油菜落叶对土壤养分含量及微生物生长的影响
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摘要
通过不同施肥量处理,分析不同时期、不同落叶量条件下油菜落叶重量、N、P、K含量的变化以及不同落叶量条件下土壤中有机质含量、全N、水解N、速效P和速效K含量的变化、土壤中微生物数量的差异,研究了油菜落叶对土壤养分含量及微生物生长的影响。主要结论如下:
1、油菜落叶的重量随着时间的推移不断下降,但不同时期形成的落叶,其分解速率不同,抽薹期落叶分解的速率明显快于越冬期;不同N、P、K肥料处理条件下形成的落叶,其分解的速率一般随N、P、K肥料用量的增加而下降;落叶的分解速率随着落叶量的增加也增大。落叶中N、P、K的含量随时间的推移呈逐渐下降的趋势,抽薹期的下降速率明显高于越冬期;落叶中N、P、K含量下降的速率随着落叶量的增加而减小。单位面积N、P、K含量下降的速率明显大于单位重量N、P、K含量下降的速率。在N、P、K三种营养元素中,落叶中K素下降的速率最快,N素次之,P素最小。
2、土壤中的有机质、全N以及速效性的N、P、K营养元素的含量随落叶的分解不断增加,并随着落叶量的增加而增加,增加量以0-5cm的上层土壤明显多于15-20cm的下层土壤,但增加的幅度则是15-20cm的下层土壤明显高于0-5cm的上层土壤。
3、土壤中真菌和细菌数量一般随时间的推移呈逐渐增加的趋势,并随着落叶量的增加而增加,增加的幅度也是以15-20cm的下层土壤大于0-5cm的上层土壤。温度为25℃时土壤中真菌和细菌的数量显著高于15℃。
4、油菜的落叶在分解过程中,其自身的N素只有55%-70%进入土壤,其中约有15%-20%为水解N;P和K分别有25%-35%和55%-60%为速效性养分。
By analyzing the weight and N, P and K content of fallen leaves in rapeseed in different periods and different weight of fallen leaf at different fertilization application treatments and measuring soil organic matter, total N, available N, P, K and the number of microorganisms under different weight of fallen leaf treatment. The influence of the fallen leaves on the soil nutrient content and the growth of microorganisms were studied. The main conclusions were as follows:
1. With the lapse of time the weight of fallen leaf dropped unceasingly, but the decomposition rate was different in different periods. The leave decomposition rate in winter period was obviously slower than that in stem elongating stage and it decreased as the increasing of fertilizer application in different N, P and K fertilizer and increased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The N, P and K content in fallen leaves decreased gradually,and the decreasing rate in stem elongating stage was higher than that in winter period, and it decreased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The decreasing rate of N, P and K content per unit area in fallen leaves was obviously higher than that per unit weight. The order of decomposition rate of N, P and K in fallen leaves from largest to least was K>N>P.
2. Soil organic matter, total N, available N, P and K increased unceasingly, and also increased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The increasing value at the upper 0-5cm soil was higher than that at the 15-20cm soil, but the percentage of increasing value was opposing.
3. The number of bacteria and fungi in soil increased unceasingly, and also increased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The percentage of increasing value at the 15-20cm soil was higher than that at the upper 0-5cm. The number of bacteria and fungi in soil at the temperature of 25℃was higher than that at the temperature of 15℃.
4. In the process of fallen leaves decomposition, nitrogen in the fallen leaves sent only 55 to 70 percent into the soil, including 15 to 20 percent of available N. At the same time, 25 to 35 percent of phosphorus and 55 to 60 percent of potassium changed into available P and K.
1、油菜落叶的重量随着时间的推移不断下降,但不同时期形成的落叶,其分解速率不同,抽薹期落叶分解的速率明显快于越冬期;不同N、P、K肥料处理条件下形成的落叶,其分解的速率一般随N、P、K肥料用量的增加而下降;落叶的分解速率随着落叶量的增加也增大。落叶中N、P、K的含量随时间的推移呈逐渐下降的趋势,抽薹期的下降速率明显高于越冬期;落叶中N、P、K含量下降的速率随着落叶量的增加而减小。单位面积N、P、K含量下降的速率明显大于单位重量N、P、K含量下降的速率。在N、P、K三种营养元素中,落叶中K素下降的速率最快,N素次之,P素最小。
2、土壤中的有机质、全N以及速效性的N、P、K营养元素的含量随落叶的分解不断增加,并随着落叶量的增加而增加,增加量以0-5cm的上层土壤明显多于15-20cm的下层土壤,但增加的幅度则是15-20cm的下层土壤明显高于0-5cm的上层土壤。
3、土壤中真菌和细菌数量一般随时间的推移呈逐渐增加的趋势,并随着落叶量的增加而增加,增加的幅度也是以15-20cm的下层土壤大于0-5cm的上层土壤。温度为25℃时土壤中真菌和细菌的数量显著高于15℃。
4、油菜的落叶在分解过程中,其自身的N素只有55%-70%进入土壤,其中约有15%-20%为水解N;P和K分别有25%-35%和55%-60%为速效性养分。
By analyzing the weight and N, P and K content of fallen leaves in rapeseed in different periods and different weight of fallen leaf at different fertilization application treatments and measuring soil organic matter, total N, available N, P, K and the number of microorganisms under different weight of fallen leaf treatment. The influence of the fallen leaves on the soil nutrient content and the growth of microorganisms were studied. The main conclusions were as follows:
1. With the lapse of time the weight of fallen leaf dropped unceasingly, but the decomposition rate was different in different periods. The leave decomposition rate in winter period was obviously slower than that in stem elongating stage and it decreased as the increasing of fertilizer application in different N, P and K fertilizer and increased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The N, P and K content in fallen leaves decreased gradually,and the decreasing rate in stem elongating stage was higher than that in winter period, and it decreased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The decreasing rate of N, P and K content per unit area in fallen leaves was obviously higher than that per unit weight. The order of decomposition rate of N, P and K in fallen leaves from largest to least was K>N>P.
2. Soil organic matter, total N, available N, P and K increased unceasingly, and also increased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The increasing value at the upper 0-5cm soil was higher than that at the 15-20cm soil, but the percentage of increasing value was opposing.
3. The number of bacteria and fungi in soil increased unceasingly, and also increased as the increasing of fallen leaf weight. The percentage of increasing value at the 15-20cm soil was higher than that at the upper 0-5cm. The number of bacteria and fungi in soil at the temperature of 25℃was higher than that at the temperature of 15℃.
4. In the process of fallen leaves decomposition, nitrogen in the fallen leaves sent only 55 to 70 percent into the soil, including 15 to 20 percent of available N. At the same time, 25 to 35 percent of phosphorus and 55 to 60 percent of potassium changed into available P and K.
引文
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2.陈如萍,钟维瑾,常宝华,等.油菜灌浆成熟过程中物质代谢研究[J].中国油料, 1981, (3): 3-5.
3.孙克刚,王亚莉,鹿智江,等.油菜氮磷钾元素的需肥规律和施肥研究[J].土壤肥料, 2002, (04): 35-37.
4.单玉华,冷锁虎,朱耕如,等.杂交油菜秦油二号氮素的积累与分配规律[J].中国油料, 1996, (1): 14-17.
5.冷锁虎,杨光,陈秀良,等.甘蓝型油菜苗期不同部位叶含氮量差异的研究[J].中国油料作物学报, 2001, (04): 38-41.
6.冷锁虎,单玉华,李德权.油菜叶片衰老与NPK含量变化[J].中国油料作物学报, 2001, 23(01): 38-40.
7.张治礼,郑学勤.油菜叶片自然衰老过程中部分生理指标的变化规律[J].中国油料作物学报, 2004, (02): 47-50.
8.杨建新,胡义文,杨大旗. PP333对油菜幼苗的生理效应[J].西南农业大学学报, 1994, (2): 23-26.
9.冷锁虎,左青松,眭丹.施氮对油菜叶片衰老过程中N素再利用的研究[C].中国武汉: Science Press USA Inc., 2007.
10.黄建国.植物营养学[M].北京:中国林业出版社, 2004.
11.张成娥,刘国彬,陈小利.坡地不同利用方式下土壤微生物和酶活性以及生物量特征[J].土壤通报, 1999, 30(03): 101-103.
12.许景伟,王卫东,李成.不同类型黑松混交林土壤微生物、酶及其与土壤养分关系的研究[J].北京林业大学学报, 2000, 22(01): 51-55.
13.朱兆良,文启孝.中国土壤氮素[M].南京:江苏科技出版社, 1992.
14.廖晓勇,张杨珠,刘学军,等.农田生态系统中土壤氮素行为的研究现状与展望[J].西南农业学报, 2001, 14(03): 94-98.
15.李阜棣.当代土壤微生物学的活跃研究领域[J].土壤学报, 1993, 30(3): 229-235.
16.严永贵,孙冬梅,汤晖,等.生物能源物质与土壤微生物数量及磷素转化关系[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报, 2000, 12(01): 15-18.
17.谭周进,汤海涛,余崇祥.秸秆还田栽培晚稻土壤微生物动态研究[J].湖南农业科学, 2001, (04): 30-33.
18.徐阳春,沈其荣,冉炜.长期免耕与施用有机肥对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的影响[J].土壤学报, 2002, 39(01): 89-95.
19.高云超,朱文珊,陈文新.秸秆覆盖免耕对土壤细菌群落区系的影响[J].生态科学, 2000, 19(03): 27-32.
20.江永红,宇振荣,马永良.秸秆还田对农田生态系统及作物生长的影响[J].土壤通报, 2001, (05): 54-58.
21. Dick W.T., Jr.W.A. Relationships between enzyme activities and microbial growth and activity indices in soil frankenberger[J]. Soil.soc.Am.J., 1983, (47): 945-951.
22. Xing-jun T, Shu-cun S, Ke-ping M,等. Behavior of Carbon and Nutrients Within Two Types of Leaf Litter During 3.5-year Decomposition[J]. Acta Botanica Sinica , 2003, 45(12): 1413-1420.
23.吴景贵,姜岩,姜亦梅,等.非腐解有机物培肥对水田土壤生物量态碳、氮的影响[J].土壤通报, 1998, 29(4): 158～160.
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