兰州主要绿化植物物候学与合理配植研究
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摘要
植物是园林设计中唯一具有生命力的要素,在园林设计中发挥着重要作用。园林绿地的植物种类组成、植物观赏价值、其物候学特征和植物相互之间的配植方式等,在很大程度上决定着园林绿地的观赏效果和风格特征,影响着城市园林绿化的质量和水平。随着经济和社会的发展,生态城市的概念深入人心,建设富有地方文化特色的生态化园林城市是城市园林和城市绿化发展的方向。本文应用风景园林学、群落生态学、景观美学等相关学科的理论与方法,利用资料收集、实地调查和阶段性的定点观测等手段,对兰州市园林绿地植物种类的组成进行研究分析,对兰州市的主要绿化植物进行物候学观测,并且利用景观多样性、季相变化、植物种类、配植模式等指标对兰州市典型绿地的植物配植案例进行分析,总结出兰州市园林植物配植的总体特色,提出适合不同功能要求的植物配植模式,以期对兰州市及其它城市的园林绿地配植提供参考和借鉴。
一、兰州市园林植物种类组成研究:
调查兰州各类绿地28处,主要道路20条,分析兰州市园林绿化植物种类组成及物种应用频率,总结出兰州市主要绿化植物种类和古树名木种类。研究结果表明,兰州市共有园林植物148种,隶属于59科99属,主要代表科有蔷薇科、豆科、菊科,绿化植物应用种类与国内大中城市存在一定差距。在绿化植物的种类、数量上,落叶乔木和灌木占绝对优势,草本植物次之,用于垂直、立体绿化的藤本植物和水面绿化的水生植物均很单一。应用频率较高的园林绿化植物有84种,以国槐、刺柏、月季最为多见,常见的道路绿化植物30种,最主要的行道树有国槐、刺槐、馒头柳、臭椿、白蜡5种,古树名木21种。
二、兰州市主要园林植物物候学观测:
选择主要园林植物78种进行定株物候观测,记录了52种落叶木本植物主要观赏价值的物候期,包括展叶期、观花期、观果期、秋叶观赏期、叶幕期。木本观花植物39种,4月份开花植物最多,花色以红色花为主;木本观果植物9种,果实均为红色;彩叶植物3种,秋叶显著植物14种。对主要落叶木本植物的展叶始期与开花始期进行物候相组合分析,确定植物的开花时间和展叶时间的先后关系。确定兰州市主要草本观花植物的花期和主要草坪地被植物的绿期。
三、兰州市园林植物的配植研究
根据实地调查与园林植物配植的原则对兰州市典型绿地进行植物配植分析,总结出兰州市园林植物配植的主要问题,推荐适合兰州市的园林植物配植模式。
Plant is the most important vital element in gardening design with significant importance. Species constitution、ornamental character、phenological character and current application of plants can determine its ornamental effects and style to a great extent which also influence the quality and level of urban greening. With development of society and economy, ecological city was widely accepted. That is the direction of city development to build ecological garden city with local culture. Base on some principles and methods of relevant disciplines, such as Landscape Architecture, Synecology, Landscape Aesthetics, etc., this paper research on species constitution and phenological characters of Lanzhou City, China, summarized the general characteristics of its plant design and put forward some representative models of plant configuration, which are suitable for different function requirements. It may also helpful for other cities in gardening design.
1.Plant species constitutes for gardening in Lanzhou City
With an investigation of 28 green area and 20 main avenues in Lanzhou City, Plant species constitutes and application frequencies were analyzed, main species of green plants and famous trees were investigated. The result indicated that there were 148 sorts of gardening plants which belong to 59 faculties and 99 categories applied in Lanzhou City with the representative faculties of Rosales、Leguminosae、Compositae, plant species which applied for gardening had a significant difference compared to middle or big cities within China. Arbores and shrubs dominate on species and quantities, followed by herbs gardening in vertical sections, liana and hydrophyte for tridimensional gardening were simply applied. 86 species were frequently used especially Sophora japonica Linn.、Juniperus formosana、Rosa chinensis with statistic of frequencies, 30 species were often used in avenue gardening with 5 representative arbors of Sophora japonica Linn.、Salix matsudana var. matsudana f. umbraculifera、Ailanthus altissima、FraxinusvelutinaTorrbie,21 sorts of famous trees, respectively.
2. Phonological observations for main gardening plants in Lanzhou City
78 species of gardening plants were recorded for phonological observation.52 species were mainly focused on ornamental character which including leaf emergence stage、flowering stage、fruiting stage、leaf coloration stage、shedding stage.39 species of arbores which mostly flowering in April with red colours;9 species of fruit-ornamental plants with red fruit;3 species of color leaves plant and 14 autumn leaves ornamental plant; respectively. Phenophase combination analysis was made from leaf emergence to first flowering stage which indicate flowering and leaf emergence orders on plant varieties. Main flowering period of herb and green period of lawn were also identified in Lanzhou City.
3. Research on gardening plants deployment in Lanzhou City
Gardening plants deployment was analyzed for typical green land according to field investigation and principles for plants deployment, main problems were proposed for gardening plants deployment in Lanzhou City and suitable models were proposed for gardening plants deployment in Lanzhou City.
一、兰州市园林植物种类组成研究:
调查兰州各类绿地28处,主要道路20条,分析兰州市园林绿化植物种类组成及物种应用频率,总结出兰州市主要绿化植物种类和古树名木种类。研究结果表明,兰州市共有园林植物148种,隶属于59科99属,主要代表科有蔷薇科、豆科、菊科,绿化植物应用种类与国内大中城市存在一定差距。在绿化植物的种类、数量上,落叶乔木和灌木占绝对优势,草本植物次之,用于垂直、立体绿化的藤本植物和水面绿化的水生植物均很单一。应用频率较高的园林绿化植物有84种,以国槐、刺柏、月季最为多见,常见的道路绿化植物30种,最主要的行道树有国槐、刺槐、馒头柳、臭椿、白蜡5种,古树名木21种。
二、兰州市主要园林植物物候学观测:
选择主要园林植物78种进行定株物候观测,记录了52种落叶木本植物主要观赏价值的物候期,包括展叶期、观花期、观果期、秋叶观赏期、叶幕期。木本观花植物39种,4月份开花植物最多,花色以红色花为主;木本观果植物9种,果实均为红色;彩叶植物3种,秋叶显著植物14种。对主要落叶木本植物的展叶始期与开花始期进行物候相组合分析,确定植物的开花时间和展叶时间的先后关系。确定兰州市主要草本观花植物的花期和主要草坪地被植物的绿期。
三、兰州市园林植物的配植研究
根据实地调查与园林植物配植的原则对兰州市典型绿地进行植物配植分析,总结出兰州市园林植物配植的主要问题,推荐适合兰州市的园林植物配植模式。
Plant is the most important vital element in gardening design with significant importance. Species constitution、ornamental character、phenological character and current application of plants can determine its ornamental effects and style to a great extent which also influence the quality and level of urban greening. With development of society and economy, ecological city was widely accepted. That is the direction of city development to build ecological garden city with local culture. Base on some principles and methods of relevant disciplines, such as Landscape Architecture, Synecology, Landscape Aesthetics, etc., this paper research on species constitution and phenological characters of Lanzhou City, China, summarized the general characteristics of its plant design and put forward some representative models of plant configuration, which are suitable for different function requirements. It may also helpful for other cities in gardening design.
1.Plant species constitutes for gardening in Lanzhou City
With an investigation of 28 green area and 20 main avenues in Lanzhou City, Plant species constitutes and application frequencies were analyzed, main species of green plants and famous trees were investigated. The result indicated that there were 148 sorts of gardening plants which belong to 59 faculties and 99 categories applied in Lanzhou City with the representative faculties of Rosales、Leguminosae、Compositae, plant species which applied for gardening had a significant difference compared to middle or big cities within China. Arbores and shrubs dominate on species and quantities, followed by herbs gardening in vertical sections, liana and hydrophyte for tridimensional gardening were simply applied. 86 species were frequently used especially Sophora japonica Linn.、Juniperus formosana、Rosa chinensis with statistic of frequencies, 30 species were often used in avenue gardening with 5 representative arbors of Sophora japonica Linn.、Salix matsudana var. matsudana f. umbraculifera、Ailanthus altissima、FraxinusvelutinaTorrbie,21 sorts of famous trees, respectively.
2. Phonological observations for main gardening plants in Lanzhou City
78 species of gardening plants were recorded for phonological observation.52 species were mainly focused on ornamental character which including leaf emergence stage、flowering stage、fruiting stage、leaf coloration stage、shedding stage.39 species of arbores which mostly flowering in April with red colours;9 species of fruit-ornamental plants with red fruit;3 species of color leaves plant and 14 autumn leaves ornamental plant; respectively. Phenophase combination analysis was made from leaf emergence to first flowering stage which indicate flowering and leaf emergence orders on plant varieties. Main flowering period of herb and green period of lawn were also identified in Lanzhou City.
3. Research on gardening plants deployment in Lanzhou City
Gardening plants deployment was analyzed for typical green land according to field investigation and principles for plants deployment, main problems were proposed for gardening plants deployment in Lanzhou City and suitable models were proposed for gardening plants deployment in Lanzhou City.
引文
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陈芳清,王祥荣.从植物群落学的角度看生态园林建设—以宝钢为例.中国园林,2000,16(5):35-37.
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