北京山区小流域经济开发与管理探讨
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摘要
山区小流域综合治理,是中国治理水土流失的主要形式,近10年来,随着“可持续发展”概念的引入,山区小流域治理与经济开发、资源保护相结合的战略思想逐渐被人们认识和接受,实现流域的可持续发展,已成为当今小流域治理活动的准则。目前,对小流域的研究偏重于综合治理方面,侧重于生态环境的保护,而对小流域经济开发与管理的研究较少。只是有针对性地对个别典型小流域经济发展有一些案例分析,但把小流域作为一个区域经济系统进行全面研究,仍然不全面。本选题选取北京山区小流域作为研究区域,从人口、资源、环境与经济协调发展的角度,探索山区小流域的结构、功能及其治理与优化开发措施,并进行相应的管理措施分析。从北京市具体情况来看,山区总面积10418km~2,占全市面积的62%,且多为石质山地,水士流失面积6640km~2,占山区面积的62%,虽经50多年的治理,目前仍有4089km~2的水土流失面积,水土流失仍很严重,山区人民生活水平仍不富裕,相对贫困的乡镇全在边远山区。
本文正是针对上述问题,选择李家峪小流域为实证研究对象,对小流域经济开发与管理进行了研究。全文共分为八章:绪论、小流域经济开发的理论基础、小流域生态环境治理、人口分布和居民点布局、土地利用结构与生态产业链、小流域管理、实证研究(李家峪小流域经济开发方向与途径)、结论。得出的主要成果有:
生态环境治理可分为两大类:非工程措施和工程措施。居民点调整模式主要有迁移合并模式、内部改造模式、积极发展模式。土地利用结构调整主要从生态环境保护功能区、坡改梯经济林果区、平缓坡耕地农业耕作区不同的功能区提出不同的结构调整。为了持续获取小流域生态经济系统的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,以小流域为单元,在全面规划的基础上,合理安排农、林、牧、副、渔各业用地,因地制宜布设综合治理措施,对水土资源及其它再生自然资源进行保护、改良与合理利用。主要通过拍卖“四荒”使用权、股份合作制、承包、租赁等治理开发形式促进农民参与小流域管理。
Small watershed comprehensive management in villages is the main form to govern the water and soil loss in China.In recent ten years,with the "sustainable development" being introduced,the strategic thinking of combining small watershed comprehensive management and economic development with resource protection is gradually realized and accepted by people.The guide line of watershed management is to achieve the sustainable development of watershed.At present,the research to small watershed is inclined to comprehensive management and environment,but the research to economic development and management is put less emphasis on.Some cases which are to analyze the economic development in small watershed have been finished,however,the comprehensive research which is to analyze the small watershed as a regional economic system is not carried out wholly.The selected topic puts emphasis on small watershed in Beijing.In it,exploring the structure,function and management of small watershed and its optimized development measures will be talked about from the concerted development of population resources.environment and economy;besides,it will give the corresponding regulating and controlling analyses.In Beijing,mountain areas cover an area of 10418k m~2,accounting for 62%of the cities whole area,and many of the area of 6640k m~2,accounting for 62%of the mountain area.After more than fifty years' management,the loss of water and soil is still large and is about4089k m~2.As a result,villagers live a poor live and there are many relatively poor villages and towns in remote mountain areas.
The text mainly talks about the development and management of small watershed aiming at answering the questions above.Li Jiayu is the target in the topic.There are eight chapters in total:introduction the theoretical basis of economic development the management of environment population distribution and residential distribution.the structure of soil being used and ecological industry chain,the administration of small watershed.Demonstration studies (small watershed economic development's direction and approach in Li Jiayu) conclusion.The main achievements are the followings.
There are two kinds of environment management:non-engineered measures and engineered measures.The adjusted patterns of residential areas are:migration and combination, the inside alteration and development.The soil being used should be adjusted in The ecological environmental protection function area,the slope change the ladder economical forest crops and fruits area,the conservative slope farming agriculture cultivation area different function area to propose the different structural adjustment.In order to constantly benefit from the watershed's economic system in environment,economy and social,we should arrange agriculture.Forests,herd,sideline and fishing's area based on comprehensive plan and watershed as units,and we should take comprehensive measures to protect,improve and make use of water and soil and other revival resources.Mainly through auctions four uncultivated land the right of use,the stock cooperation system,the contract,rents and so on government development forms to promote the farmer to participate in the small watershed management.
本文正是针对上述问题,选择李家峪小流域为实证研究对象,对小流域经济开发与管理进行了研究。全文共分为八章:绪论、小流域经济开发的理论基础、小流域生态环境治理、人口分布和居民点布局、土地利用结构与生态产业链、小流域管理、实证研究(李家峪小流域经济开发方向与途径)、结论。得出的主要成果有:
生态环境治理可分为两大类:非工程措施和工程措施。居民点调整模式主要有迁移合并模式、内部改造模式、积极发展模式。土地利用结构调整主要从生态环境保护功能区、坡改梯经济林果区、平缓坡耕地农业耕作区不同的功能区提出不同的结构调整。为了持续获取小流域生态经济系统的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,以小流域为单元,在全面规划的基础上,合理安排农、林、牧、副、渔各业用地,因地制宜布设综合治理措施,对水土资源及其它再生自然资源进行保护、改良与合理利用。主要通过拍卖“四荒”使用权、股份合作制、承包、租赁等治理开发形式促进农民参与小流域管理。
Small watershed comprehensive management in villages is the main form to govern the water and soil loss in China.In recent ten years,with the "sustainable development" being introduced,the strategic thinking of combining small watershed comprehensive management and economic development with resource protection is gradually realized and accepted by people.The guide line of watershed management is to achieve the sustainable development of watershed.At present,the research to small watershed is inclined to comprehensive management and environment,but the research to economic development and management is put less emphasis on.Some cases which are to analyze the economic development in small watershed have been finished,however,the comprehensive research which is to analyze the small watershed as a regional economic system is not carried out wholly.The selected topic puts emphasis on small watershed in Beijing.In it,exploring the structure,function and management of small watershed and its optimized development measures will be talked about from the concerted development of population resources.environment and economy;besides,it will give the corresponding regulating and controlling analyses.In Beijing,mountain areas cover an area of 10418k m~2,accounting for 62%of the cities whole area,and many of the area of 6640k m~2,accounting for 62%of the mountain area.After more than fifty years' management,the loss of water and soil is still large and is about4089k m~2.As a result,villagers live a poor live and there are many relatively poor villages and towns in remote mountain areas.
The text mainly talks about the development and management of small watershed aiming at answering the questions above.Li Jiayu is the target in the topic.There are eight chapters in total:introduction the theoretical basis of economic development the management of environment population distribution and residential distribution.the structure of soil being used and ecological industry chain,the administration of small watershed.Demonstration studies (small watershed economic development's direction and approach in Li Jiayu) conclusion.The main achievements are the followings.
There are two kinds of environment management:non-engineered measures and engineered measures.The adjusted patterns of residential areas are:migration and combination, the inside alteration and development.The soil being used should be adjusted in The ecological environmental protection function area,the slope change the ladder economical forest crops and fruits area,the conservative slope farming agriculture cultivation area different function area to propose the different structural adjustment.In order to constantly benefit from the watershed's economic system in environment,economy and social,we should arrange agriculture.Forests,herd,sideline and fishing's area based on comprehensive plan and watershed as units,and we should take comprehensive measures to protect,improve and make use of water and soil and other revival resources.Mainly through auctions four uncultivated land the right of use,the stock cooperation system,the contract,rents and so on government development forms to promote the farmer to participate in the small watershed management.
引文
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[3]常茂德,赵诚信.我国水土保持小流域经济的产生和发展[J].水土保持通报,1994,(04).
[4]成土星.方辉的致富路给我们的启示[J].吉林农业,1995,(10).
[5]陈艳芬.平谷生态经济发展的战略研究[M].硕士论文,2006.
[6]赤峰市水利水产局.生态建设与经济丌发结合把水土保持引向市场经济[J].内蒙古水利,1995,(04).
[7]段巧甫.我国小流域经济发展的现状、途径和方法[J].中国水土保持,1994,(11).
[8]封志强.试论太行山生态经济沟[J].河北林业科技,1994,(01).
[9]盖喜,李传键,解晶波.通化市生态经济沟建设是山区发展生态农业的成功模式[J].农业环境与发展,1996,(04).
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[11]郭廷辅.大力发展小流域经济[J].水土保持科技情报,1993,(01).
[12]韩荡等.区域持续农业的景观生态研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,22(3):1-7.
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[14]河北省林学会林业经济研究会生态经济沟考察组.河北省太行山区生态经济沟建设考察报告[J].河北林果研究,1989.
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[17]林庆发.山区生态经济沟发展模式的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,1996,(01).
[18]刘文兆.小流域水分行为、生态效应及其优化调控研究方面的若干问题.地球科学进展,2000,15(5):541-544.
[19]刘忠伟,程忠晓.景观生态学与生态旅游管理[J].地理研究,2001,20(2),206-212.
[20]刘冬梅.生态经济沟是太行山区开发的一种有效形式[J].当代生态农业,2002.
[21]刘绍清.论发展小流域经济的关键措施[J].水土保持科技情报,1996,(03)
[22]李国军,姚国树.建设生态经济沟-促进各业发展[J].内蒙古林业,1996,(S1).
[23]李松梧.上峪小流域的小康之路[J],中国水土保持,1997,02 54-55.
[24]李怀甫.小流域治理理论与方法[M],北京:水利电力出版社,1989,163-172.
[25]李秋兰.小流域经济与市场经济联结之浅见[J].中国水土保持,1995,(08).
[26]李新虎.山区小流域治理模式研究及决策支持系统构建[D].博士论文,2004.
[27]么凤居.略论太行山生态经济沟建设[J].河北林果研究,1990,(04).
[28]师守祥等.小流域可持续发展论[M].科学出版社,2004,43-59.
[29]苏喜富.如何开展生态经济沟建设的商榷[J].内蒙古林业调查设计,1995,(04).
[30]孙阁.生态经济沟十余年富太行[J].林业与社会,2002,(03).
[31]孙茂军.生态经济沟开发大户[J].吉林农业,2004,(10).
[32]王礼先.面向21世纪的山区流域经营[J],山地研究,1998,16:3-7.
[33]王礼先.流域管理学[M],北京:中国林业出版社,1999,278-302.
[34]王冬梅 赵云杰 赵云杰.小流域系统土地生产力综合评价[J],北京林业大学学报,1999,21,51-56.
[35]王丽平.小流域综合治理是山区经济的增长点[J],山西水土保持科技,2001,21,43-45.
[36]王冬梅,蒋文琼.北京山区小流域经济发展的影响因素分析——以石匣小流域为例[J],北京林业大学学报,2002,24,53-58.
[37]王云才,郭焕成.沟谷生态经济区的创意与景观规划设计[J].山地学报,2002,20(2).141-149.
[38]王国胜.北京山区荒溪灾害危险区制图信息系统的研究与开发[D],博士学位论文北京林业大学,1995.
[39]王立良.发展小流域经济大有可为[J].华东森林经理,2001,(01).
[40]解晶波,刘丽华,盖喜,刘宝田,肖增民.通化市生态经济沟发展现状及展望[J].农业环境与发展,2002,(01).
[41]徐庭灿,王正杲.发展小流域经济的实践与思考——振兴水土流失区经济的必由之路[J].水土保持通报,1995,(02).
[42]杨定国.乌江流域主要自然资源的优势与潜力[J],山地学报,1992,(02).
[43]张道君等.流域生态环境可持续发展[M],黄河水利出版社,2001
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