窖水水质影响因素的初步研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
利用水窖蓄集雨水,不但可以缓解黄土高原干旱与水土流失的矛盾,同时也是解决部分水资源短缺地区饮水困难的重要途径。随着不同形式水窖在解决农村饮水安全中的大规模应用,窖水水质问题日益受到关注。本文针对雨水集蓄利用在解决农村饮水安全中出现的水质问题,基于国家饮用水水质新标准,通过对天然降水的水质和广泛使用及新研发的水窖长期贮存水进行监测,重点对试验地全年雨水水质、不同材质、位置对水窖水质影响进行研究,得出如下结论:
     试验地杨凌次降雨过程中,pH值开始呈现上升趋势,后期趋于稳定,pH值变化在6.5~8.5之间,略偏碱性;由于反应条件、天气等的影响,降雨NO3-含量变化趋势不明显;除pH和NO3-外,其它指标随降雨历时,其含量逐渐下降,多数指标从开始降雨到降雨后期离子含量下降在40.8%~90.1%之间;且各指标含量的变化趋势与收集水样时的平均雨强有关,雨强大,指标含量低,雨强小,指标含量高。
     天然降水中多数水质指标月变化规律一般表现为离子浓度随降水量的增加而降低。降雨量最大的7、8月份,其水溶性离子含量最低,pH值春季、冬季值较低,7、8月份最高,即H+离子浓度最低。在试验条件下,雨水中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr6+、挥发酚、氰化物等毒理学指标均没有检出或者其含量远远低于国家标准,天然降水各指标全年平均值与国家生活饮水标准比较,只有浊度、氨氮两项指标超过标准,其它指标含量均较低,雨水水质较好,能够满足生活饮用水标准要求,可以作为生活饮用水水源。
     本试验研究的固化土干性水窖、固化土塑性水窖、水泥砂浆抹面水窖等三类水窖在贮存地下水180天后,没有检出有毒有害物质,除由地下水引起的各水窖SO42-超标外,其他指标均满足国家饮用水水质标准,且固化土干性水窖水质相对较好。固化土干性窖、固化土塑性窖价格低廉、施工方便、可以就地取材,长期贮存地下水没有产生有毒有害物质,有利于保持水质,值得推广。
     在杨凌地上、地下使用橡塑水窖贮存地下水的试验表明:当橡塑水窖存贮井水超过一定期限后,其COD、亚硝酸盐、色度等部分指标超出国家标准;在内蒙古地下使用橡塑水窖贮存雨水的试验表明:橡塑水窖对水质没有产生明显影响;橡塑水窖具有一次成型、便于运输、施工速度快、使用寿命长、防渗性能好、建设成本低的优良性能,而且便于企业化、标准化和规模化生产,应用灵活,不受地域、交通条件的限制,本研究中由于试验条件限制,其对水质的影响有待于进一步研究。
Storage and utilization of rainwater by cellars can not only relax the contradiction ofaridity and erosion on the Loess Plateau, but also is the important way to solve the drinkingwater problem in some area of the deficiency of water resource. With the scale applicationof the cellar in solving the rural drinking water safety, the water quality of water cellars wasfocused on. According to the problem of water quality in storage and utilization ofrainwater, based on the new National Standards for Drinking Water, this paper research thewater quality of natural rainfall and the different position and different materials of cellars’effect on the water quality by monitoring the annual rainwater quality and the water qualityof water cellars in the experimental area. The results obtained are described as follows:In the rainfall process in Yangling, pH Value, changing between 6.5~8.5 , presentsrising trend at the beginning, and then tends to be stable. Because of reaction conditions andweather, the change trend of NO3- is not obvious; Except pH and NO3- , the value of theother indexes gradually decreased between 40.8%~90.1% from the beginning to the end.And the change trend is related to the rainfall intensity, with high average rainfall density,the value of the indexes is low, otherwise, the value is high.
     Generally speaking, the monthly change law of indexes of water quality in naturalrainfall: Every ion density reduces with increase of the precipitation. The ionic compositionand other comprehensive index is the lowest in the largest rainfall August and July; pHValue is lower in spring and winter, and is the highest in August and July (namely H+ is thelowest). Under the condition of experiment, the content of toxicological indexes (Fe, Mn,Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr6+, Volatile phenol and Cyanide etc.) in the rainwater in Yangling are farbelow the National Standards for Drinking Water. Compared with the National Standards,annual mean level of all indexes in rainwater did not exceed the standards, but Turbidityand Ammonia nitrogen. Rainwater quality can meet the National Standards for Drinking Water, and the water is safety for drinking.
     Harmful substances are not found in the groundwater stored in the solidified soilplastic cellar and dry form cellar and the cellar with cement mortar coating attached to thewall surfaces after 180 days. SO4 2- exceeded the national standard in the three cellars andthe other indexes meet the national standard, while SO42- was caused by the groundwater,and the water quality of the solidified soil dry form cellar is better. And the solidified soildry form cellar and plastic cellar has the advanced characteristics of low-cost, easyconstruction, making full use of local soil resource, and they do not generate harmfulsubstances when groundwater is stored long-term, so it is worth popularizing.
     The results of the experiment of groundwater stored in the rubber-plastic cellarunderground and overground in Yangling shows: The indexes COD, NO2- and chromaticityexceeded the National Standards for Drinking Water, while the water quality was notinfluenced when rainwater was stored in the rubber-plastic cellar underground in innerMongolia. The rubber-plastic cellar has the advanced characteristics of one-time shape, easytransportation, rapid construction, long-life, good antiseepage and low-cost installation etc.It facilitated production to enterprise and standardization and scale use without limitation togeographical and traffic conditions. But because of the testing condition limiting, theInfluence of the rubber-plastic cellar different applied models and storing different water onwater quality need further study.
引文
[1]赵西宁,冯浩,吴普特,等.黄土高原雨水积蓄利用研究进展[J].四川水利,2004增刊,第四次全国雨水利用技术研讨会暨学术年会专辑.
    [2]山仑,康绍忠,吴普特.中国节水农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004. 449~452.
    [3]吴普特,黄占斌,高建恩,等.人工汇集雨水利用技术研究[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.99~100,130~131,216~219.
    [4]李勇,王超,王沛芳,等.集蓄雨水污染成因研究[J].环境与健康杂志, 2003,2 0(4):252~253.
    [5]蓝俊康,蓝艳红.集雨工程的水质研究进展[J].中国给水排水, 2002,18(8):23~25.
    [6]杨瑞强,朱琨,金星龙,等.窖水的水质分析及水质特点[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2001,14(2):70~71.
    [7]武福学.庭院雨水集蓄工程的水质化验与评价[J].中国农村水利水电, 2005.5:3~5.
    [8]卢晓岩,朱琨,梁莹,等.西北黄土高原地区雨水集流的水质特点[J].兰州交通大学学报(自然科学版),2004,23(6):15~18.
    [9]张小玲,梁慧光.雨水集流饮用水的污染预防及水质改良途径[J].甘肃农业大学学报, 1998,33(4):350~355.
    [10]凌波,韩关根,施南峰,等.窖水(水柜水)消毒的研究[J].卫生研究,2001,30(2):74~76.
    [11]马娟,朱琨,杨建涛.沸石在集流雨水中的应用研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,2003,16(9):6-8.
    [12]韩关根,沈敏敏,施南峰,等.管道式净水器处理雨水柜水质效果观察及技术经济分析[J].环境与健康杂志,2000,17(5):280~281.
    [13]刘志华,宋秉仁.定西地区“121”雨水集流工程水泥窖水质卫生学调查分析[J].中国公共卫生,2001,17(3):264.
    [14]冯士礼,彭安忠,张德清,等.对21口水窖水丰水期与枯水期的水质监测结果分析[J].湖北预防医学杂志,2004,15(3):65~66
    [15]马永林,崔继元,韩伟,等.甘肃省定西县农村窖水水质的卫生学调查[J].河南预防医学杂志,2000,11(2):94~95.
    [16]董壮飞,范多智,傅永珍,等.甘肃省天水市农村人饮集雨窖水水质分析研究[J].2005,2(9):100~102.
    [17]罗廷蓉,冯学慧,等.海原县农村人畜饮水水质调查分析[J].中国农村水利水电,2004,3:25~26.
    [18]董玉英,冉亚莉,李怡,等.昆明地区窖水水质监测结果分析[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2003,13(4):478.
    [19]彭安忠,胡庆忠,冯士礼,等.农村生活型水窖水质监测结果分析[J].湖北预防医学杂志,2003,14(2):48.
    [20]石立平,陈洪祥,王振军,等.农村水窖水质状况调查[J].包头医学院学报,14(3):22~23.
    [21]韩关根,凌波.窖水消毒效果及其成本分析[J].浙江预防医学,2000,12(10):3~4.
    [22]石立平,陈洪祥,王振军,等.祈水县农村水窖水质状况调查[J].中国农村卫生事业管理,1998,18(3):29~30.
    [23]庞玉英,张维华.沂水县农村四种给水方式水质调查[J].中国公共卫生管理,2004,20(3):255~256.
    [24]王龙智,姚焕英,靳维泰,等.余庆县核桃坪水窖水质监测及评价[J].水资源保护,1994,3:28~31.
    [25]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997. 66~69.
    [26]唐孝炎.大气环境化学[M].北京高:等教育出版社,1990:228~241.
    [27] Feng Z, Huang Y, Feng Y, et al. Chemical composition of precipitation in Beijing area, NorthernChina [J]. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 2001,125(1-4):345~356.
    [28] Khwaja H A, Husain L. Chemical characterization of acid precipitation in Albany, New York [J].Atmospheric Environment, 1990,24(7):1869~1882.
    [29] Tuncera B, Bayar B, Yesilyurt C, et al. Ionic composition of precipitation at the Central Anatolia(Turkey) [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001,35(34):5989~6002.
    [30]杨复沫,贺克斌,雷宇,等. 2001~2003年间北京大气降水的化学特征[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(5):538~541.
    [31]张宁.兰州市降水化学特征研究[J].甘肃环境研究与监测,1996,9(4):1~4.
    [32]魏虹,王建力,李旭光,等.重庆缙云山降水化学组成的季节变化特征分析[J].西南师范大学学报(自然科学版) 2005,30(4):725~729.
    [33]王俊英,郝欣欣,甄文栋,等.青岛市降水化学组成特征及相关性分析[J].山东大学学报(工学版) 2006,36(3):56~59.
    [34]胡敏,张静,吴志军,等.北京降水化学组成特征及其对大气颗粒物的去除作用[J].中国科学B辑化学2005, 35 (2): 169~176.
    [35]涂俊.南京市降水化学成分特征及变化趋势[J].上海环境科学,1999,18(10):451~453.
    [36]梅自良.成都市市区降水化学组成及酸雨成因综合分析:[硕士学位论文] [D].成都:四川大学,2005.
    [37]梅自良,刘仲秋,刘丽,等.成都市区酸雨变化及降雨化学组成分析[J].四川环境,2005,24(3):52~55.
    [38]张苗云,王世杰,洪冰,等.大气降水化学的统计学分析——以浙江省金华市为例[J].环境化学,2007,26(5):699~703.
    [39]李世清、李生秀.陕西关中湿沉降输入农田生态系统中的氮素[J].农业环境保护,1999 , 18(3) : 97~101.
    [40]高前兆,李小雁,俎瑞平.干旱区供水集水保水技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005. 219~223.
    [41] Handia, L.Comparative study of rainwater quality in urban Zambia[J].Aqua - Journal of WaterSupply: Research and Technology [Aqua J. Water Supp. Res. Technol.].2005 Feb,5 4(1):55-64.
    [42] Uba, BN; Aghogho, O.Rainwater quality from different roof catchments in the Port Harcourtdistrict, Rivers State, Nigeria[J].Aqua - Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology [AquaJ. Water Supp. Res. Technol.]. 2000 Oct,49(5):281-290.
    [43] Wirojanagud W , Hovichitr V. Evaluation of rainwater quality: heavy metals andpathogens[M].Ottawa : IDRC , 1989.
    [44] J. ZOBRIST*, S. R. MUèLLER, A. AMMANNM,et al.QUALITY OF ROOF RUNOFF FORGROUNDWATER INFILTRATION[J].Water Research. 2000,34(5):1455~1462.
    [45] Al-Khashman, Omar Ali.Study of chemical composition in wet atmospheric precipitation inEshidiya area, Jordan[J].Atmospheric Environment [Atmos. Environ.]. 2005,3 9(33):6175-6183.
    [46]张克峰,刘金栋,王永磊,等.二次供水水质污染的现状及防治措施分析[J].山东建筑工程学院学报,2005,20(3):49~51.
    [47]王向会.天津市输配水管网水质变化的研究:[硕士学位论文] [D].天津:天津大学,2005.
    [48]刘静.济南市二次供水系统水质防护现状与对策:[硕士学位论文] [D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2005.
    [49]马颖.贮存饮用水水质及其影响因素研究:[博士学位论文] [D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.
    [50]孟秀花,李永青,吴恬.不同材质水箱贮存水微生物学指标变化规律的研究[J].西南给排水,2004,26(6):36~38.
    [51]袁晶、李晓燕、陈秀娜.高位铁皮水箱供水质量及其影响因素[J].环境污染与防治,1996,18(3):22~24.
    [52]李宏,马颖,方振东.坑道工程贮存水水质变化规律研究[J].后勤工程学院学报,2003.2:1~4.
    [53]乔英杰,张宝杰,韩洪军,等.塑料给水管中化学成分对水质的影响[J].哈尔滨理工大学学报,2000,5(2):41~43.
    [54]郑涛,穆环珍,黄衍初,等.降雨促渗对地表径流污染物负荷影响模拟试验研究[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2006,7(2):84~88.
    [55] C.A. Evans, P.J. Coombes, R.H. Dunstan.Wind, rain and bacteria: The effect of weather on themicrobial composition of roof-harvested rainwater[J].Water research,2006(40):37~44.
    [56]代莎莎,张春阳,刘建广,等.饮用水消毒副产物的去除途径及进展[J].水资源与水工程学报,2006.2:72~75.
    [57]周从直,梁恒国,陈灌春.饮用水贮存水质变化与应用研究[J].后勤工程学院学报,2003.3:14~17.
    [58]谢朝新,龙腾锐,方振东.原水直接贮存中的水质变化规律[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2004,26(5):64~67.
    [59] Kun Zhu,Linus Zhang,William Hart,et al.Quality issues in harvested rainwater in arid and semiridLoess Plateau of northern China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004(57):487~505.
    [60]谢朝新.水长期贮存对水质的影响及超声—电凝聚水处理技术研究:[博士学位论文] [D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.
    [61]吴卿.饮用水管网微生物学水质研究及模拟:[博士学位论文] [D].天津:天津大学,2005.
    [62]李红.分散式给水条件下水质消毒处理方法研究概况[J].医学动物防制,2001,17(1):46~47.
    [63]中华人民共和国水利部.水土保持工程概算定额(水总【2003】67号).郑州:黄河水利出版社,2003.6.
    [64]肖克飚、高建恩、吴普特.新型橡塑预制件拼装式集雨水窖研发的可行性探讨.中国农业工程学会2005年学术年会论文集.325.
    [65]高建恩,张芳海,朱德兰,等.一种柔性环保橡塑水窖及其制备方法[P].中国:申请(专利)号:200510096014.9,2005-10-09.
    [66]高建恩,孙胜利,吴普特.一种新型土壤固化剂[P].中国:申请(专利)号:CN200410073273.5,2004-10-07.
    [67]王广周,高建恩.雨水集蓄利用中的水质问题及对策[J].灌溉排水学报(已收录).
    [68]朱先磊,张远航,曾立民,等.北京市大气细颗粒物PM215的来源研究[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(5):1~5.
    [69]段凤魁,鲁毅强,狄一安,等.秸秆焚烧对北京市空气质量的影响[J].中国环境监测,2001,17(3):8~11.
    [70]杭维琦,陈建江,等.野外燃烧秸秆对环境质量的影响与防治[J].环境监测管理与技术,2000, 12 (2)∶36~37.
    [71]Duan F, Liu X, Yu T etal. Identification and Estimate of Biomass Burning Contribution to theUrban Aeroso lO rganic Carbon Concentrations in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment,2004,38:1275~1282
    [72]顾树华,张希良,王革华.能源利用与农业可持续发展[M] .北京:北京出版社,2001.
    [73]宋宇,唐孝炎,方晨,等.北京市大气细粒子的来源分析[J ] .环境科学,2002 ,23(6) :11~16.
    [74]祝斌,朱先磊,张元勋农作物秸秆燃烧PM215排放因子的研究[J].环境科学研究,2005,18(2):29~32.
    [75] 85-913-04-05攻关课题组,我国作物秸秆燃烧甲烷、氧化亚氮排放量变化趋势预测[J].农业环境保护,1995,14(3):111~116.
    [76]徐玉宏.我国秸秆焚烧污染与防治对策[J].环境与可持续发展,2007.3:21~23.
    [77]张波屏.禁烧秸秆:立法与科技同行[ N ] .中国环境报,1998 - 04 - 02.
    [78] Aneja V P, Roelle P A, Murray G C, etal. Atmospheric nitrogen compoundsⅡ: emissionstransport transformation deposition and assessment [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2001, 35 (11):1903~1911.
    [79] Prospero J M, Barrett K, Church T, etal. Atmospheric deposition of nutrients to the North AtlanticBasin [J]. Biogeochemistry, 1996, 35(1): 27~73.
    [80]汤洁,薛虎圣,于晓岚,等.瓦里关山降水化学特征的初步分析[J].环境科学学报, 2000,20(4): 420~ 425.
    [81]陈能汪,洪华生,张珞平,等.九龙江流域大气氮湿沉降研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):38~46.
    [82] Byrnes B H. Environmental effect s of N fertilizer use - An overview. FertRes FertilizerResearch,1990;26:209~215.
    [83] Jenkinson D S. An introduction to the global nitrogen cyces. Soil Use andManagement,1990,6:56~61.
    [84] Soderlund R. Dry and wet deposition of nit rogen compounds. In: clark F E,RosswallT(eds.).Terrestrial nitrogen cycles ,processes ,ecosystem strategies and management impacts.Ecological Bulletins,Stockholm. 1981;123~130.
    [85]王宝贞,王琳主编.水污染治理新技术、新工艺、新概念、新理论[M].科学出版社,2004.
    [86]吴普特,高建恩.黄土高原水土保持新论[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006. 146~147.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700