天目山自然保护区空气负离子浓度时空变化特征研究
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摘要
空气负离子被喻为空气“维生素”,对人体健康有利,其浓度水平己成为评价一个区域空气清洁程度的指标。随着森林生态旅游的蓬勃发展,森林空气负离子逐步成为国内外研究的热点问题。本研究对天目山自然保护区不同森林群落空气正、负离子浓度和主要环境因子(温度、相对湿度、光量子、PM10和风速)进行了同步监测,同时还辅助测定了临安市不同功能区(马尾松林、教学区和市中心)的空气正、负离子浓度和环境因子。探讨了旅游干扰强度不同的条件下,空气负离子浓度在保护区不同测点时间变化的差异,同时基于海拔梯度的变化,对保护区的不同森林群落(毛竹群落、紫楠群落和柳杉群落)及临安市近郊、远郊的空气负离子浓度空间差异进行了对比评价,此外,还对空气负离子浓度与若干环境因子进行了关联分析,探究多个环境因子对空气负离子浓度影响程度的贡献率。
结果表明:①旅游干扰强度不同的条件下,不同测点毛竹群落和柳杉群落空气负离子浓度和CI指数的昼间变化规律基本相似。2个测点毛竹群落昼间负离子浓度最大峰值均出现在10:00,留椿屋测点由于受旅游活动干扰较小,上午空气负离子浓度均值明显高于天目山庄测点,空气负离子浓度昼间呈现早、晚高,中午低的变化趋势;而天目山庄测点昼间负离子浓度低值出现在人为活动最为活跃的早、中、晚。柳杉群落2个测点负离子浓度在昼间也呈现出一定的规律性,五世同堂测点受旅游干扰强度较大,空气负离子浓度在昼间8:00～15:00明显低于四面峰,昼间最小值出现在13:00,最大值出现在16:00。四面峰测点负离子浓度在昼间11:00和14:00出现2个波峰,负离子浓度谷值出现在12:00。不同季节典型气候日毛竹群落和柳杉群落空气负离子浓度与CI指数均值都表现为夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。不同季节毛竹群落空气清洁度水平始终表现为留椿屋>天目山庄;而柳杉群落则表现不同,夏季五世同堂测点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度明显低于四面峰测点,秋季和冬季五世同堂测点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度则明显高于四面峰测点;②基于海拔梯度的变化,不同柳杉群落在不同季节典型气候日空气负离子浓度平均水平和空气清洁度空间差异始终表现为一里亭>四面峰>竹祥山庄;③不同类型森林群落空气负离子资源空间异质性显著,不同季节典型气候日紫楠群落空气负离子水平均高于毛竹群落和柳杉群落;④临安市近郊、远郊空气负离子浓度随植被盖度的增加和远离人为活动的影响从低海拔生境向高海拔生境不断增加;⑤温度和相对湿度是影响城市不同功能区空气负离子浓度最主要的环境因子。
Negative air ions which is called“air vitamin”is of advantage to man’s health.Its concentration has been an important index in evaluating cleanness of the area air.With the accelerating of forest tourism, forest negative air ions become a research focus in the world.The study took a synchronous monitoring on air anions and several environmental factors such as temperature,relative humidity,sunlight intensity,PM10 and wind speed in different forest communities of nature reserve of Mountain Tianmu,the observations on the air anions and environmental factors in different functional zones (Masson Pines,teaching Area and urban Central District)of Lin’an City were also taken.The temporal change pattern of negative air ions in natural reserve were discussed under the different tourism disturbance,according to the variation of altitude,a contrasting evaluation on the spatial differences of the concentration of negative air ions in different forest communities (Phyllostachys pubescens community, Cryptomeria fortunei community and Phoebe sheareri community) of nature reserve of Mountain Tianmu and the suburb and outer suburb of Lin’an city was taken;besides, in order to probe into influencing contribution rate of several environmental factors to negative air ions,the gray sequence between negative air ions and several environmental factors were also made.
The results showed that①The daytime change pattern of the negative air ions and the CI index of Phyllostachys pubescens community and Cryptomeria fortunei community were basically similar in different measuring points under the different tourism disturbance.The peaks of the negative air ions in two measuring points of Phyllostachys pubescens community both appeared at 10:00,the average concentration of negative air ions in Liuchunwu was significantly higher than that of Tianmu hotel at am because of the less disturbance of tourism activities,the daytime change pattern of negative air ions in Liuchunwu presented higher in morning and at night and lower at noon, while the minimum of negative air ions in Tianmu hotel appeared at morning,noon and night.The daytime change pattern of negative air ions in two measuring points of the Cryptomeria fortunei community also showed certain regularity,the average concentration of negative air ions in Wushitongtang was significantly lower than that of Simianfeng during 8:00～15:00 because of greater disturbance of tourism,the minimum of negative air ions in Wushitongtang appeared at 13:00,while the maximum appeared at 16:00;two peaks appeared at 11:00 and 14:00 respectively at daytime in Simianfeng, while the vale value appeared at 12:00.The average negative air ions concentration and CI index of Phyllostachys pubescens community and Cryptomeria fortunei community in different seasonal typical climatic day were both highest in summer,and lowest in winter and less high in autumn.The order of air cleanness in different seasons was:Liuchunwu>Tianmu hotel.The average negative air ions concentration and the air cleanness in Wushitongtang were significantly lower than that of Simianfeng in summer, while higher than that of Simianfeng in autumn and winter.②Based on the variation of altitude,the order of the differences of the average negative air ions concentration and the air cleanness among different Cryptomeria fortunei communities was:Yiliting>Simianfeng >Zhuxiang hotel.③The spatial distribution of negative air ions concentration in different forest communities was of significant difference.The average negative air ions concentration of Phoebe sheareri community in different seasonal typical climatic day were higher than that of Phyllostachys pubescens community and Cryptomeria fortunei community.④As being far from the influence of human activities and the increasing of vegetation coverage,negative air ions concentration increased continuously from lower altitude habitats to higher altitude habitats in suburb and outer suburb of Lin’an city.⑤The most important factors affecting negative Air ions in different functional zones of Lin’an City were air temperature and air relative humidity.
结果表明:①旅游干扰强度不同的条件下,不同测点毛竹群落和柳杉群落空气负离子浓度和CI指数的昼间变化规律基本相似。2个测点毛竹群落昼间负离子浓度最大峰值均出现在10:00,留椿屋测点由于受旅游活动干扰较小,上午空气负离子浓度均值明显高于天目山庄测点,空气负离子浓度昼间呈现早、晚高,中午低的变化趋势;而天目山庄测点昼间负离子浓度低值出现在人为活动最为活跃的早、中、晚。柳杉群落2个测点负离子浓度在昼间也呈现出一定的规律性,五世同堂测点受旅游干扰强度较大,空气负离子浓度在昼间8:00～15:00明显低于四面峰,昼间最小值出现在13:00,最大值出现在16:00。四面峰测点负离子浓度在昼间11:00和14:00出现2个波峰,负离子浓度谷值出现在12:00。不同季节典型气候日毛竹群落和柳杉群落空气负离子浓度与CI指数均值都表现为夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。不同季节毛竹群落空气清洁度水平始终表现为留椿屋>天目山庄;而柳杉群落则表现不同,夏季五世同堂测点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度明显低于四面峰测点,秋季和冬季五世同堂测点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度则明显高于四面峰测点;②基于海拔梯度的变化,不同柳杉群落在不同季节典型气候日空气负离子浓度平均水平和空气清洁度空间差异始终表现为一里亭>四面峰>竹祥山庄;③不同类型森林群落空气负离子资源空间异质性显著,不同季节典型气候日紫楠群落空气负离子水平均高于毛竹群落和柳杉群落;④临安市近郊、远郊空气负离子浓度随植被盖度的增加和远离人为活动的影响从低海拔生境向高海拔生境不断增加;⑤温度和相对湿度是影响城市不同功能区空气负离子浓度最主要的环境因子。
Negative air ions which is called“air vitamin”is of advantage to man’s health.Its concentration has been an important index in evaluating cleanness of the area air.With the accelerating of forest tourism, forest negative air ions become a research focus in the world.The study took a synchronous monitoring on air anions and several environmental factors such as temperature,relative humidity,sunlight intensity,PM10 and wind speed in different forest communities of nature reserve of Mountain Tianmu,the observations on the air anions and environmental factors in different functional zones (Masson Pines,teaching Area and urban Central District)of Lin’an City were also taken.The temporal change pattern of negative air ions in natural reserve were discussed under the different tourism disturbance,according to the variation of altitude,a contrasting evaluation on the spatial differences of the concentration of negative air ions in different forest communities (Phyllostachys pubescens community, Cryptomeria fortunei community and Phoebe sheareri community) of nature reserve of Mountain Tianmu and the suburb and outer suburb of Lin’an city was taken;besides, in order to probe into influencing contribution rate of several environmental factors to negative air ions,the gray sequence between negative air ions and several environmental factors were also made.
The results showed that①The daytime change pattern of the negative air ions and the CI index of Phyllostachys pubescens community and Cryptomeria fortunei community were basically similar in different measuring points under the different tourism disturbance.The peaks of the negative air ions in two measuring points of Phyllostachys pubescens community both appeared at 10:00,the average concentration of negative air ions in Liuchunwu was significantly higher than that of Tianmu hotel at am because of the less disturbance of tourism activities,the daytime change pattern of negative air ions in Liuchunwu presented higher in morning and at night and lower at noon, while the minimum of negative air ions in Tianmu hotel appeared at morning,noon and night.The daytime change pattern of negative air ions in two measuring points of the Cryptomeria fortunei community also showed certain regularity,the average concentration of negative air ions in Wushitongtang was significantly lower than that of Simianfeng during 8:00～15:00 because of greater disturbance of tourism,the minimum of negative air ions in Wushitongtang appeared at 13:00,while the maximum appeared at 16:00;two peaks appeared at 11:00 and 14:00 respectively at daytime in Simianfeng, while the vale value appeared at 12:00.The average negative air ions concentration and CI index of Phyllostachys pubescens community and Cryptomeria fortunei community in different seasonal typical climatic day were both highest in summer,and lowest in winter and less high in autumn.The order of air cleanness in different seasons was:Liuchunwu>Tianmu hotel.The average negative air ions concentration and the air cleanness in Wushitongtang were significantly lower than that of Simianfeng in summer, while higher than that of Simianfeng in autumn and winter.②Based on the variation of altitude,the order of the differences of the average negative air ions concentration and the air cleanness among different Cryptomeria fortunei communities was:Yiliting>Simianfeng >Zhuxiang hotel.③The spatial distribution of negative air ions concentration in different forest communities was of significant difference.The average negative air ions concentration of Phoebe sheareri community in different seasonal typical climatic day were higher than that of Phyllostachys pubescens community and Cryptomeria fortunei community.④As being far from the influence of human activities and the increasing of vegetation coverage,negative air ions concentration increased continuously from lower altitude habitats to higher altitude habitats in suburb and outer suburb of Lin’an city.⑤The most important factors affecting negative Air ions in different functional zones of Lin’an City were air temperature and air relative humidity.
引文
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