罗曼·雅各布逊诗性功能理论阐释
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摘要
罗曼·雅各布逊(Roman Jakobson,1896-1982),俄裔美国语言学家、文学理论家。他是莫斯科语言学小组的创始人之一,俄国形式主义文论的核心人物,结构主义文学理论布拉格学派的发起人之一。他的语言学诗学理论是20世纪人文科学发展史上的一个标志性成果,开创了跨学科发展的新时代。
雅各布逊运用广博的语言学知识,将结构主义语言学知识与诗歌批评实践结合起来,从诗歌的语言形式入手,建立起一种语言学诗学批评方法。雅各布逊在诗歌批评实践上的主要贡献在于他从语言的整体交流功能的对比研究中分离出一种“诗性功能”,并对该功能的形成过程予以透彻的语言学解析,从而揭示了“诗之所以为诗”的内在生成机制。
本文以雅各布逊的“诗性功能”为研究对象,从理论基础、理论内涵及运作实践等几个方面展开论述,首先从文学性的内涵展开追问,然后进一步引出诗性功能的表现与运用,接着围绕诗性功能的定义和内容中所蕴涵的诸重要概念如“对等原则”、“隐喻和换喻”等铺陈开来,阐明“何为诗”及“诗何为”。
本文希望通过对诗性功能理论的研究,重新确立起雅各布逊思想在文学研究领域的重要地位,并试图使人们对文学与语言的关系及文学语言的特征能够有更深的理解与认识,从而促进文学理论的发展出现新的增长点。
Roman Jakobson is a famous Russian American linguist and literary theorist. As one of the founders of the Moscow Linguistic Circle, the soul of the Russian Formalism and the leading figure of the Prague School, he contributed a lot to the development of humanities in the 20~(th) century, with his achievements in both linguistics and poetics.
By integrating Structuralism linguistics with literary criticism practices, Jakobson blazed the path of Linguistic Poetics. One of his most prominent achievements is that he established a function system of language, which gave rise to the Poetic Function, an important aspect of Jakobsonian thoughts. The Poetic Function, to which he later made a thorough analysis, illustrates the inner possibility of how poetry would be poetry.
My dissertation takes up Roman Jakobson's theory of Poetic Function as the subject, discussing issues as the foundation, concept, content and practices of this theory. It starts from the quest of "literariness", moves on to the presentation and application of the Poetic Function and then illustrates some important concepts of this theory as the "equivalence principle" and "metaphor and metonymy", in order to clarify "what is poetry" and "what poetry does".
This dissertation aims to re-establish the big impact of Jakobson's theory to modern literary research field and deepen people's understanding of the relationship between literature and language, and the character of literary language as well, so that the development of literary theory will get new momentum.
雅各布逊运用广博的语言学知识,将结构主义语言学知识与诗歌批评实践结合起来,从诗歌的语言形式入手,建立起一种语言学诗学批评方法。雅各布逊在诗歌批评实践上的主要贡献在于他从语言的整体交流功能的对比研究中分离出一种“诗性功能”,并对该功能的形成过程予以透彻的语言学解析,从而揭示了“诗之所以为诗”的内在生成机制。
本文以雅各布逊的“诗性功能”为研究对象,从理论基础、理论内涵及运作实践等几个方面展开论述,首先从文学性的内涵展开追问,然后进一步引出诗性功能的表现与运用,接着围绕诗性功能的定义和内容中所蕴涵的诸重要概念如“对等原则”、“隐喻和换喻”等铺陈开来,阐明“何为诗”及“诗何为”。
本文希望通过对诗性功能理论的研究,重新确立起雅各布逊思想在文学研究领域的重要地位,并试图使人们对文学与语言的关系及文学语言的特征能够有更深的理解与认识,从而促进文学理论的发展出现新的增长点。
Roman Jakobson is a famous Russian American linguist and literary theorist. As one of the founders of the Moscow Linguistic Circle, the soul of the Russian Formalism and the leading figure of the Prague School, he contributed a lot to the development of humanities in the 20~(th) century, with his achievements in both linguistics and poetics.
By integrating Structuralism linguistics with literary criticism practices, Jakobson blazed the path of Linguistic Poetics. One of his most prominent achievements is that he established a function system of language, which gave rise to the Poetic Function, an important aspect of Jakobsonian thoughts. The Poetic Function, to which he later made a thorough analysis, illustrates the inner possibility of how poetry would be poetry.
My dissertation takes up Roman Jakobson's theory of Poetic Function as the subject, discussing issues as the foundation, concept, content and practices of this theory. It starts from the quest of "literariness", moves on to the presentation and application of the Poetic Function and then illustrates some important concepts of this theory as the "equivalence principle" and "metaphor and metonymy", in order to clarify "what is poetry" and "what poetry does".
This dissertation aims to re-establish the big impact of Jakobson's theory to modern literary research field and deepen people's understanding of the relationship between literature and language, and the character of literary language as well, so that the development of literary theory will get new momentum.
引文
[1]转引自田星.南京师范大学博士论文.罗曼·雅各布森诗性功能理论研究[M].索取号I712.072/5.220.p.1
[2]本数据是根据雅各布逊学生及雅各布逊研究专家Stephen Rudy的统计。
[1]Novejsaja russkaja poezija,published in 1921,written during the preceding decade and variously translated as "New...","Newest..." and "Modern Russian Poetry".
[1]J.克拉姆斯基著,李振麟、谢家叶、胡伟民译.音位学概论[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1993.pp.75-76
[2]"Briefly,poeticalness is not a supplementation of discourse with rhetorical adornment but a total re-evaluation of the discourse and of all its components whatsoever".Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.50
[1]"The only restriction that Ⅰ have allowed myself to place on the selection of texts regards their length...indicates clearly the particular quality of short pieces,which allows us to retain at the end of a poem a strong impression of its beginning;this brevity consequently makes us particularly sensitive to the poem's unity and its effect as a whole".Roman Jakobson.Retrospect[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.770
[2]"Any attempt to analyze fragments of such works without paying attention to the whole of the text is no less futile than a study of detached pieces of a vast fresco as if they were integral and independent paintings".Roman Jakobson.Retrospect[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.770
[3]"The dominant may be defined as the focusing component of a work of art:it rules,determines and transforms the remaining components.It is the dominant which guarantees the integrity of the structure".Roman Jakobson.Dominant[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.751
[1]什克洛夫斯基.作为手法的艺术[A].方珊等编译.俄国形式主文文论选[C].北京:三联书店,1989.p.3
[1][法]茨维坦.托多罗夫著.王国卿译.象征理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.P.372
[2]Roman Jakobson.Novejsaja russkaja poezija,pp.10-11.转引自田星.南京师范大学博士学位论文.罗曼·雅各布森诗性功能理论研究[M].索取号1712.072/5.220.p.12
[1]"All of us here,however,definitely realize that a linguist deaf to the poetic function of language and a literary scholar indifferent to linguistic problems and unconversant with linguistic methods are equally flagrant anachronisms." Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.51
[1]"To sum up,the analysis of verse is entirely within the competence of poetics,and the tater may be defined as parts of linguistics which treats the poetic function in its relationship to other functions of language".Roman Jakobson.Lingutistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings" Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.p.28
[2]转引自田星,南京师范大学博士学位论义.罗曼.雅各布森诗忡功能理论研究[M].索取号1712.072/5.220.p.29
[1]G M.Hopkins.Edited by H.House.The Journals and Papers[C].London:Oxford University Press,1959.p.289
[1]"The artificial part of poetry,perhaps we shall be right to say all artifice,reduces itself to the principle of parallelism..." RomanJakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.E39
[2][法]茨维坦·托多罗夫著,王国卿译.象征理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.pp.381-382
[1]中译文为盛宁先生所译。参见乔纳森·卡勒著,盛宁译.结构主义诗学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989.p.117
[1]雅各布逊著,张祖建译.隐喻和换喻的两极[A].胡经之主编.西方文艺理论名著选编(下)[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1987.p.432
[1]兰塞姆著,王腊宝、张哲译.新批评[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1996.p.113
[2]波利亚科夫编,佟景韩译.结构-符号学文艺学——方法论体系和论争[C].北京:文化艺术出版社,1994.p.197
[1]转引自安纳·杰弗森、戴维·罗比等著,陈昭全等译.西方现代文学理论概述与比较[M].湖南文艺出版社,1986.p.46
[2]"Such forms enable us to verify Ransom's wise suggestion that 'the meter-and-meaning process is the organic act of poetry,and involves all its important characters'." Edited by Stephen Rudy.Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].In Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.p.40
[1]转引自安纳·杰弗森、戴维·罗比等著,陈昭全等译.西方现代文学理论概述与比较[M].长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1986.p.46
[2]转引自安纳·杰弗森、戴维·罗比等著,陈昭全等译.西方现代文学理论概述与比较[M].长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1986.p.51
[1]李敖.只爱一点点[M].北京:中国友谊出版公司,2000.p.3
[2]捷克诗人马哈所言。转引自 Roman Jakobson.What is Poetry?[A].Edited by Krystyna Pamorska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1987.p.368
[1]什克洛夫斯基.作为手法的艺术[A].方珊等译.俄国形式主义文论选[C].北京:三联书店,1989.p.9
[2]"The set(Einstellung) toward the MESSAGE as such,focus on the message for its own sake,is the POETIC Function of language".Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.p.25
[3]需要说明的是,雅各布逊的用语不同于通常的用法,“讯息”在此相当于“能指”,而不应误解为“内容”或“所指”。赵毅横《文学符号学》第47页亦作此解。
[4]Referential一般来说在语言学中译作“指称”,在文学研究中则多作‘指涉”,英文中是同一个词。
[1]特伦斯·霍克斯.结构主义和符号学[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1987.p.86
[2]"...the word is felt as a word and not a mere representation of the object being named or an outburst of emotion,when words and their composition,their meaning,there external and inner form,acquire a weight and value of their own instead of referring indifferently to reality".Roman Jakobson.What is poetry?[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:HarvardUniversityPress,1987.p.378
[1]"Because besides the direct awareness of the identity between sign and object(A and A1),there is a necessity for the direcr awareness of the inadequacy of that identity(A is not A1).The reason this antinomy is essential is that without contradiction there is no mobility of concepts,no mobility of signs,and the relationship between concept and sign becomes automatized.Activity comes to a halt,and the awareness of reality dies out".Roman Jakobson.What is poetry?[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:HarvardUniversityPress,1987.p.378.
[2]雅各布逊在“客体”和”概念”之间没有做严格区分。这和索绪尔以符号的二分法(能指和所指)取代三分法(符号,概念和所指物)有关。
[3]"This function,by promoting the palpabilibty of signs,deepens the fundamental dichotomy of signs and objects".Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics.Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry.Hague:Mouton,1981.19.25
[4]田星.南京师范大学博士学位论文.罗曼.雅各布森诗性功能理论研究[M].索取号1712.072/5.220.p.45
[1]程抱一.中国诗画语言研究[M].江苏人民出版社,2006.p.49.
[2]佛克马·易布斯著,林书武等译.二十世纪文学理论[M].北京:三联书店,1988.p.24
[1]"A poem is the very image of life expressed in its eternal truth......A story of particular facts is a mirror which obscures and distorts which should be beautiful:poetry is a mirror which makes beautiful that which is distorted".Richard Bradford.Roman Jakobson:Life,Language.Art[M].London:Routledge,1994.pp.22-23
[1]Richard Bradford.Roman Jakobson:Life,Language,Art[M].London:Routledge,1994.p.11
[1]"There must be a certain equivalence between the symbols used by the addresser and those known and interpreted by the addressee".Roman Jakobson.Two aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomoska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press.London:1987.p.100
[1]"The separation in space,and often in time,between two individuals,the addresser and addressee,is bridged by an internal relation".Roman Jakobson.Two aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomoska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press.London:1987.p.100
[1]卡勒著,盛宁译.结构主义诗学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991.p.120
[2]Roman Jakobson.On Poetic intentions and Linguistic Devices in Poetry:A Discussion with Professors and Students at the University of Cologne[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy.Verbal Art,Verbal Sign,Verbal Time[C].Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.,1985.p.76.转引自田星.罗曼·雅各布逊诗性功能理论研究[M].南京师范大学博士学位论文,2007.索取号1712.072/5.220.p.102
[1]Armstrong,D.and C.H.Van.Sehooneveld(eds.).Roman Jakobson:Echoes of his Scholarship.Lisse,Holland:P.de Ridder Press,1977.
[2]Attridge,Derek.Closing Statement:Linguistics and Poetics in retrospect.Jean Jacques weber(ed.).The Stylistic Reader:From Roman Jakobson to the Present.London and New York:Arnold,1996.
[3]Bradford,Richard.Roman Jakobson:Life,Language,Art.London:Routledge,1994.
[4]Gribble,Charles.Studies Presented to Professor Roman Jakobson by his Students.Cambridge,Mass:Slavica Publishers,Inc.,1986.
[5]Jakobson,Roman.Linguistics and Poetics.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry.Hague:Mouton,1981.
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[7]Jakobson,Roman.What is Poetry?.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Language in Literature.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1987.
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[9]Jakobson,Roman.Dialogue on Time in Language and Literature.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Verbal Art,Verbal Sign,Verbal Time.Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1985.
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[11]Jakobson,Roman.Efforts towards a Means-Ends Model of Language.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Selected Writings Ⅱ:Word and Language.Hague: Mouton,1971.
[12]Jakobson,Roman.The Dominant.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Language in Literature.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1987.
[13]Jakobson,Roman.Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Selected Writings Ⅱ:Word and Language.Hague:Mouton,1971.
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[15]Jakobson,Roman.Toward a Linguistic Classification of Aphasic Impairments.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Selected Writings Ⅱ:Word and Language.Hague:Mouton,1971.
[16]Jakobson,Roman.Grammatical Parallelism and Its Russian Facet.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Language in Literature.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1987.
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[18]Jakobson,Roman.The Modular Design of Chinese Regulated Verse.Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy(eds.).Selected Writings V:On Verse,its Masters and Explorers.Hague:Mouton,1978.
[19]Jakobson,Roman.On Language.Linda Waugh & Monique Monville-Burston (eds.).Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1990.
[20]Lodge,David.The Modes of Modern Writing:Metaphor,Metonymy and Typology of Modern Literature.London:Edward Arnold,1977.
[21]Peirce.Collected Papers.Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1958.
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[23]F.R.安克施密特著、韩震译,历史与转义:隐喻的兴衰,北京:文津出版社,2005.
[24]波利亚科夫著、韩景佟译,结构-符号学文艺学——方法论体系和论争,北京:文化艺术出版社,1986.
[25]布鲁克曼著、李幼蒸译,莫斯科-布拉格-巴黎,北京:商务印书馆,1980.
[26]茨维坦·托多罗夫著、王国卿译,象征理论,北京:商务印书馆,2004.
[27]傅丹莉,罗曼·雅各布森“语言学诗学观”试论.http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?QueryID=17&CurRec=1
[28]胡经之主编,西方二十世纪文论选(下卷),北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989.
[29]田星,罗曼·雅各布森诗性功能理论研究.http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?QueryID=71&CurRec=1
[30]雅各布森著、钱军编译,雅柯布森文集,长沙:湖南教育出版社,2001.
[31]周振甫,文心雕龙今译,北京:中华书局,2006.
[32]朱立元,当代西方文艺理论,上海:华东师范大学出版社,1997.
[33]朱志荣,西方文论史,北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
[34]方珊,俄国形式主义文论选,北京:三联书店出版社,1989.
[35]刘富华、孙维张,索绪尔与结构主义语言学,吉林:吉林大学出版社,2003.
[36]束定芳,隐喻学研究,上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[37]张冰,陌生化诗学——俄国形式主义研究,北京师范大学出版社,2000.
[38]库兹韦尔著、尹大贻译,结构主义时代:从列维·斯特劳斯到福柯,上海译文出版社,1988.
[2]本数据是根据雅各布逊学生及雅各布逊研究专家Stephen Rudy的统计。
[1]Novejsaja russkaja poezija,published in 1921,written during the preceding decade and variously translated as "New...","Newest..." and "Modern Russian Poetry".
[1]J.克拉姆斯基著,李振麟、谢家叶、胡伟民译.音位学概论[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1993.pp.75-76
[2]"Briefly,poeticalness is not a supplementation of discourse with rhetorical adornment but a total re-evaluation of the discourse and of all its components whatsoever".Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.50
[1]"The only restriction that Ⅰ have allowed myself to place on the selection of texts regards their length...indicates clearly the particular quality of short pieces,which allows us to retain at the end of a poem a strong impression of its beginning;this brevity consequently makes us particularly sensitive to the poem's unity and its effect as a whole".Roman Jakobson.Retrospect[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.770
[2]"Any attempt to analyze fragments of such works without paying attention to the whole of the text is no less futile than a study of detached pieces of a vast fresco as if they were integral and independent paintings".Roman Jakobson.Retrospect[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.770
[3]"The dominant may be defined as the focusing component of a work of art:it rules,determines and transforms the remaining components.It is the dominant which guarantees the integrity of the structure".Roman Jakobson.Dominant[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.751
[1]什克洛夫斯基.作为手法的艺术[A].方珊等编译.俄国形式主文文论选[C].北京:三联书店,1989.p.3
[1][法]茨维坦.托多罗夫著.王国卿译.象征理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.P.372
[2]Roman Jakobson.Novejsaja russkaja poezija,pp.10-11.转引自田星.南京师范大学博士学位论文.罗曼·雅各布森诗性功能理论研究[M].索取号1712.072/5.220.p.12
[1]"All of us here,however,definitely realize that a linguist deaf to the poetic function of language and a literary scholar indifferent to linguistic problems and unconversant with linguistic methods are equally flagrant anachronisms." Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.P.51
[1]"To sum up,the analysis of verse is entirely within the competence of poetics,and the tater may be defined as parts of linguistics which treats the poetic function in its relationship to other functions of language".Roman Jakobson.Lingutistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings" Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.p.28
[2]转引自田星,南京师范大学博士学位论义.罗曼.雅各布森诗忡功能理论研究[M].索取号1712.072/5.220.p.29
[1]G M.Hopkins.Edited by H.House.The Journals and Papers[C].London:Oxford University Press,1959.p.289
[1]"The artificial part of poetry,perhaps we shall be right to say all artifice,reduces itself to the principle of parallelism..." RomanJakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.E39
[2][法]茨维坦·托多罗夫著,王国卿译.象征理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.pp.381-382
[1]中译文为盛宁先生所译。参见乔纳森·卡勒著,盛宁译.结构主义诗学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989.p.117
[1]雅各布逊著,张祖建译.隐喻和换喻的两极[A].胡经之主编.西方文艺理论名著选编(下)[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1987.p.432
[1]兰塞姆著,王腊宝、张哲译.新批评[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1996.p.113
[2]波利亚科夫编,佟景韩译.结构-符号学文艺学——方法论体系和论争[C].北京:文化艺术出版社,1994.p.197
[1]转引自安纳·杰弗森、戴维·罗比等著,陈昭全等译.西方现代文学理论概述与比较[M].湖南文艺出版社,1986.p.46
[2]"Such forms enable us to verify Ransom's wise suggestion that 'the meter-and-meaning process is the organic act of poetry,and involves all its important characters'." Edited by Stephen Rudy.Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].In Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.p.40
[1]转引自安纳·杰弗森、戴维·罗比等著,陈昭全等译.西方现代文学理论概述与比较[M].长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1986.p.46
[2]转引自安纳·杰弗森、戴维·罗比等著,陈昭全等译.西方现代文学理论概述与比较[M].长沙:湖南文艺出版社,1986.p.51
[1]李敖.只爱一点点[M].北京:中国友谊出版公司,2000.p.3
[2]捷克诗人马哈所言。转引自 Roman Jakobson.What is Poetry?[A].Edited by Krystyna Pamorska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge,Mass:Harvard University Press,1987.p.368
[1]什克洛夫斯基.作为手法的艺术[A].方珊等译.俄国形式主义文论选[C].北京:三联书店,1989.p.9
[2]"The set(Einstellung) toward the MESSAGE as such,focus on the message for its own sake,is the POETIC Function of language".Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics[A].Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry[C].Hague:Mouton,1981.p.25
[3]需要说明的是,雅各布逊的用语不同于通常的用法,“讯息”在此相当于“能指”,而不应误解为“内容”或“所指”。赵毅横《文学符号学》第47页亦作此解。
[4]Referential一般来说在语言学中译作“指称”,在文学研究中则多作‘指涉”,英文中是同一个词。
[1]特伦斯·霍克斯.结构主义和符号学[M].上海:上海译文出版社,1987.p.86
[2]"...the word is felt as a word and not a mere representation of the object being named or an outburst of emotion,when words and their composition,their meaning,there external and inner form,acquire a weight and value of their own instead of referring indifferently to reality".Roman Jakobson.What is poetry?[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:HarvardUniversityPress,1987.p.378
[1]"Because besides the direct awareness of the identity between sign and object(A and A1),there is a necessity for the direcr awareness of the inadequacy of that identity(A is not A1).The reason this antinomy is essential is that without contradiction there is no mobility of concepts,no mobility of signs,and the relationship between concept and sign becomes automatized.Activity comes to a halt,and the awareness of reality dies out".Roman Jakobson.What is poetry?[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:HarvardUniversityPress,1987.p.378.
[2]雅各布逊在“客体”和”概念”之间没有做严格区分。这和索绪尔以符号的二分法(能指和所指)取代三分法(符号,概念和所指物)有关。
[3]"This function,by promoting the palpabilibty of signs,deepens the fundamental dichotomy of signs and objects".Roman Jakobson.Linguistics and Poetics.Edited by Stephen Rudy.Selected Writings Ⅲ:Poetry of Grammar and Grammar of Poetry.Hague:Mouton,1981.19.25
[4]田星.南京师范大学博士学位论文.罗曼.雅各布森诗性功能理论研究[M].索取号1712.072/5.220.p.45
[1]程抱一.中国诗画语言研究[M].江苏人民出版社,2006.p.49.
[2]佛克马·易布斯著,林书武等译.二十世纪文学理论[M].北京:三联书店,1988.p.24
[1]"A poem is the very image of life expressed in its eternal truth......A story of particular facts is a mirror which obscures and distorts which should be beautiful:poetry is a mirror which makes beautiful that which is distorted".Richard Bradford.Roman Jakobson:Life,Language.Art[M].London:Routledge,1994.pp.22-23
[1]Richard Bradford.Roman Jakobson:Life,Language,Art[M].London:Routledge,1994.p.11
[1]"There must be a certain equivalence between the symbols used by the addresser and those known and interpreted by the addressee".Roman Jakobson.Two aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomoska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press.London:1987.p.100
[1]"The separation in space,and often in time,between two individuals,the addresser and addressee,is bridged by an internal relation".Roman Jakobson.Two aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomoska and Stephen Rudy.Language in Literature[C].Cambridge Mass:Harvard University Press.London:1987.p.100
[1]卡勒著,盛宁译.结构主义诗学[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1991.p.120
[2]Roman Jakobson.On Poetic intentions and Linguistic Devices in Poetry:A Discussion with Professors and Students at the University of Cologne[A].Edited by Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy.Verbal Art,Verbal Sign,Verbal Time[C].Basil Blackwell Publisher Ltd.,1985.p.76.转引自田星.罗曼·雅各布逊诗性功能理论研究[M].南京师范大学博士学位论文,2007.索取号1712.072/5.220.p.102
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