新型相移光纤光栅的设计及传感特性研究
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摘要
相移光纤光栅作为一种新型的光无源器件，因其具有极窄线宽、多通道、组合灵活等特性，受到国内外学者的广泛关注。相移光纤光栅可根据需要设计其相移的数量、大小及位置，并获得灵活多变的折射率调制结构以及特殊的光谱，从而使其具有高灵敏度、多参量传感等应用特性。随着对光纤光栅写制方法的深入探索、写制技术的不断进步以及对其功能需求的不断提高，各种具有特殊结构及新颖功能的相移光纤光栅被不断设计和研制出来，并成为新型光子器件的研究热点。
本文在继承前人对相移光纤光栅的写制方法和应用特性的研究基础上，对相移光纤光栅的形成机理和新型相移光纤光栅的设计及应用进行了研究。设计并实现了几种新型相移光纤光栅，并进行了传感和通信应用研究。所提出的研究方法和取得的研究成果，为新型光纤光栅的结构设计和优异光学特性的实现提供了新的途径。论文主要工作和取得的成果包括：
1.系统阐述了光纤光栅的写制技术、光谱特点和发展历程。重点分析了相移光纤光栅的写制方法，以及由此而形成的独特光学性质及典型应用。总结了形成相移光栅的各种方法，并指出了这些方法的优缺点。
2.对改变步长法形成的相移超长周期光纤光栅(PS-ULPFG)光谱特性及传感特性进行了研究。理论分析并推导出相移量大小与光栅结构的关系式，并采用高频CO_2激光脉冲曝光法进行了实验验证。研究表明，由改变步长法形成的PS-ULPFG相移量不仅与步长改变量有关，还与衍射阶有关。据此，提出了一种形成相移光栅的新方法，并用于判定超长周期光纤光栅衍射阶。
3.提出并实现了一种基于PS-ULPFG的扭曲传感器，具有温度和应变均不敏感特性。理论研究和实验分析表明，通过测量PS-ULPFG的两谐振峰间距，可有效消除温度和轴向应力对扭曲传感测量的影响；若预先给定扭曲初始角度，则该传感器可用于扭曲方向的判别。
4.设计并研制了一种新型相移长周期光纤光栅(PSLPFG)，其相移量由一段相位调制光栅所形成。对该光栅建立了理论模型，并推导出相移量表达式。采用传输矩阵法和高频CO_2激光写制方法，从数值模拟和实验测量上对其进行了验证。研究表明，这种新型PSLPFG的相移量大小由相位调制光栅的长度和谐振峰的中心波长所决定。并且，利用其结构特点设计并实现了温度不敏感的应变传感测量。
5.设计并研制了一种由衔套光栅形成相移的新型PSLPFG。研究表明，当该光栅的第二个相位调制光栅与被调制长周期光纤光栅结构相同时，为双相移PSLPFG；反之，则为单相移PSLPFG。PSLPFG单相移量的大小相当于两个光栅调制结构效果的总和，其光谱特性与第二个相位调制光栅的位置无关。
6.在上述第5点工作的基础上，提出了一种新型双调制相移光纤Bragg光栅。该光纤光栅由高频CO_2激光和局部加热两种后处理法组合所形成，实现了一种单波长和双波长可转换以及输出位置可调谐的滤波器。与以往两个电阻丝形成的双波长滤波器相比，该滤波器仅使用一个加热装置，可有效消除温度串扰影响。
As a novel optic passive device, Phase-shifted fiber grating has inspired theinterests of internal and overseas investors because of its many natural merits such asnarrow bandwidth, multiple channels and flexible combination etc. By changing themagnitude, position or value of phase shift, the index distribution of Phase-shiftedfiber grating will become more complex than the general cases, which consequentlyresults in special spectrum and widely applications. With the further investigation ofgrating writing method and the development of grating writing technology, manyspecial structural phase shifted fiber grating with novel application are designed.Moreover, some of them recently receive more and more attentions in the novel opticdevice.
Following the study of written methods and applications about Phase-shiftedfiber grating, we consider the formative principle, special structural design andapplications of Phase-shifted fiber grating. In our research, we design some novelPhase-shifted fiber gratings, and expound their applications in the filed of sensor andcommerce. The design method we proposed affords a new approach for gratingstructure design and achieve excellent optic trait. The main contents and results ofthis dissertation include are list as follows:
1. We systematically summarize the written technology, spectrum properties and development of fiber grating. We particularly analyze the written method, specialspectrum characteristics and typical application of Phase-shifted fiber grating. Wemake some conclusions about the method to form Phase-shifted fiber gratingincluding their corresponding advantages and disadvantages.
2. The spectrum and sensor characteristics of Phase shifted-ultra long period grating(PS-LPFG) formed by changing one written step is studied. Then we obtain therelationship of phase shift and fiber grating structural parameters. Theexperiments show that the phase shift value is dependence not only on the stepchange but also on the diffraction order. Based on the results, we propose a newmethod to identify the diffraction order.
3. Based on a PS-ULPFG, we propose and demonstrate a temperature-and strain-insensitive torsion. We theoretically and experimentally show that by measuringthe spacing between the two phase shifted resonance peaks, the sensor could beeliminating the influence of temperature and axial sensor effectively. In addition,the sensor could be measure the twist oration if twist at first.
4. We propose a novel Phase shifted long period grating (PSLPFG) formed byadding a modulated grating. By transfer matrix method and CO_2laser writtensystem, we establish and demonstrate its structural model and its phase shiftedvalue function. The experiments show that the phase shift value of the novelPSLPFG is dependent on the length and resonance peaks of the modulated grating. Based on the formed method, we obtain a temperature insentive strain sensor.
5. We proposed a novel PSLPFG by adding an embedded modulated grating. Whenthe second modulated grating has the same structures with the original grating, thewhole grating was two phase shift PSLPFG. When the second modulated gratinghas the different structures with the original grating, the whole grating was singlePSLPFG and the phase shifted value is the sum of that brings by the twomodulated fiber grating.
6. Based on the results of5, we proposed a tunable two wavelength filters based on anovel Phase Shifted fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG). The grating is formed by twomodulated method CO_2laser exposure and the temperature arises. Since it onlyneeds one temperature device, thus it will not have the problem of temperaturedisturb ion.
本文在继承前人对相移光纤光栅的写制方法和应用特性的研究基础上，对相移光纤光栅的形成机理和新型相移光纤光栅的设计及应用进行了研究。设计并实现了几种新型相移光纤光栅，并进行了传感和通信应用研究。所提出的研究方法和取得的研究成果，为新型光纤光栅的结构设计和优异光学特性的实现提供了新的途径。论文主要工作和取得的成果包括：
1.系统阐述了光纤光栅的写制技术、光谱特点和发展历程。重点分析了相移光纤光栅的写制方法，以及由此而形成的独特光学性质及典型应用。总结了形成相移光栅的各种方法，并指出了这些方法的优缺点。
2.对改变步长法形成的相移超长周期光纤光栅(PS-ULPFG)光谱特性及传感特性进行了研究。理论分析并推导出相移量大小与光栅结构的关系式，并采用高频CO_2激光脉冲曝光法进行了实验验证。研究表明，由改变步长法形成的PS-ULPFG相移量不仅与步长改变量有关，还与衍射阶有关。据此，提出了一种形成相移光栅的新方法，并用于判定超长周期光纤光栅衍射阶。
3.提出并实现了一种基于PS-ULPFG的扭曲传感器，具有温度和应变均不敏感特性。理论研究和实验分析表明，通过测量PS-ULPFG的两谐振峰间距，可有效消除温度和轴向应力对扭曲传感测量的影响；若预先给定扭曲初始角度，则该传感器可用于扭曲方向的判别。
4.设计并研制了一种新型相移长周期光纤光栅(PSLPFG)，其相移量由一段相位调制光栅所形成。对该光栅建立了理论模型，并推导出相移量表达式。采用传输矩阵法和高频CO_2激光写制方法，从数值模拟和实验测量上对其进行了验证。研究表明，这种新型PSLPFG的相移量大小由相位调制光栅的长度和谐振峰的中心波长所决定。并且，利用其结构特点设计并实现了温度不敏感的应变传感测量。
5.设计并研制了一种由衔套光栅形成相移的新型PSLPFG。研究表明，当该光栅的第二个相位调制光栅与被调制长周期光纤光栅结构相同时，为双相移PSLPFG；反之，则为单相移PSLPFG。PSLPFG单相移量的大小相当于两个光栅调制结构效果的总和，其光谱特性与第二个相位调制光栅的位置无关。
6.在上述第5点工作的基础上，提出了一种新型双调制相移光纤Bragg光栅。该光纤光栅由高频CO_2激光和局部加热两种后处理法组合所形成，实现了一种单波长和双波长可转换以及输出位置可调谐的滤波器。与以往两个电阻丝形成的双波长滤波器相比，该滤波器仅使用一个加热装置，可有效消除温度串扰影响。
As a novel optic passive device, Phase-shifted fiber grating has inspired theinterests of internal and overseas investors because of its many natural merits such asnarrow bandwidth, multiple channels and flexible combination etc. By changing themagnitude, position or value of phase shift, the index distribution of Phase-shiftedfiber grating will become more complex than the general cases, which consequentlyresults in special spectrum and widely applications. With the further investigation ofgrating writing method and the development of grating writing technology, manyspecial structural phase shifted fiber grating with novel application are designed.Moreover, some of them recently receive more and more attentions in the novel opticdevice.
Following the study of written methods and applications about Phase-shiftedfiber grating, we consider the formative principle, special structural design andapplications of Phase-shifted fiber grating. In our research, we design some novelPhase-shifted fiber gratings, and expound their applications in the filed of sensor andcommerce. The design method we proposed affords a new approach for gratingstructure design and achieve excellent optic trait. The main contents and results ofthis dissertation include are list as follows:
1. We systematically summarize the written technology, spectrum properties and development of fiber grating. We particularly analyze the written method, specialspectrum characteristics and typical application of Phase-shifted fiber grating. Wemake some conclusions about the method to form Phase-shifted fiber gratingincluding their corresponding advantages and disadvantages.
2. The spectrum and sensor characteristics of Phase shifted-ultra long period grating(PS-LPFG) formed by changing one written step is studied. Then we obtain therelationship of phase shift and fiber grating structural parameters. Theexperiments show that the phase shift value is dependence not only on the stepchange but also on the diffraction order. Based on the results, we propose a newmethod to identify the diffraction order.
3. Based on a PS-ULPFG, we propose and demonstrate a temperature-and strain-insensitive torsion. We theoretically and experimentally show that by measuringthe spacing between the two phase shifted resonance peaks, the sensor could beeliminating the influence of temperature and axial sensor effectively. In addition,the sensor could be measure the twist oration if twist at first.
4. We propose a novel Phase shifted long period grating (PSLPFG) formed byadding a modulated grating. By transfer matrix method and CO_2laser writtensystem, we establish and demonstrate its structural model and its phase shiftedvalue function. The experiments show that the phase shift value of the novelPSLPFG is dependent on the length and resonance peaks of the modulated grating. Based on the formed method, we obtain a temperature insentive strain sensor.
5. We proposed a novel PSLPFG by adding an embedded modulated grating. Whenthe second modulated grating has the same structures with the original grating, thewhole grating was two phase shift PSLPFG. When the second modulated gratinghas the different structures with the original grating, the whole grating was singlePSLPFG and the phase shifted value is the sum of that brings by the twomodulated fiber grating.
6. Based on the results of5, we proposed a tunable two wavelength filters based on anovel Phase Shifted fiber Bragg grating (PSFBG). The grating is formed by twomodulated method CO_2laser exposure and the temperature arises. Since it onlyneeds one temperature device, thus it will not have the problem of temperaturedisturb ion.
引文
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