论女性主义译者的主体性
|
摘要
女性主义翻译理论是翻译研究的“文化转向”和女性主义运动相结合的产物。这一理论挑战了传统翻译观中绝对忠实原文本的理念,争取原作者和译者之间的平等地位,并且提倡译者的可见性和主体性。
女性主义译者通过操控和干涉原文本,充分发挥了译者主体性。她们竭力推翻父权社会对女性的压迫,同时,引入新的女性语言来彰显女性身份。在翻译实践中,女性主义译者选择女性作家的作品进行翻译,并且采用干涉主义翻译策略,使译者的声音和身份在译语中得到显现。然而,大部分的女性主义译者认为,只有女性译者才能成功地翻译女性作家的作品。这种观点过分强调了女性主义译者的主体性,而且可能导致对原文本的错误理解。
本文旨在从女性主义的角度探究译者主体性,同时对《傲慢与偏见》的两个中文译本进行对比研究。在此理论分析和实践分析的基础上,本文还提出了改进女性主义翻译的建议。一方面,笔者建议翻译时结合异化和归化,以便创造出更为忠于原文本的译文。另一方面,笔者引进作者/译者之间“双性共体”的关系模式,既保持两者之间的平衡,又使译者的主体性得到充分地发挥。
本文除了引言和结语,包括五个章节。第一章介绍了女性主义的定义和发展,性别和语言的关系,并且分析了女性主义对翻译的影响。第二章阐述了女性主义的理论观点,女性主义翻译实践以及对女性主义翻译的局限性的批判。第三章重点讨论译者主体性。该章详细阐述了女性主义理论下译者主体性的内涵和受到的重视。最后两章侧重对《傲慢与偏见》的两个中文译本进行案例分析。第四章介绍了作者简·奥斯丁,其作品《傲慢与偏见》,以及孙致礼和张玲、张扬的译本。同时,该章还分析了《傲慢与偏见》中女性意识的体现。第五章从女性主义的角度对两个译本进行了仔细的对比研究,并且提出了改进女性主义翻译的建议。
Feminist translation theory is the outcome of the "cultural turn" in translation studies and the feminist movement.It challenges the traditional translation notion of absolute fidelity to the original text,strives for equal status between the author and the translator,and advocates the visibility and subjectivity of the translator.
Feminist translators bring their subjectivity into full play through their manipulation of and intervention into the original.They do their utmost to overturn the patriarchal oppression imposed on women and to construct female identity by employing a new feminine language.In translation practice,feminist translators choose to translate works by women writers and adopt interventionist translation strategies to make their voices heard and their identities visible in the target language. However,most of the feminist translators claim that works by women writers can only be successfully translated by female translators.This view overemphasizes the subjectivity of feminist translators and may lead to misinterpretation of the original texts.
This thesis intends to explore the translator's subjectivity from a feminist perspective and conducts a comparative study on two Chinese versions of Pride and Prejudice.Based on the theoretical and practical analysis,thoughts on improving the feminist translation are also put forward.On the one hand,a unity of foreignization and domestication is advised to be adopted in feminist translation to achieve more faithful translations.On the other hand,androgyny between the author and the translator is introduced to maintain a balance between the two poles and to bring the translator's subjectivity into full play.
The thesis is composed of five chapters plus an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter One begins with the definition and development of feminism,proceeds with the relation between gender and language,and then analyzes the influence of feminism on translation.Chapter Two gives an account of the theoretical ideas of feminist translators,feminist translation practice and criticisms about the limitations of feminist translation.Chapter Three focuses on the translator's subjectivity.It expounds the connotation and the recognition of translator's subjectivity in feminist theories.The last two chapters concentrate on a case study of two Chinese versions of Pride and Prejudice.Chapter Four gives an introduction to Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice and its two translated versions by Sun Zhili and by Zhang Ling and Zhang Yang,and explores the feminine consciousness embodied in Pride and Prejudice.Chapter Five conducts detailed comparison of the two versions from the feminist perspective and gives suggestions on how to improve feminist translation.
女性主义译者通过操控和干涉原文本,充分发挥了译者主体性。她们竭力推翻父权社会对女性的压迫,同时,引入新的女性语言来彰显女性身份。在翻译实践中,女性主义译者选择女性作家的作品进行翻译,并且采用干涉主义翻译策略,使译者的声音和身份在译语中得到显现。然而,大部分的女性主义译者认为,只有女性译者才能成功地翻译女性作家的作品。这种观点过分强调了女性主义译者的主体性,而且可能导致对原文本的错误理解。
本文旨在从女性主义的角度探究译者主体性,同时对《傲慢与偏见》的两个中文译本进行对比研究。在此理论分析和实践分析的基础上,本文还提出了改进女性主义翻译的建议。一方面,笔者建议翻译时结合异化和归化,以便创造出更为忠于原文本的译文。另一方面,笔者引进作者/译者之间“双性共体”的关系模式,既保持两者之间的平衡,又使译者的主体性得到充分地发挥。
本文除了引言和结语,包括五个章节。第一章介绍了女性主义的定义和发展,性别和语言的关系,并且分析了女性主义对翻译的影响。第二章阐述了女性主义的理论观点,女性主义翻译实践以及对女性主义翻译的局限性的批判。第三章重点讨论译者主体性。该章详细阐述了女性主义理论下译者主体性的内涵和受到的重视。最后两章侧重对《傲慢与偏见》的两个中文译本进行案例分析。第四章介绍了作者简·奥斯丁,其作品《傲慢与偏见》,以及孙致礼和张玲、张扬的译本。同时,该章还分析了《傲慢与偏见》中女性意识的体现。第五章从女性主义的角度对两个译本进行了仔细的对比研究,并且提出了改进女性主义翻译的建议。
Feminist translation theory is the outcome of the "cultural turn" in translation studies and the feminist movement.It challenges the traditional translation notion of absolute fidelity to the original text,strives for equal status between the author and the translator,and advocates the visibility and subjectivity of the translator.
Feminist translators bring their subjectivity into full play through their manipulation of and intervention into the original.They do their utmost to overturn the patriarchal oppression imposed on women and to construct female identity by employing a new feminine language.In translation practice,feminist translators choose to translate works by women writers and adopt interventionist translation strategies to make their voices heard and their identities visible in the target language. However,most of the feminist translators claim that works by women writers can only be successfully translated by female translators.This view overemphasizes the subjectivity of feminist translators and may lead to misinterpretation of the original texts.
This thesis intends to explore the translator's subjectivity from a feminist perspective and conducts a comparative study on two Chinese versions of Pride and Prejudice.Based on the theoretical and practical analysis,thoughts on improving the feminist translation are also put forward.On the one hand,a unity of foreignization and domestication is advised to be adopted in feminist translation to achieve more faithful translations.On the other hand,androgyny between the author and the translator is introduced to maintain a balance between the two poles and to bring the translator's subjectivity into full play.
The thesis is composed of five chapters plus an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter One begins with the definition and development of feminism,proceeds with the relation between gender and language,and then analyzes the influence of feminism on translation.Chapter Two gives an account of the theoretical ideas of feminist translators,feminist translation practice and criticisms about the limitations of feminist translation.Chapter Three focuses on the translator's subjectivity.It expounds the connotation and the recognition of translator's subjectivity in feminist theories.The last two chapters concentrate on a case study of two Chinese versions of Pride and Prejudice.Chapter Four gives an introduction to Jane Austen,Pride and Prejudice and its two translated versions by Sun Zhili and by Zhang Ling and Zhang Yang,and explores the feminine consciousness embodied in Pride and Prejudice.Chapter Five conducts detailed comparison of the two versions from the feminist perspective and gives suggestions on how to improve feminist translation.
引文
[1] Austen, Jane. Northanger Abbey[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2008.
[2] Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1996.
[3] Baker, Mona. (ed). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
[4] Bassnett, Susan. Writing in No Man's Land: Questions of Gender and Transition[J]. Studie in Translation, 28:63-73, 1992.
[5] Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identit [M].London: Routledge, 1990.
[6] Cameron, Deborah. Feminism and Linguistic Theory [M]. New York: St Martin Press, 1992.
[7] Chamberlain, Lori. Gender and the Metaphorics aof Translation[A]. In Lawrence Venuti (ed) Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology[C]. 57-74,London & New York: Routledge, 1992.
[8] Eisenstein, Hester. An Introduction[M]. New York: Rutgers University Press,1983.
[9] Flotow, Luise von. Translation and Gender: Translating in the 'Era of Feminism [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
[10] Godard, Barbara. Theorizing Feminist Discourse/Translation[A]. In Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere (eds) Translation, History, Culture[C]. London:Pinter Publishers, 1990.
[11] Hatim, Basil. Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press, 2001.
[12] Haugerud, Joann. The Word for Us, Gospels of John and Mark, Epistles to the Romans and the Galatians[M]. Seattle: Coalition of Women in Religion, 1977.
[13] Jespersen, Otto Harry. Growth and Structure of the English Language[M].Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
[14] Jespersen, Otto Harry. The woman[A]. In D. Cameron (ed) The Feminist Critique of Language:A Reader[C].20-201,New York:Routledge,1990.
[15]Lakoff,Robin.Language and Women's Place[M].New York:Harper and Row,1975.
[16]Levine,Suzanne Jill.The Subversive Scribe:Translating Latin American Fiction[M].Minneapolis,Minn.:Greywolf Press,1991.
[17]Levine,Suzanne Jill.Translation as Subversion:On Translating Infante's Inferno,Substance[A].In Lawrence Venuti(ed) Rethinking Translation:Discourse,Subjectivity,Ideology[C].75-85,London & New York:Routledge,1992.
[18]Litosseliti,Lia.Gender and Language:Theory and Practice[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2006.
[19]Lotbini(?)re-Harwood,Suzanne de.The Body Bilingual[M].Toronto:Women's Press,1991.
[20]Nida Eugene A.& Taber Charles R..The Theory and Practice of Translation[M].Leiden:E.J.Brill,1982.
[21]Nord,Christina.Translating as a Purposeful Activity—Functionalist Approaches Explained[C].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[22]Reiss K.& Vermeer H.J..Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation)[M].Tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
[23]Robinson,Douglas.Western Translation Theory—from Herodotus to Nietzsche[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006.
[24]Simon,Sherry.Gender in Translation:Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission[M].London & New York:Routledge,1996.
[25]Simons,Margaret."The Silencing of Simone de Beauvoir:Guess What's Missing form The Second Sex".Women's Studies International Forum,1983,6(5):64-559
[26]Spivak,Gayatri Chakavorty.In Other worlds:Essays in Cultural Politics[C].New York & London:Routledge,1988.
[27]Stanton,Elizabeth Cady.The Woman's Bible[M].New York:Amo Press,1972.
[28]Steiner,George.After Babel:Aspects of Language and Translaiton[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[29]Todd,Janet.Seneca Unmasqued and Other Prose Translations[A].In J.Todd(ed)The Works of Aphra Behn[C].Vol.4,London:William Picketing,1993.
[30]Venuti,Lawrence.(ed).Rethinking Translation:Discourse,Subjectivity,Ideology[M].London & New York:Routledge,1992.
[31]Venuti,Lawrence.The Translator's Invisibility[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[32]Vermeer,H.J..Skopos and Commission in Translational Action[A].In A.Chestman(eds.) Reading in Translation Theory[C].173-187,Heidelberg:Universiti(a|¨)t,1989.
[33]Weatherall,Ann.Gender Language and Discourse[M].London and New York:Routledge,2002.
[34]陈大亮.谁是翻译主体[J].中国翻译,2004,(2).
[35]陈福康.中国译学理论史稿[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[36]陈秀.求真路上的探索者——记著名翻译家孔致礼[J].上海翻译,2005b,(3).
[37]葛校琴.女性主义翻译之本质[J].外语研究,2003,(6).
[38]耿强.双性同体模式:作者-译者新关系[J].上饶师范学院学报,2004,(2).
[39]简·奥斯丁.傲慢与偏见[Z].(孙致礼译).南京:译林出版社,2000.
[40]简·奥斯丁.傲慢与偏见[Z].(张玲,张扬译).北京:人民文学出版社,1993.
[41]廖七一.重写神话:女性主义与翻译研究[J].四川外语学院报,2002,(2).
[42]刘军平.女性卞义翻译理论研究的中西话语[J].中国翻译,2004,(7).
[43]孙致礼.我译《傲慢与偏见》[J].解放军外语学院学报,1991,(4).
[44]孙致礼.翻译的异化与归化[J].山东外语教学,2001,(1).
[45]孙致礼.译者的职责[J].中国翻译,2007,(4).
[46]唐汉.汉字密码[M].上海:上海学林出版社,2002.
[47]屠国元,朱献珑.译者主体性:阐释学的阐释[J].中国翻译,2003,(6).
[48]西慧玲.西方女性主义与中国女作家批评[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2003.
[49]许钧.文学翻译的理论与实践——翻译对话录[M].南京:译林出版社,2001.
[50]许钧.“创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立[J].中国翻译,2003,(1).
[51]杨武能.再谈文学翻译主体[J].中国翻译,2003,(3).
[52]查明建,田雨.论译者主体性——从译者地位的边缘化谈起[J].中国翻译,2003,(1).
[2] Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice [M]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1996.
[3] Baker, Mona. (ed). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
[4] Bassnett, Susan. Writing in No Man's Land: Questions of Gender and Transition[J]. Studie in Translation, 28:63-73, 1992.
[5] Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identit [M].London: Routledge, 1990.
[6] Cameron, Deborah. Feminism and Linguistic Theory [M]. New York: St Martin Press, 1992.
[7] Chamberlain, Lori. Gender and the Metaphorics aof Translation[A]. In Lawrence Venuti (ed) Rethinking Translation: Discourse, Subjectivity, Ideology[C]. 57-74,London & New York: Routledge, 1992.
[8] Eisenstein, Hester. An Introduction[M]. New York: Rutgers University Press,1983.
[9] Flotow, Luise von. Translation and Gender: Translating in the 'Era of Feminism [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
[10] Godard, Barbara. Theorizing Feminist Discourse/Translation[A]. In Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere (eds) Translation, History, Culture[C]. London:Pinter Publishers, 1990.
[11] Hatim, Basil. Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language and Education Press, 2001.
[12] Haugerud, Joann. The Word for Us, Gospels of John and Mark, Epistles to the Romans and the Galatians[M]. Seattle: Coalition of Women in Religion, 1977.
[13] Jespersen, Otto Harry. Growth and Structure of the English Language[M].Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.
[14] Jespersen, Otto Harry. The woman[A]. In D. Cameron (ed) The Feminist Critique of Language:A Reader[C].20-201,New York:Routledge,1990.
[15]Lakoff,Robin.Language and Women's Place[M].New York:Harper and Row,1975.
[16]Levine,Suzanne Jill.The Subversive Scribe:Translating Latin American Fiction[M].Minneapolis,Minn.:Greywolf Press,1991.
[17]Levine,Suzanne Jill.Translation as Subversion:On Translating Infante's Inferno,Substance[A].In Lawrence Venuti(ed) Rethinking Translation:Discourse,Subjectivity,Ideology[C].75-85,London & New York:Routledge,1992.
[18]Litosseliti,Lia.Gender and Language:Theory and Practice[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2006.
[19]Lotbini(?)re-Harwood,Suzanne de.The Body Bilingual[M].Toronto:Women's Press,1991.
[20]Nida Eugene A.& Taber Charles R..The Theory and Practice of Translation[M].Leiden:E.J.Brill,1982.
[21]Nord,Christina.Translating as a Purposeful Activity—Functionalist Approaches Explained[C].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[22]Reiss K.& Vermeer H.J..Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation)[M].Tubingen:Niemeyer,1984.
[23]Robinson,Douglas.Western Translation Theory—from Herodotus to Nietzsche[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2006.
[24]Simon,Sherry.Gender in Translation:Cultural Identity and the Politics of Transmission[M].London & New York:Routledge,1996.
[25]Simons,Margaret."The Silencing of Simone de Beauvoir:Guess What's Missing form The Second Sex".Women's Studies International Forum,1983,6(5):64-559
[26]Spivak,Gayatri Chakavorty.In Other worlds:Essays in Cultural Politics[C].New York & London:Routledge,1988.
[27]Stanton,Elizabeth Cady.The Woman's Bible[M].New York:Amo Press,1972.
[28]Steiner,George.After Babel:Aspects of Language and Translaiton[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2001.
[29]Todd,Janet.Seneca Unmasqued and Other Prose Translations[A].In J.Todd(ed)The Works of Aphra Behn[C].Vol.4,London:William Picketing,1993.
[30]Venuti,Lawrence.(ed).Rethinking Translation:Discourse,Subjectivity,Ideology[M].London & New York:Routledge,1992.
[31]Venuti,Lawrence.The Translator's Invisibility[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2004.
[32]Vermeer,H.J..Skopos and Commission in Translational Action[A].In A.Chestman(eds.) Reading in Translation Theory[C].173-187,Heidelberg:Universiti(a|¨)t,1989.
[33]Weatherall,Ann.Gender Language and Discourse[M].London and New York:Routledge,2002.
[34]陈大亮.谁是翻译主体[J].中国翻译,2004,(2).
[35]陈福康.中国译学理论史稿[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[36]陈秀.求真路上的探索者——记著名翻译家孔致礼[J].上海翻译,2005b,(3).
[37]葛校琴.女性主义翻译之本质[J].外语研究,2003,(6).
[38]耿强.双性同体模式:作者-译者新关系[J].上饶师范学院学报,2004,(2).
[39]简·奥斯丁.傲慢与偏见[Z].(孙致礼译).南京:译林出版社,2000.
[40]简·奥斯丁.傲慢与偏见[Z].(张玲,张扬译).北京:人民文学出版社,1993.
[41]廖七一.重写神话:女性主义与翻译研究[J].四川外语学院报,2002,(2).
[42]刘军平.女性卞义翻译理论研究的中西话语[J].中国翻译,2004,(7).
[43]孙致礼.我译《傲慢与偏见》[J].解放军外语学院学报,1991,(4).
[44]孙致礼.翻译的异化与归化[J].山东外语教学,2001,(1).
[45]孙致礼.译者的职责[J].中国翻译,2007,(4).
[46]唐汉.汉字密码[M].上海:上海学林出版社,2002.
[47]屠国元,朱献珑.译者主体性:阐释学的阐释[J].中国翻译,2003,(6).
[48]西慧玲.西方女性主义与中国女作家批评[M].上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2003.
[49]许钧.文学翻译的理论与实践——翻译对话录[M].南京:译林出版社,2001.
[50]许钧.“创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立[J].中国翻译,2003,(1).
[51]杨武能.再谈文学翻译主体[J].中国翻译,2003,(3).
[52]查明建,田雨.论译者主体性——从译者地位的边缘化谈起[J].中国翻译,2003,(1).