T2细管径低气压汞放电正柱能量平衡研究
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摘要
基于低气压汞放电原理制成的荧光灯,是目前最主要的室内照明光源之一在照明领域有着举足轻重的地位。其中,一体化紧凑型荧光灯(俗称节能灯)凭借结构小巧、高效节能的特点更是在普通照明应用中发挥着重要的作用。近年来,外径7mm的T2紧凑型荧光灯占据了越来越大的市场,然而国内外对于荧光灯放电特性的研究都主要集中在管径较粗的T4-T12灯,而对于更细管径的研究报道却很少。由于T2荧光灯的电流密度远大于粗管径灯,双极性扩散增强易造成轴心汞耗尽的现象,会对放电的电学特性和光输出特性产生影响。我国已成为全球最大的紧凑型荧光灯生产国,产量占全球总产量的85%.而欧盟于2009年发布的生态指令对于投放欧盟市场的荧光灯产品提出了严格的能效标准。因此,有必要对更细管径的荧光灯进行实验和理论研究,从而优化紧凑型荧光灯的设计和制造。
低气压汞放电正柱的能量损失分为三种：辐射损失、气体加热损失和管壁损失。其中辐射损失直接与荧光灯的应用息息相关。本文采用Koedam系数法测量了T2低气压Ar-Hg放电和Kr-Hg放电正柱的强谱线辐射功率和辐射效率,并探讨了冷端温度、放电电流、填充成分及充气压等参数对放电的影响。此外,利用一维流体模型分析了T2低气压汞放电正柱的能量平衡,并将模型结果与实际测量值进行了比较。
第一章简要介绍了荧光灯的基本原理和管径细化发展过程,分析了当前我国荧光灯产业的现状和面临的挑战,提出了研究T2细管径汞放电的必要性和重要意义；同时,回顾了前人在模型和实验方面对于不同管径低气压汞放电的研究成果,并介绍了本文的主要研究工作和创新点。
第二章介绍了Koedam系数的基本概念和物理意义。参考Koedam和Anderer等人测量较粗管径的Koedam系数的方法,设计并制造了一个小型分布辐射度计来进行测量。实验测量了T2低气压汞放电正柱254,365,436,546nm等辐射谱线在不同冷端温度(Ar-Hg测量的是20,50℃,Kr-Hg测量的是30,50℃),电流分别为40,100,160mA情况下的Koedam系数,并与Lawler等人的Monte-Carlo模拟的结果进行了比较。结果表明,Koedam系数随着管径缩小而减小,随电流上升而增大,而冷端温度对于Koedam系数的影响相对较小。对应不同波长,254nm的Koedam系数最大。
第三章详细描述了Koedam系数法测量放电正柱区谱线辐射功率的实验流程和实验设备。制作了采用合成石英管材料、封接双浮动探针、不涂敷荧光粉、填充Ar-Hg或Kr-Hg气压2,3,5,710Torr的T2放电管。采用光谱辐照度相对定标和辐亮度绝对定标相结合的方式测量得到不同冷端温度和放电电流参数组合下,放电正柱中200～1000nm范围内Hg和Ar的强谱线的辐亮度,再计算出对应参数条件下谱线的辐射功率和辐射效率。由于185nm易被空气中的氧气吸收,采用真空单色仪来测量不同参数组合条件下185nm和254nm的辐亮度比值并采用了氘灯标准进行定标。对实验测量结果的不确定度进行了详细的误差分析。
第四章计算得到了测量得到的T2细管径低气压汞放电正柱中11条汞线(185,254,297,313,365,405,408,436,546,577,579nm)的辐射功率和辐射效率,探讨了冷端温度、放电电流和稀有气体对输入功率和辐射效率的影响。电流100mA时254nm辐射功率对应的最佳冷端温度为50℃,而其辐射效率最大值对应的冷端温度更高。T2低气压Ar-Hg放电灯的最佳充气压为5Torr,Kr-Hg放电的最佳充气压在7torr左右。低气压汞放电灯内填充氪气,可以有效降低放电的输入功率,提高254nm辐射效率。汞原子的可见辐射相对254nm辐射很小,但对于研究放电正柱的能量平衡仍有着非常重要的意义。另外,在T2细管径灯中,轴心汞耗尽现象不可忽视。
第五章分析了低气压汞放电正柱的能量平衡关系。输入放电正柱的能量以三种形式损耗：辐射损失、气体加热损失和管壁损失。本文采用Petrov等人的一维流体模型来分析放电的具体物理过程,该模型考虑了电子的径向不均匀分布,并利用放电空间内不同微元之间的辐射耦合系数来评估辐射过程。冷端温度40℃以上,模型预期与实验测量结果具有较好的一致性,但在冷端温度较低时,两者存在比较大的偏差。
Fluorescent lamps, which are based on low pressure mercury discharge, are among the major light sources for indoor lighting and play an important role in lighting. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), featuring compact structure and high efficiency; have played significant role in general lighting. In recent years, T2compact fluorescent lamps with outer diameter7mm have shared more portion of the market. However, researches on lamp discharge characteristics mainly focus on lamps with larger diameters (T4-T12), but seldom on lamps with small diameters. Since the current density inside the T2fluorescent lamps is much higher than that in lamps with larger diameters, ambipolar diffusion will lead to mercury depletion along the axis of the lamp tube, and subsequently influence electric and photometrical output properties of discharge. While China manufactures85%of the CFLs over the world, a series of regulations are implemented which propose requirements of greater performances to the products in EU market. Therefore, it is necessary to study fluorescent lamps with smaller diameters in order to optimize the designs of T2compact flourescent lamps. The energy losses in the positive column of low-pressure mercury discharge includes radiation, heating of gases and volumn losses. In this dissertation, the radiation power and radiant efficiency of strong spectral lines in the positive column of discharge are measured by Koedam factor method for T2Ar-Hg and Kr-Hg low pressure lamps. The dependence of discharge properties on the cold spot temperature, discharge current, filling composition and filling pressure is discussed. Furthermore, a1-D fluid model is applied to analyze energy balance in the positive column of the T2low pressure mercury discharge lamps, and results obtained from the model are compared with those from the experiments.
In Chapter1, the basic principle of fluorescent lamps and the development trend of lamps with smaller diameters are introduced firstly. Then, the researches on T2mercury discharge lamps are proved necessary and important as a response to the current status and challenges for China's industry of fluorescent lamps. After the previous researches on modelling and experiments of low pressure mercury discharge lamps with different diameters are reviewed, main tasks and innovations of this dissertation are stated.
In Chapter2, the concept and physical meaning of Koedam factor are explained. The methods to obtain Koedam factors for lamps with large diameters are reviewed. A small ganio-radiometer is designed and manufactured. In the experiments, the Koedam factors of strong spectral lines at254,365,436and546nm of the T2lamp discharge column are measured. The cold spot temperatures are20and50°C for Ag-Hg lamps, and30and50℃for Kr-Hg lamps. All the lamps are operated at the currents of40,100and160mA. The comparison of the experimental results with those derived from Monte-Carlo simulation by Lawler et al reveals that Koedam factors will decrease with the decreasing diameters and will increase with the increasing current, and that Koedam factors are less dependent on cold spot temperatures. Spectral lines at254nm are found to yield the maximum Koedam factors.
In Chapter3, The procedure and experimental setup are described in detail for measurement of radiant powers inside the positive column by Koedam factor method. The radiance of the spectral lines within the range of200-1000nm at different cold spot temperatures and currents is obtained by means of irradiance relative calibration and radiance absolute calibration. Then radiant power and radiant efficiency can be calculated with the Koedam factors obtained in Chapter2. Since the radiation at185nm is easily absorbed by oxygen at atmosphere, the radiant powers at185nm can be indirectly derived from the ratio of radiance of185nm to radiance of254nm. A vacuum monochromator is applied to obtain the radiance of185nm and that of254nm on different conditions. A deuterium lamp radiance standard is applied for calibration. Besides, the uncertainty of the experimental results is analyzed in detail.
In Chapter4, the radiation powers and radiant efficiencies of the eleven spectral lines (at185,254,297,313,365,405,408,436,546,577,579nm) for T2lamps are measured. The dependence of input powers and radiant efficiencies on cold spot temperatures, discharge currents, rare gases and their filling pressure is discussed. For the radiation at254nm with current100mA, the optimum cold spot temperature for radiant power is50℃, and the cold spot temperature for maximum radiant efficiency is higher. The optimum filling pressures for T2Ar-Hg discharge and Kr-Hg discharge are5Torr and7Torr respectively. Krypton is filled in the low pressure mercury discharge lamps to reduce input power and increase radiant efficiency at254nm. Though visible radiation from mercury atoms is very low compared with radiation at254nm, it is still very important for the research of energy balance in the discharge column. In addition, mercury depletion along the lamp axis cannot be neglected.
In Chapter5, power balance in the discharge column of low pressure mercury discharge is analyzed. The energy input into the discharge column is consumed in the form of radiation loss, gas heating loss and loss at the wall. In this dissertation, a one dimensional fluid model developed by Petrov et al is applied to analyze the detailed discharge process. According to this model, radial distribution of the electrons is taken into consideration, and the radiation process is evaluated with coupling coefficients of different infinitesimal elements in the discharge space. When the cold spot temperatures are over40℃, the model prediction agrees well with the experimental results. But at lower cold spot temperatures, there is big deviation between experimental results and model.
低气压汞放电正柱的能量损失分为三种：辐射损失、气体加热损失和管壁损失。其中辐射损失直接与荧光灯的应用息息相关。本文采用Koedam系数法测量了T2低气压Ar-Hg放电和Kr-Hg放电正柱的强谱线辐射功率和辐射效率,并探讨了冷端温度、放电电流、填充成分及充气压等参数对放电的影响。此外,利用一维流体模型分析了T2低气压汞放电正柱的能量平衡,并将模型结果与实际测量值进行了比较。
第一章简要介绍了荧光灯的基本原理和管径细化发展过程,分析了当前我国荧光灯产业的现状和面临的挑战,提出了研究T2细管径汞放电的必要性和重要意义；同时,回顾了前人在模型和实验方面对于不同管径低气压汞放电的研究成果,并介绍了本文的主要研究工作和创新点。
第二章介绍了Koedam系数的基本概念和物理意义。参考Koedam和Anderer等人测量较粗管径的Koedam系数的方法,设计并制造了一个小型分布辐射度计来进行测量。实验测量了T2低气压汞放电正柱254,365,436,546nm等辐射谱线在不同冷端温度(Ar-Hg测量的是20,50℃,Kr-Hg测量的是30,50℃),电流分别为40,100,160mA情况下的Koedam系数,并与Lawler等人的Monte-Carlo模拟的结果进行了比较。结果表明,Koedam系数随着管径缩小而减小,随电流上升而增大,而冷端温度对于Koedam系数的影响相对较小。对应不同波长,254nm的Koedam系数最大。
第三章详细描述了Koedam系数法测量放电正柱区谱线辐射功率的实验流程和实验设备。制作了采用合成石英管材料、封接双浮动探针、不涂敷荧光粉、填充Ar-Hg或Kr-Hg气压2,3,5,710Torr的T2放电管。采用光谱辐照度相对定标和辐亮度绝对定标相结合的方式测量得到不同冷端温度和放电电流参数组合下,放电正柱中200～1000nm范围内Hg和Ar的强谱线的辐亮度,再计算出对应参数条件下谱线的辐射功率和辐射效率。由于185nm易被空气中的氧气吸收,采用真空单色仪来测量不同参数组合条件下185nm和254nm的辐亮度比值并采用了氘灯标准进行定标。对实验测量结果的不确定度进行了详细的误差分析。
第四章计算得到了测量得到的T2细管径低气压汞放电正柱中11条汞线(185,254,297,313,365,405,408,436,546,577,579nm)的辐射功率和辐射效率,探讨了冷端温度、放电电流和稀有气体对输入功率和辐射效率的影响。电流100mA时254nm辐射功率对应的最佳冷端温度为50℃,而其辐射效率最大值对应的冷端温度更高。T2低气压Ar-Hg放电灯的最佳充气压为5Torr,Kr-Hg放电的最佳充气压在7torr左右。低气压汞放电灯内填充氪气,可以有效降低放电的输入功率,提高254nm辐射效率。汞原子的可见辐射相对254nm辐射很小,但对于研究放电正柱的能量平衡仍有着非常重要的意义。另外,在T2细管径灯中,轴心汞耗尽现象不可忽视。
第五章分析了低气压汞放电正柱的能量平衡关系。输入放电正柱的能量以三种形式损耗：辐射损失、气体加热损失和管壁损失。本文采用Petrov等人的一维流体模型来分析放电的具体物理过程,该模型考虑了电子的径向不均匀分布,并利用放电空间内不同微元之间的辐射耦合系数来评估辐射过程。冷端温度40℃以上,模型预期与实验测量结果具有较好的一致性,但在冷端温度较低时,两者存在比较大的偏差。
Fluorescent lamps, which are based on low pressure mercury discharge, are among the major light sources for indoor lighting and play an important role in lighting. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), featuring compact structure and high efficiency; have played significant role in general lighting. In recent years, T2compact fluorescent lamps with outer diameter7mm have shared more portion of the market. However, researches on lamp discharge characteristics mainly focus on lamps with larger diameters (T4-T12), but seldom on lamps with small diameters. Since the current density inside the T2fluorescent lamps is much higher than that in lamps with larger diameters, ambipolar diffusion will lead to mercury depletion along the axis of the lamp tube, and subsequently influence electric and photometrical output properties of discharge. While China manufactures85%of the CFLs over the world, a series of regulations are implemented which propose requirements of greater performances to the products in EU market. Therefore, it is necessary to study fluorescent lamps with smaller diameters in order to optimize the designs of T2compact flourescent lamps. The energy losses in the positive column of low-pressure mercury discharge includes radiation, heating of gases and volumn losses. In this dissertation, the radiation power and radiant efficiency of strong spectral lines in the positive column of discharge are measured by Koedam factor method for T2Ar-Hg and Kr-Hg low pressure lamps. The dependence of discharge properties on the cold spot temperature, discharge current, filling composition and filling pressure is discussed. Furthermore, a1-D fluid model is applied to analyze energy balance in the positive column of the T2low pressure mercury discharge lamps, and results obtained from the model are compared with those from the experiments.
In Chapter1, the basic principle of fluorescent lamps and the development trend of lamps with smaller diameters are introduced firstly. Then, the researches on T2mercury discharge lamps are proved necessary and important as a response to the current status and challenges for China's industry of fluorescent lamps. After the previous researches on modelling and experiments of low pressure mercury discharge lamps with different diameters are reviewed, main tasks and innovations of this dissertation are stated.
In Chapter2, the concept and physical meaning of Koedam factor are explained. The methods to obtain Koedam factors for lamps with large diameters are reviewed. A small ganio-radiometer is designed and manufactured. In the experiments, the Koedam factors of strong spectral lines at254,365,436and546nm of the T2lamp discharge column are measured. The cold spot temperatures are20and50°C for Ag-Hg lamps, and30and50℃for Kr-Hg lamps. All the lamps are operated at the currents of40,100and160mA. The comparison of the experimental results with those derived from Monte-Carlo simulation by Lawler et al reveals that Koedam factors will decrease with the decreasing diameters and will increase with the increasing current, and that Koedam factors are less dependent on cold spot temperatures. Spectral lines at254nm are found to yield the maximum Koedam factors.
In Chapter3, The procedure and experimental setup are described in detail for measurement of radiant powers inside the positive column by Koedam factor method. The radiance of the spectral lines within the range of200-1000nm at different cold spot temperatures and currents is obtained by means of irradiance relative calibration and radiance absolute calibration. Then radiant power and radiant efficiency can be calculated with the Koedam factors obtained in Chapter2. Since the radiation at185nm is easily absorbed by oxygen at atmosphere, the radiant powers at185nm can be indirectly derived from the ratio of radiance of185nm to radiance of254nm. A vacuum monochromator is applied to obtain the radiance of185nm and that of254nm on different conditions. A deuterium lamp radiance standard is applied for calibration. Besides, the uncertainty of the experimental results is analyzed in detail.
In Chapter4, the radiation powers and radiant efficiencies of the eleven spectral lines (at185,254,297,313,365,405,408,436,546,577,579nm) for T2lamps are measured. The dependence of input powers and radiant efficiencies on cold spot temperatures, discharge currents, rare gases and their filling pressure is discussed. For the radiation at254nm with current100mA, the optimum cold spot temperature for radiant power is50℃, and the cold spot temperature for maximum radiant efficiency is higher. The optimum filling pressures for T2Ar-Hg discharge and Kr-Hg discharge are5Torr and7Torr respectively. Krypton is filled in the low pressure mercury discharge lamps to reduce input power and increase radiant efficiency at254nm. Though visible radiation from mercury atoms is very low compared with radiation at254nm, it is still very important for the research of energy balance in the discharge column. In addition, mercury depletion along the lamp axis cannot be neglected.
In Chapter5, power balance in the discharge column of low pressure mercury discharge is analyzed. The energy input into the discharge column is consumed in the form of radiation loss, gas heating loss and loss at the wall. In this dissertation, a one dimensional fluid model developed by Petrov et al is applied to analyze the detailed discharge process. According to this model, radial distribution of the electrons is taken into consideration, and the radiation process is evaluated with coupling coefficients of different infinitesimal elements in the discharge space. When the cold spot temperatures are over40℃, the model prediction agrees well with the experimental results. But at lower cold spot temperatures, there is big deviation between experimental results and model.
引文
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