Metafiction:Self-Consciousness in African American Literature. Lowa City:Lowa UP,1997.
Jackson, Kennell. American Is Me:170 Fresh Questions and Answers on Black American History. New York:Harpet Perennial,1996.
Johnson, Daniel, and Rex R. Campbell. Black Migration in America:A Social Demographic History. Durham:Duke UP,1981.
King, Natalie R. "Postcoloniality's Polyphonous Voices:Toni Morrison's Tar Baby and Derek Wacott's Omros." Diss. The Florida State University,1997.
Krumholz, Linda. "Blackness and Art in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby." Contemporary Literature 49'.2 (2008:Summer):263-290.
Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. Oxford: Oxford UP,1997.
Loomba, Ania. Colonialism Post-colonialism.2nd Edition. London: Routledge,2005.
Lepow, Lauren. "Paradise Lost and Found:Dualism and Edenic Myth in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby." Toni Morrison's Fiction:Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York and London:Garland Publishing,1997.165-181.
Madsen, Deborah L. Feminist Theory and Literary Practice. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press,2006.
Mbalia, Doreatha Drummond. "Tar Baby:A Reflection of Morrison's Developed Class Consciousness."Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness. London:Associated UP,1991.67-86.
Mitchell, Don. Cultural Geography:A Critical Introduction. Maiden: Blackwell,2000.
Middleton, David L., ed. Toni Morrison's Fiction:Contemporary Criticism. New York:Garland Publishing,1997.
Moffitt, Letitia L. "Finding the Door:Vision/Revision and Stereotype in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby" Critique 46.1 (2004:Fall):12-26.
Mori, Aoi. Toni Morrison and Womanist Discourse. New York:Peter Lang Publishing,1999.
Morrison, Toni. "Home." The House That Race Build. Ed. Wahneema Lubiano. New York:Vintage Books,1997:3-12.-. Playing in the Dark:Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge:Harvard UP,1992.-, ed. Race-ing, Justice, En-gendering Power. New York:Pantheon Books,1992.-. "Rootedness:The Ancestor in Afro-American Fiction." Black Women, Writers at Workd:A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Anchor Press,1984.-. Tar Baby. London:Chatto& Windus Limited,1991.-. "Unspeakable Things Unspoken:The Afro-American Presence in American Literature." The Black Feminist Reader. Eds. Joy James and T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting. Malden:Blackwell,2000:24-56.
Napier, Winston, ed. African American Literary Theory:A Reader. New York:New York UP,2000.
O'Reilly, Andrea. Toni Morrison and Motherhood:A Politics of the Heart. New York:State University of New York Press,2004.
Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom:Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison's Novels. Jackson:Mississippi UP,1995.
Paquet, Sandra Pouchet. "The Ancestor as Foundation in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Tar Baby." Toni Morrison's Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York and London:Garland Publishing,1997.183-206.
Patell, Cyrus R.K., Negative Liberties:Morrison, Pynchon, and Problem of Liberal Ideology. London:Duke UP,2001.
Pereira, Malin Walther. "Periodizing Toni Morrison's Work from The Bluest Eye to Jazz:The Importance of Tar Baby." MELUS 22.3 (1997:Fall):71-82.
Peterson, Nancy J. "Introduction:Canonizing Toni Morrison." Modern Fiction Studies 39.3& 4 (1993:Fall:Winter):461-479.
Pringle, Mary Beth. "On a Jet Plane:Jadine's Search for Identity through Place in Toni Morrison's Tar Baby" Midwestern Miscellany Ser.24. (1996):37-50.
Roberson, Gloria Grant. The World of Toni Morrison:A Guide to Characters and Place in her Novels. London:Greenwood Press, 2003.
Royle, Nicholas. The Uncanny. Manchester:Manchester UP,2003.
Ryan, Judylyn S. "Contested Visions/Double Visions in Tar Baby." Toni Morrison:Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Ed. Nancy J. Peterson. Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins UP,1997:63-87.
Ryan, Michael. Literary Theory:A Practical Introduction. Malden: Blackwell,1988.
Samuels, Wilfred D., and Clenora Hudson-weems. "Folklore as Matrix for Cultural Affirmation in Tar Baby." Toni Morrison. Boston: Twayne,1990:79-93.
Sigmund, Freud. The Interpretation of Dreams. Trans. A.A.Brill. Ed. Chumley P. Grumley.3rdEdition. New York:Plain Label Books, 1976. The Uncanny. Trans. David Mclintock. New York:Penguin Classics, 2003.
Stepto, Robert B. From Behind the Veil:A Study of Afro-American Narrative.2nd Edition. Urbana and Chicago:Illinois UP,1991.
Stout, Janis P. The Journey Narrative in American Literature:Patterns and Departures. Westport:Greenwood Press,1983.
Tally, Justine, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Toni Morrison. Cambridge:Cambridge UP,2007.
Taylor-Guthrie, Danille, ed. Conversations with Toni Morrison. Jackson: Mississippi UP,1994.
Welsh-Asante, Kariamu, ed. The African Aesthetic:Keeper of the Traditions. Westpoint:Greenwood Press,1993.
Williams, Raymond. The Country and the City. New York:Oxford UP, 1973.
-. Culture and Society 1780-1950. Middlesex:Penguin Books,1958.
Willis, Susan. Specifying:Black Women Writing the American Experience. London:Routledge,1987.
法农,弗朗兹：全世界受苦的人。万冰译。南京：译林出版社,2005年。-：黑皮肤,白面具，万冰译。南京：译林出版社,2005年。
胡俊：非裔美国人探求身份之路：对托妮·莫里森小说的研究。北京：北京语言文化大学出版社,2007年。
勒菲弗,亨利：空间与政治。李春译。上海：上海人民出版社,2007。
毛信德：美国黑人文学的巨星：托妮·莫里森小说创作论,杭州：浙江大学出版社,2006。
杨中举、王红坤：黑色之书：莫里森小说创作与黑人文化传统。 北京：中央文献出版社,2007。
王家湘：20世纪美国黑人小说史。南京：译林出版社,2006年。
王守仁、吴新云：性别种族文化——托妮·莫里森的小说创作。北京：北京大学出版社,2004年。
田亚曼：母爱与成长：托妮·莫里森小说。北京：中国社会科学出版社,2009年。
章汝雯： 托妮·莫里森研究。北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2006年。
朱荣杰： 伤痛与弥合：托妮·莫里森小说母爱主题的文化研究。 开封：河南大学出版社,2004。