适应环境能量补给的无线传感器网络节点低功耗技术研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络(WSN)的生命周期受电池能量制约,在满足节点性能要求的前提下,降低各个模块的功耗,从而延长节点寿命是节点级低功耗技术研究的主要内容。目前,环境能量采集技术的迅速发展,使节点从所处环境获取能量补给甚至实现自供电成为一种解决能量问题的可行途径。采集的能量具有不确定性与随机性,使得节点电源处于动态变化中,研究节点各个模块的低功耗设计策略还需要适应环境能量采集技术及特点,因此,研究普遍适用的WSN节点设计原则,对低功耗WSN节点设计具有重要意义。
本文分析了WSN节点的耗能特点以及低功耗设计的一般原则,根据WSN节点的一般工作模式、现有电子器件以及节能技术,计算并验证了节点实现超低功耗的可行性。针对环境能量补给的特点以及组成节点的四大模块的耗能特点,本文提出了相应的低功耗设计策略。该设计策略选择了适合节点运行的最低工作电压,根据节点负载变化动态地切换其他器件的供电方式,使电源模块在不同负载下不仅能够保持高能效,而且能高效利用与存储采集的能量。针对传感器模块的低功耗策略包括传感器件选择及工作参数设置、分级感测及自适应采样等,这些策略降低了持续监测下传感器模块的平均功耗。提出的降低工作电压及频率、选择低能耗存储器、使用分模块工作方式以及编译优化等策略,有助于降低微控制器模块的功耗。对于无线通信模块,提出的策略有降低发射功率、短距离多跳通信方式等,而其他外围器件采用的低功耗策略是尽量使外围器件处于功耗低的工作状态。将相应策略应用于Mica2节点的各个模块中,并依据Mica2的功耗计算方式,所得计算结果表明了这些低功耗设计策略的有效性
结合太阳能能量补给技术,并应用提出的低功耗设计相关策略,本文设计了一款面向需要持续监测诸如振动加速度等动态参量的低功耗WSN节点。实验结果表明,本文提出的适应环境能量补给的WSN节点低功耗设计策略有效可行,对WSN节点设计具有一定的普遍性和实用性。
The lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN) is restricted by the energy capacity of battery. On the premise of guaranteeing the performance of node, the focus of node technology is to reduce the power consumption of each module so as to prolong the lifetime of node. With the development of environmental energy harvesting technology, it's an effective way to harvest ambient energy for WSN nodes self-powered. The uncertainty and randomness of energy harvested keep the power changing dynamically. The research on the low power strategy of node's each module also needs to adapt to the technology and characteristics of energy harvesting. Therefore, the research on the universal design principle is necessary to the design of low power WSN node.
This thesis analyzes the energy consuming characteristics and the general principles in WSN node. According to the normal working modes, existing electronic devices and power saving technology, the result calculated confirms the feasibility of ultra-low power technology. Based on the characteristics of environmental energy replenishing and the energy consuming characteristics of four modules which make up of WSN node, the thesis presents relative low power design strategies. Set the lowest appropriate operating voltage for node and switching the power supply of other devices dynamically according to the variational load, the strategies not only keep high power efficiency of power module with the variation load, but also utilize and store the energy harvested effectively. The low power strategies are helpful to reducing the average power consumption of sensor module in continuous monitoring, including choosing sensors, setting working parameters, hierarchical sensing and adaptive sampling and so on. It is helpful to decreasing the energy consumption of micro controller unit by lowing down the operating voltage and frequency, choosing low power memory chips, working with necessary module only and optimizing compiler. For wireless communication module, the presented schemes used in the node can low down the transmitting power and multi-hop communication paradigm. Keeping in the low power working state as long as possible can reduce energy consumption of the peripheral devices. The relevant schemes are applied to improving the design of Mica2 node. According to the power estimation of Mica2, the result of power calculation verifies that the feasibility and effectiveness of the low power strategies.
With the solar energy replenishing technologies and the low power strategies presented, in the thesis a new kind of low power WSN node is designed which can measure the dynamic parameters in the continuous monitoring application, such as acceleration in vibration. The experiment shows that the low power strategies for WSN node with environmental energy replenishing are effective and feasible. These schemes for WSN node designing are universal and practical.
本文分析了WSN节点的耗能特点以及低功耗设计的一般原则,根据WSN节点的一般工作模式、现有电子器件以及节能技术,计算并验证了节点实现超低功耗的可行性。针对环境能量补给的特点以及组成节点的四大模块的耗能特点,本文提出了相应的低功耗设计策略。该设计策略选择了适合节点运行的最低工作电压,根据节点负载变化动态地切换其他器件的供电方式,使电源模块在不同负载下不仅能够保持高能效,而且能高效利用与存储采集的能量。针对传感器模块的低功耗策略包括传感器件选择及工作参数设置、分级感测及自适应采样等,这些策略降低了持续监测下传感器模块的平均功耗。提出的降低工作电压及频率、选择低能耗存储器、使用分模块工作方式以及编译优化等策略,有助于降低微控制器模块的功耗。对于无线通信模块,提出的策略有降低发射功率、短距离多跳通信方式等,而其他外围器件采用的低功耗策略是尽量使外围器件处于功耗低的工作状态。将相应策略应用于Mica2节点的各个模块中,并依据Mica2的功耗计算方式,所得计算结果表明了这些低功耗设计策略的有效性
结合太阳能能量补给技术,并应用提出的低功耗设计相关策略,本文设计了一款面向需要持续监测诸如振动加速度等动态参量的低功耗WSN节点。实验结果表明,本文提出的适应环境能量补给的WSN节点低功耗设计策略有效可行,对WSN节点设计具有一定的普遍性和实用性。
The lifetime of wireless sensor network (WSN) is restricted by the energy capacity of battery. On the premise of guaranteeing the performance of node, the focus of node technology is to reduce the power consumption of each module so as to prolong the lifetime of node. With the development of environmental energy harvesting technology, it's an effective way to harvest ambient energy for WSN nodes self-powered. The uncertainty and randomness of energy harvested keep the power changing dynamically. The research on the low power strategy of node's each module also needs to adapt to the technology and characteristics of energy harvesting. Therefore, the research on the universal design principle is necessary to the design of low power WSN node.
This thesis analyzes the energy consuming characteristics and the general principles in WSN node. According to the normal working modes, existing electronic devices and power saving technology, the result calculated confirms the feasibility of ultra-low power technology. Based on the characteristics of environmental energy replenishing and the energy consuming characteristics of four modules which make up of WSN node, the thesis presents relative low power design strategies. Set the lowest appropriate operating voltage for node and switching the power supply of other devices dynamically according to the variational load, the strategies not only keep high power efficiency of power module with the variation load, but also utilize and store the energy harvested effectively. The low power strategies are helpful to reducing the average power consumption of sensor module in continuous monitoring, including choosing sensors, setting working parameters, hierarchical sensing and adaptive sampling and so on. It is helpful to decreasing the energy consumption of micro controller unit by lowing down the operating voltage and frequency, choosing low power memory chips, working with necessary module only and optimizing compiler. For wireless communication module, the presented schemes used in the node can low down the transmitting power and multi-hop communication paradigm. Keeping in the low power working state as long as possible can reduce energy consumption of the peripheral devices. The relevant schemes are applied to improving the design of Mica2 node. According to the power estimation of Mica2, the result of power calculation verifies that the feasibility and effectiveness of the low power strategies.
With the solar energy replenishing technologies and the low power strategies presented, in the thesis a new kind of low power WSN node is designed which can measure the dynamic parameters in the continuous monitoring application, such as acceleration in vibration. The experiment shows that the low power strategies for WSN node with environmental energy replenishing are effective and feasible. These schemes for WSN node designing are universal and practical.
引文
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[3]孙利民.无线传感器网络[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005
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[9]Aman Kansal, Mani B Srivastava. An Environmental Energy Harvesting Framework for Sensor Networks[C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Design,2003,481-486
[10]Joseph, Anthony D. Energy harvesting projects[J]. IEEE Pervasive Computing.2005, 4(1):69-71
[11]陈帅,钟先信.无线传感器网络节点实现模型[J].计算机技术与发展,2007.17(3)：176-178
[12]Baoqiang Kan, Li Cai, Lei Zhao, Yongjun Xu. Energy efficient design of WSN based on an accurate power consumption model[C].2007 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCOM,2007, 2751-2754
[13]Mark Hempstead, Nikhil Tripathi, Patrick Mauro, Gu-Yeon Wei, David Brooks. An Ultra Low Power System Architecture for Sensor Network Applications[C]. Proceedings-32nd International Symposium on Computer Architecture, ISCA 2005, 208-219
[14]刘少强,张靖.传感器设计与应用实例[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2008
[15]徐勇军.集成电路功耗估计及低功耗设计[D].北京：中国科学院计算技术研究所,2006
[16]任绘锦.无线传感器网络节点的系统设计[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2006,20(6)：31-35
[17]Vasanth V, Michael F. Power reduction techniques for microprocessor system[J]. ACM computing survey,2005,37(3):195-237
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