基于有限元法的风力发电机齿轮传动系统动态特性研究及优化设计
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摘要
增速传动齿轮箱是风力发电机中最重要的组成部件之一,其工作性能对整个系统有着至关重要的影响。随着风力发电机单机功率的不断提高,以及齿轮箱所处的高空支架和变载荷工况等恶劣的运行环境,对齿轮传动系统的设计、制造、安装等提出了特殊要求,其动力学行为的研究已经成为国内外关注的热点课题。由于我国国产风力发电机齿轮箱的振动噪声普遍比国外产品严重,因此齿轮传动的振动和噪声研究便成为风力发电设备国产化中亟待解决的重要课题之一。
论文课题受国家自然科学基金项目和国家支撑计划项目资助,以1.5MW风力发电机齿轮传动系统为研究对象,在全面考虑风力发电机齿轮箱系统在运行过程中的内部激励和由风速变化引起的外部激励的情况下,通过有限元方法对风力发电机增速箱系统进行了动态特性研究,对风力发电机增速箱的设计和振动噪声的控制具有重要的理论价值和指导意义。
具体的研究工作如下:
①用有限元法建立了包含齿轮副、传动轴和箱体的齿轮系统完整的动力学模型,该模型较好地反映了齿轮传动系统各部分的动态耦合效应。
②全面研究了齿轮系统振动和噪声的产生机理,用有限元分析方法和误差近似等效方法模拟了齿轮啮合时的内部激励,并给出了由风速变化引起的外部激励,为齿轮系统振动响应分析作好了准备。
③用I-DEAS软件对风力发电机齿轮箱系统进行了有限元模态分析,得到了系统的前10阶固有特性。分析结果表明在使用过程中不会发生共振现象。
④全面考虑风力发电机齿轮传动系统的内部激励和外部激励,利用振型叠加法对齿轮箱系统进行了振动响应有限元数值模拟,得出在动态激励下齿轮箱的振动时域响应,结果具有良好规律性,增速箱的振动烈度为0.6026,表明齿轮箱振动情况良好,符合风力发电机的使用要求。
⑤在求得系统振动响应的基础上,应用结构噪声分析方法,预估系统在计算点的结构噪声。计算结果证明,结构噪声的峰值发生在齿轮传动系统的啮合频率的倍频处。
⑥以振动加速度最小为目标,以动应力和位移为约束条件对齿轮传动系统进行了动力响应优化设计,分析了齿轮传动系统动力响应优化设计结果,降低了齿轮传动系统的振动幅值和动态变形。
Increasing speed gear-box is one of the most important components of wind-turbine, its performance has a crucial impact on the whole system. Because of its special environment for varying load condition, high operating conditions(with the continuously improve of the power of single wind-turbine ,the operating environment is higher and higher) and other adverse factors, it made special demands for the design, manufacture, installation of the gear transmission system, and the research of its dynamic characters is now a hot topic around the world. However, the vibration and noise of the wind-turbine that design and manufacture in domestic is more serious than the products abroad. Therefore, the research on the vibration and noise of gear transmission is one of the most urgent issues to be resolved
The thesis subject is supported by National Natural Science Foundation and National Supporting Plan Project. Regarding gear transmission system of wind-driven generator 1.5MW as object, and considering the internal excitation and the external excitation due to wind speed change on Wind farm, the dynamic characteristics of the gear-box system are completely investigated by finite element method. The analytical results will provide a theory basis for optimizing the dynamic performances or decreasing the vibration and noise of the transmission system of wind-turbine.
Concrete research work is as follows:
①Large-scale integrated FEM dynamic model of gear system including gears, shafts and gearbox is established. The dynamic coupled characteristics of gearbox are perfectly described by the model.
②The vibration and noise of gear system are investigated perfectly. The internal excitations of gearing are simulated by finite element method and error-equivalent method. The external excitation that caused by wind speed changes are also investigated. It is the bases of the vibration response calculation of gearbox.
③FEM modal analysis of the system is completed by I-DEAS software. The first 10 band of natural characteristics of the gear system are calculated. The results show that there will be no resonance during operating.
④Fully consider the internal excitation and the external excitation. The vibration responses of gearbox are calculated by Vibration mode superposition. The vibration response results in time domain are regular, and the Vibration intensity of the gear-box is 0.6026, the system is in good condition when operating. Meet the requirements of the use of wind-turbine.
⑤The structure noise of the system is calculated according to the vibration acceleration in time domain by Fourier-transform. The results show that the peak of structure noise is in the mesh frequency multiplier.
⑥The dynamical optimization of gear transmission system is presented to minimize the value of vibration acceleration under the constraints of dynamical stress and displacement. The level of vibration and displacement of the gear transmission system is reduced after optimization, and the results of the optimum design of the gear transmission system are analyzed at last.
论文课题受国家自然科学基金项目和国家支撑计划项目资助,以1.5MW风力发电机齿轮传动系统为研究对象,在全面考虑风力发电机齿轮箱系统在运行过程中的内部激励和由风速变化引起的外部激励的情况下,通过有限元方法对风力发电机增速箱系统进行了动态特性研究,对风力发电机增速箱的设计和振动噪声的控制具有重要的理论价值和指导意义。
具体的研究工作如下:
①用有限元法建立了包含齿轮副、传动轴和箱体的齿轮系统完整的动力学模型,该模型较好地反映了齿轮传动系统各部分的动态耦合效应。
②全面研究了齿轮系统振动和噪声的产生机理,用有限元分析方法和误差近似等效方法模拟了齿轮啮合时的内部激励,并给出了由风速变化引起的外部激励,为齿轮系统振动响应分析作好了准备。
③用I-DEAS软件对风力发电机齿轮箱系统进行了有限元模态分析,得到了系统的前10阶固有特性。分析结果表明在使用过程中不会发生共振现象。
④全面考虑风力发电机齿轮传动系统的内部激励和外部激励,利用振型叠加法对齿轮箱系统进行了振动响应有限元数值模拟,得出在动态激励下齿轮箱的振动时域响应,结果具有良好规律性,增速箱的振动烈度为0.6026,表明齿轮箱振动情况良好,符合风力发电机的使用要求。
⑤在求得系统振动响应的基础上,应用结构噪声分析方法,预估系统在计算点的结构噪声。计算结果证明,结构噪声的峰值发生在齿轮传动系统的啮合频率的倍频处。
⑥以振动加速度最小为目标,以动应力和位移为约束条件对齿轮传动系统进行了动力响应优化设计,分析了齿轮传动系统动力响应优化设计结果,降低了齿轮传动系统的振动幅值和动态变形。
Increasing speed gear-box is one of the most important components of wind-turbine, its performance has a crucial impact on the whole system. Because of its special environment for varying load condition, high operating conditions(with the continuously improve of the power of single wind-turbine ,the operating environment is higher and higher) and other adverse factors, it made special demands for the design, manufacture, installation of the gear transmission system, and the research of its dynamic characters is now a hot topic around the world. However, the vibration and noise of the wind-turbine that design and manufacture in domestic is more serious than the products abroad. Therefore, the research on the vibration and noise of gear transmission is one of the most urgent issues to be resolved
The thesis subject is supported by National Natural Science Foundation and National Supporting Plan Project. Regarding gear transmission system of wind-driven generator 1.5MW as object, and considering the internal excitation and the external excitation due to wind speed change on Wind farm, the dynamic characteristics of the gear-box system are completely investigated by finite element method. The analytical results will provide a theory basis for optimizing the dynamic performances or decreasing the vibration and noise of the transmission system of wind-turbine.
Concrete research work is as follows:
①Large-scale integrated FEM dynamic model of gear system including gears, shafts and gearbox is established. The dynamic coupled characteristics of gearbox are perfectly described by the model.
②The vibration and noise of gear system are investigated perfectly. The internal excitations of gearing are simulated by finite element method and error-equivalent method. The external excitation that caused by wind speed changes are also investigated. It is the bases of the vibration response calculation of gearbox.
③FEM modal analysis of the system is completed by I-DEAS software. The first 10 band of natural characteristics of the gear system are calculated. The results show that there will be no resonance during operating.
④Fully consider the internal excitation and the external excitation. The vibration responses of gearbox are calculated by Vibration mode superposition. The vibration response results in time domain are regular, and the Vibration intensity of the gear-box is 0.6026, the system is in good condition when operating. Meet the requirements of the use of wind-turbine.
⑤The structure noise of the system is calculated according to the vibration acceleration in time domain by Fourier-transform. The results show that the peak of structure noise is in the mesh frequency multiplier.
⑥The dynamical optimization of gear transmission system is presented to minimize the value of vibration acceleration under the constraints of dynamical stress and displacement. The level of vibration and displacement of the gear transmission system is reduced after optimization, and the results of the optimum design of the gear transmission system are analyzed at last.
引文
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[7]龙泽强.风力发电研究和开发现状与展望[J].世界科技研究与发展杂志.2003(4):1-3.
[8]易跃春.风力发电现状、发展前景及市场分析[J].国际电力.2004,8(5):18-22.
[9]何祚庥,王亦楠.风力发电我国能源和电力可持续发展战略的最现实选择[V].2005科学发展报告.科学出版社.2005.3.
[10]张剑,刘瑞卿.浅述风力发电机的齿轮箱[J].风力发电.2004(1).
[11]唐新安,谢志明等.风力机齿轮箱故障诊断[J].噪声与振动控制.2007(2).1
[12]唐定国,陈立民.齿轮传动技术的现状和展望[J].机械工程学报.1993,20(3):35-41.
[13] KAHRAMAN A,SINGH R.Interactions between time-varying meshing stiffness and clearance non-linear ties in a geared system[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,1991,146.
[14] IWATUSBO N.Coupled lateral torsional vibration of rotor system trained by gears(Part I Analysis by transfer matrix method)[J].Bulletin of JSME,1994,27:271-277.
[15] VELEX P,MAATAR M.A mathematical model for analyzing the influence of shape deviations and mounting errors on gear dy2namic behavior[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,1996,191:629-660.
[16] NERIYA S V.On the dynamic response of a helical geared system subjected to a static transmission error in the form of deterministic and filtered white noise inputs[J].Journal of Vibration,Acoustic,Stress and Reliability in Design,1996,110:501-506.
[17] NERIYA V,BHAT R B,SANKER T S.Coupled tensional flexural vibration of a geared shaft system using finite element analysis[J].The Shock and Vibration Bulletin,1998 55:25 58.
[18] TORDIONG.V,GOUVIN R.Dynamic stability of a two-stage gear train under the influence of variable meshing stiffness[J].ASME Journal of Engineering forIndustry,1997,785-791.
[19] KUBO A,SINGH R.Error associated with reduced order linear models of a spur gear pair[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration,1991,149:495-498
[20] UMEZAWA.SUZUKI T,HOUJOH H.Estimation of vibration of power transmission helical gears by means of performance diagrams on vibration [J].JSME International Journal, 1988,31:598-605.
[21] NONAKA T,KUBO A,KATO S.Design of silent gears considering the scattering in tooth form accuracy of mass production gears[J].Transactions of JSME,1991,C57:3969-3974.
[22]唐增宝,钟毅芳.多级齿轮传动系统的动态仿真[J].机械传动,1993,17(l):37-41.
[23]秦大同,朱才朝,李润方.内齿行星传动参数动态优化[J].重庆大学学报,1997(2):89-94.
[24]沈允文,孙涛.行星齿轮传动非线性动力学模型与方程[J].机械工程学报,2000, 38(3):610 107.
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