教育技术学视野中的技术与课程发展研究
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摘要
本文从教育技术学视角比较系统地研究技术与课程发展的有关问题,着重探讨了信息技术对课程发展的影响,提出了教育技术学研究课程问题的重要意义以及技术(教育技术)促进课程发展的分析框架和理论观点,揭示了技术对课程发展的重要价值。
     论文主要分为四个部分:
     第一部分:历史分析。从技术时代的历史分野中,分别考察了不同技术时代技术促进课程发展的历史脉络及其对课程实践和课程理论的影响。揭示了不同技术时代的课程发展都是一定历史条件下的产物的时代特征,技术的先进性与课程发展的迟滞性之间矛盾是技术与课程发展的基本矛盾,以及技术对课程发展影响的内在逻辑是课程实施(教学)——课程内容——课程目标——课程评价。
     第二部分:理论探讨。从技术与课程发展的逻辑关联中,从教育技术学的视角着重考察了信息技术对课程目标、课程内容、课程实施、课程评价的影响。
     关于技术与课程目标的问题,在对技术价值和技术工具论的分析的基础上,着力探讨了信息技术对课程目标的影响,主要表现在课程目标价值的多元化(工具性价值取向、知识性价值取向、实践性价值取向),课程目标内容的多维化(知识、技能、道德意识),课程目标设计的技术化(行为性、表现性、可测性)。在此突出了信息时代信息素养目标的重要意义。
     关于技术与课程内容问题,分析了课程内容、课程资源、学习资源的关联,着力探讨了信息技术对课程内容的影响,主要表现在计算机技术、信息技术作为课程内容设置体现了课程内容的更新和现代化;现代技术的广泛运用与学科课程内容的整合,体现了课程内容的综合化;课程载体的信息化;课程内容组织的超文本链接。
     关于技术与课程实施问题,分析了课程实施中的技术开发取向、以及技术与教学的整合问题,着重探讨了信息技术对课程实施的影响,主要表现在信息化教学环境的创新,信息化学习方式的变革,信息化教学方式的构建,教师角色和师生关系的转变。
     关于技术与课程评价问题,分析了课程评价观的演变,提出了基于教育技术的课程评价分类框架,着力探讨了信息技术对课程评价的影响,主要表现在促进了发展性课程评价理念的形成,课程评价范式的转变,课程评价标准技术性要求的提升和课程评价工具的自动化。
     第三部分:方法论研究。设计研究法作为一种新兴的研究方法论,致力于产品改进和知识培育,强调其问题取向和跨学科取向,是一种将研究与丌发结合起来的方法论。设计研究致力于促进教育研究与实践的关联,减少决策制定的不确定性,为干预提供建议,检验设计的一般原则,并促进教育干预开发中研究者和一线教师等专业工作者的专业发展。设计研究主要有干预、重复、真实情境、合作等特征。采用设计研究法不仅有助于关注教育技术怎样起作用,而且关注怎样用技术改善课程与教学,有助于促进课程发展,实现教育理论与实践之间的良性循环。
     第四部分:案例分析。从美国“2061计划”中关于技术与课程发展的战略构想及其实施,美国国家教育技术教师和学生标准体现的技术与课程整合的时代精神,对美国麻省理工学院网络课件开放工程、英国开放大学的开放学习内容共享课程资源的探索,以及荷兰—俄罗斯促进ICT与物理教学整合的教师专业发展合作研究等典型案例的分析,提出了教育技术促进我国课程发展的政策性建议:科学规划我国教育技术促进课程发展的战略构想;促进技术与课程深层次的有效整合;加强课程资源的开发与共享;大力推进教师的专业发展;加强设计研究法在课程和教育技术学领域应用。
     本文通过历史与逻辑的分析、理论与实践的结合、方法论研究与案例的解析,从教育技术学视角研究课程发展问题,拓展了教育技术学和课程论的研究视域,对于促进教育技术学与课程理论和实际的融合具有重要的理论与实践意义。
The dissertation systematically and innovatively studies those problems related totechnology and curriculum from the perspective of educational technology, andfocuses on the impacts of information technology On curriculum development. Theauthor also highlights the significance of curriculum study in the field of educationaltechnology, and presents the analytical framework and theoretical viewpoint of howtechnology (educational technology) facilitates curriculum development, and revealsthe important value of technology for curriculum development.
     This dissertation mainly consists of four parts:
     PartⅠ: Historical Analysis. This part individually inspects the historical context thattechnology facilitates curriculum development in different ages and its impacts oncurriculum practice and theory. It reveals that curriculum development in differentages are the results under certain historic condition, which have been thecharacteristics of the times, the contradiction between the advancement of technologyand the tardiness of the curriculum is the fundamental contradiction of technology andcurriculum development, as well as the inherent logic of the technology on thecurriculum is curriculum implementation—curriculum content—curriculum objective—curriculum assessment.
     PartⅡ: Theory Discussion. This part mainly studies the impact of technology oncurriculum objective, curriculum content, curriculum implementation and curriculumassessment from the logistic relation between technology and curriculumdevelopment and from the perspective of educational technology.
     With regard to the technology and curriculum objective, the author probes into theimpacts of information technology on objective based on the analysis of technologyvalue and technical instrumentalism, which reflects in the pluralization of the value ofcurriculum objective, multi-dimensionalization of the content of curriculum objective,the technicalization of curriculum objective. It highlights the significance ofinformation literacy as an aim in information ages.
     On the problem of technology and curriculum content, the author analyzes therelationship among curriculum content, curriculum resources and learning resources.It focuses on the impacts of information technology on curriculum, e.g., the computertechnology and information technology as the curriculum content embodies therenewal and modernization of" curriculum content; the integration of moderntechnology's extensive application into subject content reflects the synthesis ofcurriculum content; the informationization of curriculum medium as well as hypertextlink of the organization of curriculum content are also discussed.
     In terms of technology and curriculum implementation, the author analyzes thetechnical development orientation and technology integration with teaching. Theimpact of information technology on curriculum implementation is emphaticallyinquired, e.g., the innovation of the teaching environment and students' learning style,the construction of teaching style, the shift of teachers' role and relationship betweenteachers and students.
     On the problem of technology and curriculum evaluation, this dissertation analyzesthe idea of curriculum evaluation and constructs a curriculum evaluation frameworkbased on educational technology. The impacts of information technology oncurriculum evaluation are mainly illustrated as follows, the formation of thedevelopmental curriculum evaluation idea, the transformation of paradigm ofcurriculum evaluation, the technical requirement of curriculum evaluation standardsand the automation of curriculum evaluation instruments.
     PartⅢ: Methodology Study. As an emerging research methodology, design research,which stresses its problem-oriented and interdisciplinary orientation, is devoted to theproduct improvement and knowledge growth. It is a hybrid methodology of researchand development. Design research is implemented to facilitate the relevance ofresearch for educational practice, decrease the uncertainty of policy-making, providesuggestion for intervention, test the general principles of the design, and facilitate theprofessional development of researchers and teachers. The characteristics of designresearch are intervention, iterative, context, cooperation etc. The implementation Ofresearch methodology helps to focusing not only on how educational technologyfunctions, but also on how it enhances learning and teaching, so as to facilitate thecurriculum development and achieve a virtuous circle of educational theory andpractice.
     PartⅣ: Case Study. Through the study of some typical cases, such as the design andthe implementation of 'Project 2061' , national educational technology standardsfor teacher and student in America, the open courseware in MIT and the open contentin Open University of UK, as well as Dutch-Russia cooperation research on teacherprofessional development, The author provides some policy-making suggestions onhow educational technology facilitates curriculum development in China: to planscientifically and implement the strategy conception on how educational technologyfacilitates curriculum development; to accelerate the intensive integration oftechnology into curriculum; to reinforce the development and communication ofcurriculum resources; to further teacher professional development; to enhance theapplication of design research in the field of curriculum and educational technology.The dissertation studies the curriculum development from the perspective ofeducational technology by historic and logic analysis, theory combination withpractice, research methodology and case analysis. It broadens the research vision ofeducational technology and curriculum and therefore it is of certain subject value. It isof important theoretical and practical significance for facilitating educationaltechnology merge with the theory and practice of curriculum.
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