无线传感网路由协议算法设计及应用研究
|
摘要
近十年来,国内外学者掀起了一股针对无线传感器网络的研究热潮。研究指出无线传感网具有广阔的应用前景,但这些应用都需要建立在数据可靠传输的基础之上,因此,基于具体应用的传感网路由协议设计是重点研究方向之一。本文首先概述了静态传感网、移动传感网以及车载移动传感网三个领域的典型路由协议算法,指出车载移动传感网是目前一个新的研究热点;然后提出了一种基于分组转发状况的车载自组织网络路由协议算法,旨在根据分组在网络中的实际转发状况来选择最优路径,该算法直接以分组的转发延迟及转发成功率为表征因素来选择最优转发路径,NS2仿真结果显示,此协议可实现充分利用当前路况信息转发分组,在平均延迟时间、分组丢失率、转发成功率等方面优于GPSR、GPSR-L协议算法;最后在对上述理论研究的基础上,分析了ZigBee协议栈采用的路由协议,并对其进行了修改,然后设计了一个基于ZigBee传感网的智能照明控制系统,测试结果表明该系统可以稳定工作于全自动状态,根据室内场景变化自动调整照明模式。
In recent years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has emerged as a promising field of research, leading to a great application potential. But all of these applications have to rely on reliable data transmission, so the routing protocol for WSN based on specific applications has been a hot research field. In this thesis, an overview of the routing algorithm for static sensor networks, mobile sensor networks, and vehicular mobile sensor network is given first, and the author proposes a packet-delivery condition aware routing (PCAR) algorithm for vehicular mobile sensor network with the purpose to use direct metrics to build a high quality route. It uses packet delivery ratio and average packet delay time as the metrics for calculating optimal route. Simulations based on NS2 platform are also conducted, and the results demonstrate that PCAR scheme outperforms GPSR and GPSR-L, in terms of average packet delay time, packet loss ratio, and packet delivery ratio. Finally, based on the previous theoretical research, the author analyzes and modifies the routing protocol in ZigBee protocol stack, and then presents an intelligent indoor light control system based on ZigBee sensor network, the experiment shows that the system can work automatically, adjusting lighting mode according to indoor scene changes.
In recent years, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has emerged as a promising field of research, leading to a great application potential. But all of these applications have to rely on reliable data transmission, so the routing protocol for WSN based on specific applications has been a hot research field. In this thesis, an overview of the routing algorithm for static sensor networks, mobile sensor networks, and vehicular mobile sensor network is given first, and the author proposes a packet-delivery condition aware routing (PCAR) algorithm for vehicular mobile sensor network with the purpose to use direct metrics to build a high quality route. It uses packet delivery ratio and average packet delay time as the metrics for calculating optimal route. Simulations based on NS2 platform are also conducted, and the results demonstrate that PCAR scheme outperforms GPSR and GPSR-L, in terms of average packet delay time, packet loss ratio, and packet delivery ratio. Finally, based on the previous theoretical research, the author analyzes and modifies the routing protocol in ZigBee protocol stack, and then presents an intelligent indoor light control system based on ZigBee sensor network, the experiment shows that the system can work automatically, adjusting lighting mode according to indoor scene changes.
引文
[1]Florian Michahelles,Michael Samulowitz and Bernt Schiele.Detecting Context in Distributed Sensor Networks by Using Smart Context-Aware Packets.International Conference on Architecture of Computing Systems(ARCS 2002),Karlsruhe,Germany,April 2002.
[2]Joshua Lifton and Mathew Laibowitz.Application-led Research in Ubiquitous Computing:A Wireless Sensor Network Perspective.Responsive Environments Group,MIT Media Lab,www.cl.cam.ac.uk/～gfc22/ubiappws/finalpapers/ubiappws-Lifton.pdf.
[3]David E.Culler.System Design Techniques for Large-Scale Pervasive Computing Environments.Computer Science Division,University of California,Berkeley,Final Report 2002-2003 for Micro Project# 02-017.www.ucop.edu/research/micro/02_03/02_017.pdf.
[4]霍梅梅,郑增威,周晓伟.移动传感网及其路由协议研究进展[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(11):4010-4013,4015.
[5]狄亮,陈小惠,万文涛.无线传感器网络路由协议研究[J].传感器世界,2009(9):26-29,21.
[6]Heinzelman W,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H.Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks[A].Proceeding of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int'l Conf.on System Sciences[C]Maui:IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014.
[7]Yu Y,Estrin D,Govindan R.Geographical and energy aware routing:A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[M].UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023,Los Angeles:University of California,2001:1-11.
[8]D.Jea,A.A.Somasundara,M.B.Srivastava.Multiple controlled mobile elements (data mules) for data collection in sensor networks[J]. DCOSS, 2005:244-257.
[9] Lynn Choi, Jae Kyun Jung, Byong-Ha Cho, and Hyohyun Choi. M-Geocast: Robust and Energy-Efficient Geometric Routing for Mobile Sensor Networks[J]. Lecture Notes In Computer Science, 2008, 5287: 304-316.
[10] NAUMOV V, GROSS T R. Connectivity-Aware Routing (CAR) in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. INFOCOM 2007. 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2007.5: 1919-1927.
[11] Kulik J, Heinzelman W, Balakrishnan H. Negotiation based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks[J]. Wireless Networks, 2002, 8(2-3): 169-185.
[12] Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R, Estrin D, Heidemann J. Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking[J]. IEEE / ACM Trans. On Networking, 2003,11(1): 2-16.
[13] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D. TEEN: A protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[A]. Proceeding of the 1th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing [C], 2001: 2009-2015.
[14] K. Sohrabi, J. Pottie. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications, 2000, 7(5): 16-27.
[15]He T, Stankovic J A, Lu C, et al. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks[A]. Proceeding of the 23th International Conference in Distributed Computing Systems[C], Providence, Rhode Island, 2003: 46-55.
[16] Mark Weiser. The computer for the Twenty-First Century[J]. Scientific American, 1991,9:30-31.
[17] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, J. Heidemann, F. Silva. Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2003,11(1):2-16.
[18] Shuai Gao, Yanchao Niu, Hongwei Huo, and Hongke Zhang. An Energy Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Data Equilibrium in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007:433-444.
[19] A. Kinalis, S. Nikoletseas. Scalable data collection protocols for wireless sensor networks with multiple mobile sinks[J]. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Simulation Symposium, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, March 26-28, 2007:60-72.
[20] Richard W.N. Pazzi , Azzedine Boukerche. Mobile data collector strategy for delay-sensitive applications over wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 2008,31:1028-1039.
[21] Yan Ren, Bo Wang, Sidong Zhang, and Hongke Zhang. A Distributed Energy-Efficient Topology Control Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: NETWORKING 2007. Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2007,4479:132-134.
[22] Tai-Jung Chang, Kuochen Wang . Yi-Ling Hsieh. A color-theory-based energy efficient routing algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks[J]. Computer Networks,2008,52:531-541.
[23] Shen-Hai Shee, Kuochen Wang, I.L. Hsieh. A Color-theory based dynamic localization in mobile wireless sensor networks[J]. Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless, Ad Hoc, Sensor Networks, August 2005.
[24] Young-Bae Kong, Kyung-Bae Chang, Gwi-Tae Park. Clustering Algorithm Using Bayes' Rule in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Computational Intelligence, 2006:1306-1310.
[25] B. Karp and H. T. Kung. GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. Proc. ACM/IEEE MOBICOM00, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2000: 243-254.
[26] R. S. Aditya, M. Pai, M. Boussedjra, J. Mouzna. GPSR-L: Greedy perimeter stateless routing with lifetime for VANETS. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, 2008.10: 299-304.
[27] LOCHERT C,MAUVE M,FU H,HARTENSTEIN H, Geographic routing in city scenarios. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 2005.9: 69-72.
[28] M. Jerbi, S.M. Seouci, R. Meraihi, and Y. Ghamri-Doudane. An Improved Vehicular Ad Hoc Routing Protocol for City Environments. IEEE International Conference on Communications, (ICC 2007), Glasgow, Scotland, 2007.7: 3972-3979.
[29] LOCHERT C, HARTENSTEIN H, TIAN J, FUSSLER H, HERMANN D, MAUVE M, et al. A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2003: 156-161.
[30] SEET B C, LIU G, LEE B S, FOH C H, WONG K J ,LEE K K, et al. A-STAR: A Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Strategy for Metropolis Vehicular Communications. NETWORKING 2004, Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols, Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications, 2004: 989-999.
[31] Weihua Sun, Hirozumi Yamaguchi, Koji Yukimasa, and Shinji Kusumoto, Gvgrid: A qos routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of service, 2006.6: 130-139.
[32] Kuong-Ho Chen, Chyi-Ren Dow, Yi-Shiou Lee. HarpiaGrid: A Reliable Grid-based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2008.10: 383-388.
[33]Qing Yang,A.Lim,Li Shuang,Jian Fang,and P.Agrawal.ACAR:Adaptive Connectivity Aware Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,in Proceedings of the IEEE Internatinal Conference on Computer Communications and Networks,2008.8:1-6.
[34]Network Simulator version 2(ns-2):http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/,2009.10.
[35]LI,J.,JANNOTTI,J.,DECOUTO,D.,KARGER,D.,AND MORRIS,R.A scalable location service for geographic ad-hoc routing.Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom 2000),Aug.2000.
[36]Google Earth,http://earth.google.com/index.html,2009.10.
[37]Karnadi,F.,Mo,Z.,Lan,K..Rapid Generation of Realistic Mobility Models for VANET.In ACM MOBICOMM 2005.International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,ACM Press,New York(2005).
[38]沈瑞珠.智能照明系统在智能建筑中的应用[J].低压电器,2002(5):20-22.
[39]中国建材网.工业照明GPE形成强势领跑节电市场[OL].2010.1.http://www.bmlink.com/news/message/120781.html.
[40]杨立彪.C-bus智能照明控制系统与节能[J].智能建筑与城市信息,2005(11):88-90.
[41]魏平俊,谢靖.家用照明智能控制系统的硬件设计[J].中国科技信息,2005(19):43.
[42]邹吉平.基于现场总线的智能照明控制系统分析与探讨[J].低压电器,2005(7):19-22.
[43]ZigBee Alliance,ZigBee Specification 2006[OL].2008.10.http://www.zigb -ee.org.
[44]Akyildiz I F,Su W,Sankarasubramanian Y,et al.A Survey on Sensor Networks[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
[45]周晓伟,蔡建平,郑增威,应晶.新型室内智能照明系统的研究与实现[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(8):2977-2981.
[46]Chakeres I.and Klein-Berndt L.AODYjr,AODY simplified.ACM S1GMOBILE,Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002:100-101.
[47]Jefferson Daniel de Barros Soldera,Andre Luis Vilas Boas,Alfredo Olmos,et al.Implementing a Lamp Dimmer with an HC908Q Family MCU[OL].2008-10.http://www.freescale.com.
[2]Joshua Lifton and Mathew Laibowitz.Application-led Research in Ubiquitous Computing:A Wireless Sensor Network Perspective.Responsive Environments Group,MIT Media Lab,www.cl.cam.ac.uk/～gfc22/ubiappws/finalpapers/ubiappws-Lifton.pdf.
[3]David E.Culler.System Design Techniques for Large-Scale Pervasive Computing Environments.Computer Science Division,University of California,Berkeley,Final Report 2002-2003 for Micro Project# 02-017.www.ucop.edu/research/micro/02_03/02_017.pdf.
[4]霍梅梅,郑增威,周晓伟.移动传感网及其路由协议研究进展[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(11):4010-4013,4015.
[5]狄亮,陈小惠,万文涛.无线传感器网络路由协议研究[J].传感器世界,2009(9):26-29,21.
[6]Heinzelman W,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H.Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks[A].Proceeding of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Int'l Conf.on System Sciences[C]Maui:IEEE Computer Society,2000:3005-3014.
[7]Yu Y,Estrin D,Govindan R.Geographical and energy aware routing:A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor networks[M].UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023,Los Angeles:University of California,2001:1-11.
[8]D.Jea,A.A.Somasundara,M.B.Srivastava.Multiple controlled mobile elements (data mules) for data collection in sensor networks[J]. DCOSS, 2005:244-257.
[9] Lynn Choi, Jae Kyun Jung, Byong-Ha Cho, and Hyohyun Choi. M-Geocast: Robust and Energy-Efficient Geometric Routing for Mobile Sensor Networks[J]. Lecture Notes In Computer Science, 2008, 5287: 304-316.
[10] NAUMOV V, GROSS T R. Connectivity-Aware Routing (CAR) in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. INFOCOM 2007. 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2007.5: 1919-1927.
[11] Kulik J, Heinzelman W, Balakrishnan H. Negotiation based protocols for disseminating information in wireless sensor networks[J]. Wireless Networks, 2002, 8(2-3): 169-185.
[12] Intanagonwiwat C, Govindan R, Estrin D, Heidemann J. Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking[J]. IEEE / ACM Trans. On Networking, 2003,11(1): 2-16.
[13] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal D. TEEN: A protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[A]. Proceeding of the 1th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing [C], 2001: 2009-2015.
[14] K. Sohrabi, J. Pottie. Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J]. IEEE Personal Communications, 2000, 7(5): 16-27.
[15]He T, Stankovic J A, Lu C, et al. SPEED: A stateless protocol for real-time communication in sensor networks[A]. Proceeding of the 23th International Conference in Distributed Computing Systems[C], Providence, Rhode Island, 2003: 46-55.
[16] Mark Weiser. The computer for the Twenty-First Century[J]. Scientific American, 1991,9:30-31.
[17] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, J. Heidemann, F. Silva. Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2003,11(1):2-16.
[18] Shuai Gao, Yanchao Niu, Hongwei Huo, and Hongke Zhang. An Energy Efficient Communication Protocol Based on Data Equilibrium in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007:433-444.
[19] A. Kinalis, S. Nikoletseas. Scalable data collection protocols for wireless sensor networks with multiple mobile sinks[J]. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Simulation Symposium, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, March 26-28, 2007:60-72.
[20] Richard W.N. Pazzi , Azzedine Boukerche. Mobile data collector strategy for delay-sensitive applications over wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 2008,31:1028-1039.
[21] Yan Ren, Bo Wang, Sidong Zhang, and Hongke Zhang. A Distributed Energy-Efficient Topology Control Routing for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science: NETWORKING 2007. Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Wireless Networks, Next Generation Internet. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2007,4479:132-134.
[22] Tai-Jung Chang, Kuochen Wang . Yi-Ling Hsieh. A color-theory-based energy efficient routing algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks[J]. Computer Networks,2008,52:531-541.
[23] Shen-Hai Shee, Kuochen Wang, I.L. Hsieh. A Color-theory based dynamic localization in mobile wireless sensor networks[J]. Proceedings of Workshop on Wireless, Ad Hoc, Sensor Networks, August 2005.
[24] Young-Bae Kong, Kyung-Bae Chang, Gwi-Tae Park. Clustering Algorithm Using Bayes' Rule in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks[J]. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Computational Intelligence, 2006:1306-1310.
[25] B. Karp and H. T. Kung. GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. Proc. ACM/IEEE MOBICOM00, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2000: 243-254.
[26] R. S. Aditya, M. Pai, M. Boussedjra, J. Mouzna. GPSR-L: Greedy perimeter stateless routing with lifetime for VANETS. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, 2008.10: 299-304.
[27] LOCHERT C,MAUVE M,FU H,HARTENSTEIN H, Geographic routing in city scenarios. ACM SIGMOBILE Mobile Computing and Communications Review, 2005.9: 69-72.
[28] M. Jerbi, S.M. Seouci, R. Meraihi, and Y. Ghamri-Doudane. An Improved Vehicular Ad Hoc Routing Protocol for City Environments. IEEE International Conference on Communications, (ICC 2007), Glasgow, Scotland, 2007.7: 3972-3979.
[29] LOCHERT C, HARTENSTEIN H, TIAN J, FUSSLER H, HERMANN D, MAUVE M, et al. A routing strategy for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2003: 156-161.
[30] SEET B C, LIU G, LEE B S, FOH C H, WONG K J ,LEE K K, et al. A-STAR: A Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Strategy for Metropolis Vehicular Communications. NETWORKING 2004, Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols, Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications, 2004: 989-999.
[31] Weihua Sun, Hirozumi Yamaguchi, Koji Yukimasa, and Shinji Kusumoto, Gvgrid: A qos routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of service, 2006.6: 130-139.
[32] Kuong-Ho Chen, Chyi-Ren Dow, Yi-Shiou Lee. HarpiaGrid: A Reliable Grid-based Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2008.10: 383-388.
[33]Qing Yang,A.Lim,Li Shuang,Jian Fang,and P.Agrawal.ACAR:Adaptive Connectivity Aware Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,in Proceedings of the IEEE Internatinal Conference on Computer Communications and Networks,2008.8:1-6.
[34]Network Simulator version 2(ns-2):http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/,2009.10.
[35]LI,J.,JANNOTTI,J.,DECOUTO,D.,KARGER,D.,AND MORRIS,R.A scalable location service for geographic ad-hoc routing.Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom 2000),Aug.2000.
[36]Google Earth,http://earth.google.com/index.html,2009.10.
[37]Karnadi,F.,Mo,Z.,Lan,K..Rapid Generation of Realistic Mobility Models for VANET.In ACM MOBICOMM 2005.International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,ACM Press,New York(2005).
[38]沈瑞珠.智能照明系统在智能建筑中的应用[J].低压电器,2002(5):20-22.
[39]中国建材网.工业照明GPE形成强势领跑节电市场[OL].2010.1.http://www.bmlink.com/news/message/120781.html.
[40]杨立彪.C-bus智能照明控制系统与节能[J].智能建筑与城市信息,2005(11):88-90.
[41]魏平俊,谢靖.家用照明智能控制系统的硬件设计[J].中国科技信息,2005(19):43.
[42]邹吉平.基于现场总线的智能照明控制系统分析与探讨[J].低压电器,2005(7):19-22.
[43]ZigBee Alliance,ZigBee Specification 2006[OL].2008.10.http://www.zigb -ee.org.
[44]Akyildiz I F,Su W,Sankarasubramanian Y,et al.A Survey on Sensor Networks[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,2002,40(8):102-114.
[45]周晓伟,蔡建平,郑增威,应晶.新型室内智能照明系统的研究与实现[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(8):2977-2981.
[46]Chakeres I.and Klein-Berndt L.AODYjr,AODY simplified.ACM S1GMOBILE,Mobile Computing and Communications Review,2002:100-101.
[47]Jefferson Daniel de Barros Soldera,Andre Luis Vilas Boas,Alfredo Olmos,et al.Implementing a Lamp Dimmer with an HC908Q Family MCU[OL].2008-10.http://www.freescale.com.