我国农业科技推广体系创新研究
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摘要
我国是一个农业人口占总人口70%以上的发展中农业大国,农业从业人员占社会从业人员的比重达46.9%,但农业增加值占GDP的比重仅为15.2%。改革开放以来,农业领域的基础研究和高新技术研究发展迅速,农业综合生产能力连续迈上几个新台阶,农业经济结构发生了根本性的转变,农村经济全面发展,出现了局部农村繁荣,但是在市场经济体制下,农业深层次的问题仍然没有解决,“三农”问题还是全面建设小康社会的制约因素。
解决“三农”问题的核心是发展农业经济,农业经济的发展离不开科技创新,未来农业的发展将更加依赖科技进步。我国每年约有6000-7000项农业科技成果问世,但是科技成果转化为现实生产力的仅为30-40%,多一半的科技成果不能为经济建设作贡献。为了推动社会主义新农村建设,就必须把三科(科研与推广单位、农业教育机构以及国外的科技成果)与三农(农村、农业、农民)之间的“桥梁工程”高标准地建好。“桥梁工程”指的就是农业科技推广。
农业科技推广受到世界各国政府的重视。我国现行的农业推广是以政府农业推广机构为主体的单一推广模式,现已初步建立起较为完善的农业科技体系和技术推广体系,其优点是具备一定的推广条件,能较好地执行国家农业总体发展计划。但是,目前我国以政府推广机构为主体的农业推广体系“线断、网破、人散”,存在着科技推广机制不活,科技成果转化率偏低,科研、推广、生产三者之间衔接不紧密,农业科技推广体系不健全,推广人员素质偏低,农民组织化程度差等诸多问题,难以适应市场经济发展的需要,建立新型农业推广体系势在必行。
基于以上思路,本文采用对比分析、实证分析和归纳演绎等方法,以马克思主义基本理论和科学发展观为指导,分别阐述了:
1.与农业科技推广体系有关的推广理论。包括新制度经济学相关理论,农业科技推广的路径依赖,农业推广学的学科性质、研究内容以及需求理论、农民行为改变理论、教育理论、新技术扩散理论、农业踏板原理和内源发展理论,阐述了农业科技成果转化和科技推广的关系。
2.分析了现阶段农业经济发展、社会主义新农村建设和市场经济条件下新型农民科技需求变化给我国农业科技供给提出的在推广方式、方法、理念等方面的创新和变革需求,进行了供求主体之间的协同分析。
3.总结了我国现行农业科技推广体系的现状、供给状况和弊端,提出了我国农业科技推广创新体系的思路、创建原则、重点内容、主要措施和实施步骤。分析了世界农业科技推广体系的基本特征,重点介绍了美国、日本推广体系的经验和对我国的启示。
4.经过对农业科技推广供求状况的分析和总结,探索和创建了一个适应社会主义市场经济体制,以国家农业科技创新与推广体系为主导,农业高校、科研院所、涉农企业、农业专业技术协会等为供给主体,农业生产与推广、教育紧密结合,上下连贯、主体协同、功能齐全、运行有序、结构开放的多元化农业科技推广体系(以下简称“创新体系”),介绍了该体系的基本框架、主要内容、运行机制、保障措施和科技培训、网络、成果转化“三大平台”建设。
5.有针对性地提出了农业科技推广创新体系的政策建议与对策。重点介绍了农业高校科技成果转化绩效定量测评的指标体系与模型方法和农业科技成果的分类办法,对农业教育机构科技管理将起到借鉴作用。同时将软科学研究成果推广纳入体系创新之中。
6.介绍了中国农科院机构改革、西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院校企联合办学实践和部分基层农业科技推广体系改革的成功经验。
我国农业科技推广体系经过多次改革,现行推广体系在发展理念、组织体系以及推广内容等方面都有了较大的突破与拓展,但是改革并没有从根本上触动农业科技推广体系行政化的组织架构,公共科技推广的基本地位并没有得到解决。建立的“创新体系”将对优化、完善我国现存农业科技推广体系,提高农业科技成果转化率都具有重要的现实意义。
China is a large developing agricultural country which more than 70% of its population is in countryside, population engaged in agriculture production accounts for 46.9% of the total population with job in all kind of life, but the increase value of agricultural production only accounts for 15.2% of China’s GDP. Since China opened up to the outside world, the basic and hi-tech research in agriculture developed fast, the comprehensive production ability of agriculture had gone up several new steps, the agricultural economic structure changed completely, rural economy developed in an all-round way, the regional prosperity in countryside appeared, however, under the condition of market economy, the deep problems in agriculture has not been solved yet, the problems facing agriculture, countryside, and farmers still is the constraint for building an overall comfortable society in China.
The key to solving problems facing agriculture, countryside, and farmers is to develop rural economy, the development of agricultural economy relies in the innovation of science and technology, the agricultural development in the future must depend on scientific progress. Our country have 6000-7000 agricultural achievements every year, but the only about the 30-40% of the achievements has been transferred into production force. More than half of it can not make contribution to the economic construction. For promoting to build new village of socialism, bridge engineering linking research, extension institutions, agricultural education institutions and agriculture, countryside, and farmers must be done well, the bridge engineering means agricultural sci-tech extension here.
Agriculture sic-tech extension is stressed by every government of foreign countries. The current agriculture extension in our country is a kind of single extension model with the government-run extension as body. Now our country has established a complete agricultural science and technology system and extension system, its advantage is that our country has some extension foundation, and this can carry out the overall plan of our country. However, the network and linkage of extension system which the government extension system as body are broken, the extension staff go away to do other things. The mechanism of extension becomes rigid, the transfer rate of scientific achievement is low, lack integration among research, extension and production, the extension system is not complete, the quality of extension staff is low, organization of the farmers is poor etc. the above problems is difficult to requires the need of market economy, so it is necessary to establish the new agricultural extension system.
Based on the above problems, the below thinks are analyzed by means of comparison analysis, case analysis and induction and deduction methods which are guided by the theory and outlook of Marxism.
1.Extension theory related to agricultural extension system. It includes the theory of new institution economics, the path foundation for agricultural extension systems, the feature and study contents of the agriculture extension, study of change of farmers’behaviors, education theories and new technique proliferation theories, the principle of agricultural pedal, connotation development theories. The paper describes the relationship between scientific achievement transfer and sci-tech extension.
2.The paper analyzed the requirements of innovation and reform in extension styles, methods and thoughts which is provided by the new farmers for the agricultural extension of our country according to under the condition of current development of agricultural economy, building new countryside of socialism and market economy. At the same time, the body between the supply and demand is analyzed.
3. The current situation, supply and demand, advantage and disadvantage of agricultural extension system of our country are summarized up, and the innovative thinks for agricultural thinks, established principle, key contents, main measures and steps for carrying out are worked out. The paper analyzed the characteristics of world agricultural extension systems. The enlightens of agricultural extension systems in the United States, Japan to our country are introduced.
4.After the analysis and summary of supply and demand in agricultural extension, has developed and established a extension system , which the system adapted to the system of socialism market economy, is guided by national agricultural sci-tech innovation and extension system, agricultural universities, research institutions, enterprises related to agriculture, agricultural technique societies etc are the main body of agricultural extension. Close integration between agricultural production and extension and education, the multi-function extension system with complete function, open structure, orderly operation(hereinafter referred Innovation system ), the paper introduces the basic framework, main contents, operation mechanism, support measures and construction of tree platforms(sci-tech training, network and scientific achievement transfer).
5.The policy suggestions and countermeasures for agricultural extension innovation systems are worked out with special purpose. The index system for determining the benefit of the achievements transfer of agricultural extension, model methods and classification method of agricultural achievements are described mainly, this can be used as reference for management of agricultural education institutions. At the same time, the achievements of soft science research will be put in the innovation system.
6.Taking system reform of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, the practice which College of Enology of Northwest A&F University runs school with enterprise experience as examples.
After several reforms in agricultural extension in our country, the development think, organization systems, extension contents of the current extension system has breakthrough and expanded a lot, however, reform has not broken the basic administrative framework of agricultural extension system, the foundation place of public science extension has not been solved. Establishment of Innovation Systems will be significant to build optimal and complete agricultural extension systems, to increase transfer rate of agricultural sci-tech achievements.
解决“三农”问题的核心是发展农业经济,农业经济的发展离不开科技创新,未来农业的发展将更加依赖科技进步。我国每年约有6000-7000项农业科技成果问世,但是科技成果转化为现实生产力的仅为30-40%,多一半的科技成果不能为经济建设作贡献。为了推动社会主义新农村建设,就必须把三科(科研与推广单位、农业教育机构以及国外的科技成果)与三农(农村、农业、农民)之间的“桥梁工程”高标准地建好。“桥梁工程”指的就是农业科技推广。
农业科技推广受到世界各国政府的重视。我国现行的农业推广是以政府农业推广机构为主体的单一推广模式,现已初步建立起较为完善的农业科技体系和技术推广体系,其优点是具备一定的推广条件,能较好地执行国家农业总体发展计划。但是,目前我国以政府推广机构为主体的农业推广体系“线断、网破、人散”,存在着科技推广机制不活,科技成果转化率偏低,科研、推广、生产三者之间衔接不紧密,农业科技推广体系不健全,推广人员素质偏低,农民组织化程度差等诸多问题,难以适应市场经济发展的需要,建立新型农业推广体系势在必行。
基于以上思路,本文采用对比分析、实证分析和归纳演绎等方法,以马克思主义基本理论和科学发展观为指导,分别阐述了:
1.与农业科技推广体系有关的推广理论。包括新制度经济学相关理论,农业科技推广的路径依赖,农业推广学的学科性质、研究内容以及需求理论、农民行为改变理论、教育理论、新技术扩散理论、农业踏板原理和内源发展理论,阐述了农业科技成果转化和科技推广的关系。
2.分析了现阶段农业经济发展、社会主义新农村建设和市场经济条件下新型农民科技需求变化给我国农业科技供给提出的在推广方式、方法、理念等方面的创新和变革需求,进行了供求主体之间的协同分析。
3.总结了我国现行农业科技推广体系的现状、供给状况和弊端,提出了我国农业科技推广创新体系的思路、创建原则、重点内容、主要措施和实施步骤。分析了世界农业科技推广体系的基本特征,重点介绍了美国、日本推广体系的经验和对我国的启示。
4.经过对农业科技推广供求状况的分析和总结,探索和创建了一个适应社会主义市场经济体制,以国家农业科技创新与推广体系为主导,农业高校、科研院所、涉农企业、农业专业技术协会等为供给主体,农业生产与推广、教育紧密结合,上下连贯、主体协同、功能齐全、运行有序、结构开放的多元化农业科技推广体系(以下简称“创新体系”),介绍了该体系的基本框架、主要内容、运行机制、保障措施和科技培训、网络、成果转化“三大平台”建设。
5.有针对性地提出了农业科技推广创新体系的政策建议与对策。重点介绍了农业高校科技成果转化绩效定量测评的指标体系与模型方法和农业科技成果的分类办法,对农业教育机构科技管理将起到借鉴作用。同时将软科学研究成果推广纳入体系创新之中。
6.介绍了中国农科院机构改革、西北农林科技大学葡萄酒学院校企联合办学实践和部分基层农业科技推广体系改革的成功经验。
我国农业科技推广体系经过多次改革,现行推广体系在发展理念、组织体系以及推广内容等方面都有了较大的突破与拓展,但是改革并没有从根本上触动农业科技推广体系行政化的组织架构,公共科技推广的基本地位并没有得到解决。建立的“创新体系”将对优化、完善我国现存农业科技推广体系,提高农业科技成果转化率都具有重要的现实意义。
China is a large developing agricultural country which more than 70% of its population is in countryside, population engaged in agriculture production accounts for 46.9% of the total population with job in all kind of life, but the increase value of agricultural production only accounts for 15.2% of China’s GDP. Since China opened up to the outside world, the basic and hi-tech research in agriculture developed fast, the comprehensive production ability of agriculture had gone up several new steps, the agricultural economic structure changed completely, rural economy developed in an all-round way, the regional prosperity in countryside appeared, however, under the condition of market economy, the deep problems in agriculture has not been solved yet, the problems facing agriculture, countryside, and farmers still is the constraint for building an overall comfortable society in China.
The key to solving problems facing agriculture, countryside, and farmers is to develop rural economy, the development of agricultural economy relies in the innovation of science and technology, the agricultural development in the future must depend on scientific progress. Our country have 6000-7000 agricultural achievements every year, but the only about the 30-40% of the achievements has been transferred into production force. More than half of it can not make contribution to the economic construction. For promoting to build new village of socialism, bridge engineering linking research, extension institutions, agricultural education institutions and agriculture, countryside, and farmers must be done well, the bridge engineering means agricultural sci-tech extension here.
Agriculture sic-tech extension is stressed by every government of foreign countries. The current agriculture extension in our country is a kind of single extension model with the government-run extension as body. Now our country has established a complete agricultural science and technology system and extension system, its advantage is that our country has some extension foundation, and this can carry out the overall plan of our country. However, the network and linkage of extension system which the government extension system as body are broken, the extension staff go away to do other things. The mechanism of extension becomes rigid, the transfer rate of scientific achievement is low, lack integration among research, extension and production, the extension system is not complete, the quality of extension staff is low, organization of the farmers is poor etc. the above problems is difficult to requires the need of market economy, so it is necessary to establish the new agricultural extension system.
Based on the above problems, the below thinks are analyzed by means of comparison analysis, case analysis and induction and deduction methods which are guided by the theory and outlook of Marxism.
1.Extension theory related to agricultural extension system. It includes the theory of new institution economics, the path foundation for agricultural extension systems, the feature and study contents of the agriculture extension, study of change of farmers’behaviors, education theories and new technique proliferation theories, the principle of agricultural pedal, connotation development theories. The paper describes the relationship between scientific achievement transfer and sci-tech extension.
2.The paper analyzed the requirements of innovation and reform in extension styles, methods and thoughts which is provided by the new farmers for the agricultural extension of our country according to under the condition of current development of agricultural economy, building new countryside of socialism and market economy. At the same time, the body between the supply and demand is analyzed.
3. The current situation, supply and demand, advantage and disadvantage of agricultural extension system of our country are summarized up, and the innovative thinks for agricultural thinks, established principle, key contents, main measures and steps for carrying out are worked out. The paper analyzed the characteristics of world agricultural extension systems. The enlightens of agricultural extension systems in the United States, Japan to our country are introduced.
4.After the analysis and summary of supply and demand in agricultural extension, has developed and established a extension system , which the system adapted to the system of socialism market economy, is guided by national agricultural sci-tech innovation and extension system, agricultural universities, research institutions, enterprises related to agriculture, agricultural technique societies etc are the main body of agricultural extension. Close integration between agricultural production and extension and education, the multi-function extension system with complete function, open structure, orderly operation(hereinafter referred Innovation system ), the paper introduces the basic framework, main contents, operation mechanism, support measures and construction of tree platforms(sci-tech training, network and scientific achievement transfer).
5.The policy suggestions and countermeasures for agricultural extension innovation systems are worked out with special purpose. The index system for determining the benefit of the achievements transfer of agricultural extension, model methods and classification method of agricultural achievements are described mainly, this can be used as reference for management of agricultural education institutions. At the same time, the achievements of soft science research will be put in the innovation system.
6.Taking system reform of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, the practice which College of Enology of Northwest A&F University runs school with enterprise experience as examples.
After several reforms in agricultural extension in our country, the development think, organization systems, extension contents of the current extension system has breakthrough and expanded a lot, however, reform has not broken the basic administrative framework of agricultural extension system, the foundation place of public science extension has not been solved. Establishment of Innovation Systems will be significant to build optimal and complete agricultural extension systems, to increase transfer rate of agricultural sci-tech achievements.
引文
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