主动式太阳跟踪及驱动系统研究与设计
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摘要
太阳能是一种非常具有开发潜力的能源,世界各国都在积极开发利用太阳能。我国太阳能的利用,在近十年发展得非常迅速,但是我国的太阳能利用技术还比较落后,且太阳能利用的局限性很大。为了进一步扩大太阳能的利用范围,提高太阳能的利用率,本文开发了一套太阳跟踪与驱动系统,该系统能够使太阳能利用装置时刻保持与太阳光线垂直,其结构简单、成本低廉且跟踪精度高,可用于太阳灶、太阳能热水器等各种太阳能装置上,具有很高的实用价值。
论文分析了典型聚光器的基本工作原理、特点及实际使用时应该考虑的问题。在研究了日地相对运动规律的基础上,采用了传感器跟踪和定时器跟踪相结合的方法,在晴天时用传感器跟踪,阴天(乌云遮挡太阳)时用定时跟踪,并且两种跟踪方式根据天气状况可自行切换,在提高了太阳能利用率的同时,系统工作更稳定。
设计的太阳跟踪与驱动控制系统主要由三大部分构成:传感器、控制器、机械跟踪平台。传感器由四象限光电池和另外独立的四片光电池组成,置于暗筒内的四象限光电池用于精确跟踪太阳,暗筒外的四片光电池用于粗定位,从而实现大范围跟踪太阳;控制器硬件以单片机C8051F020为核心,完成了控制器的硬件电路设计和制作,系统的硬件电路包括外部时钟电路,模拟输入电路,电机驱动电路,电源电路等。所设计的基于地平坐标系的立轴式聚光器跟踪平台采用蜗轮蜗杆传动方式和方位—俯仰模式的结构,为了克服跟踪平台在高度角方向上运动时产生的不平衡力矩,在跟踪平台上安装有弹簧平衡器,平衡器由垫圈、压缩弹簧、拉杆、延伸杆和外筒组成。
同时完成了系统的软件设计,主要包括系统初始化,时钟读写,跟踪控制,电机驱动等。通过实验测试,所设计的传感器性能稳定,在太阳光下输出不会饱和,能满足太阳跟踪的需要。
Solar energy is a kind of energy with great potential development, and many countries is trying to utilize it. The use of solar energy is developed very fast in our country in recent ten years. But the technology of utilizing solar energy is still relatively backward, and the application of solar energy is restricted by many factors. To widen the use of solar energy and increase the utilization of solar energy, the solar energy tracking and driving system is designed in this paper. The system can guarantee that the device of utilizing solar energy is vertical to sun streams, and it has simple structure, low cost and high tracking precision. The system can be used in many kinds of solar installations such as solar cooker and solar water heater, and it has high practical value.
The basic working principle ,characteristics and some questions in the application of typical condenser are analysed. Motion law of solar-terrestrial is studied.Both sensors tracking and timing tracking mode are used.Sensors tracking mode is used in sunny days and timing tracking mode is taked in cloudy days.The two tracking mode can be switched automatically. The system are more stable, at the same time, In improving solar energy utilization ratio.
In the paper, the designed solar tracking and drive control system are mainly composed of three major components: sensors, controllers and mechanical tracking platform.The sensor is mainly composed of four-quadrant photocell in the dark-tube and other four photocell outside the dark-tube which could achieve large-scale tracking the sun. C8051F020 is used as the core in the controller. Hardware circuit design and production are accomplished. The system hardware circuits are composed of clock circuit, analog input circuit, the motor drive circuit, power circuit and so on.
Vertical shaft condenser tracking platform based on the Horizontal coordinate system takes azimuth and pitching mode,and takes worm-drive.To Overcome the uneven torque when tracking platform moving at the direction of altitude angle,the Spring Balancer is installed on the platform,which composed of washer, compression spring, pull rod and outer cylinder.
The software design is finished, including system initialization, clock read and write, tracking Control, motor Drive module and so on. Through the experimental test, Sensor has a stable performance and its output has not saturated,in the sunlight,which can meet the needs of the Sun tracking.
论文分析了典型聚光器的基本工作原理、特点及实际使用时应该考虑的问题。在研究了日地相对运动规律的基础上,采用了传感器跟踪和定时器跟踪相结合的方法,在晴天时用传感器跟踪,阴天(乌云遮挡太阳)时用定时跟踪,并且两种跟踪方式根据天气状况可自行切换,在提高了太阳能利用率的同时,系统工作更稳定。
设计的太阳跟踪与驱动控制系统主要由三大部分构成:传感器、控制器、机械跟踪平台。传感器由四象限光电池和另外独立的四片光电池组成,置于暗筒内的四象限光电池用于精确跟踪太阳,暗筒外的四片光电池用于粗定位,从而实现大范围跟踪太阳;控制器硬件以单片机C8051F020为核心,完成了控制器的硬件电路设计和制作,系统的硬件电路包括外部时钟电路,模拟输入电路,电机驱动电路,电源电路等。所设计的基于地平坐标系的立轴式聚光器跟踪平台采用蜗轮蜗杆传动方式和方位—俯仰模式的结构,为了克服跟踪平台在高度角方向上运动时产生的不平衡力矩,在跟踪平台上安装有弹簧平衡器,平衡器由垫圈、压缩弹簧、拉杆、延伸杆和外筒组成。
同时完成了系统的软件设计,主要包括系统初始化,时钟读写,跟踪控制,电机驱动等。通过实验测试,所设计的传感器性能稳定,在太阳光下输出不会饱和,能满足太阳跟踪的需要。
Solar energy is a kind of energy with great potential development, and many countries is trying to utilize it. The use of solar energy is developed very fast in our country in recent ten years. But the technology of utilizing solar energy is still relatively backward, and the application of solar energy is restricted by many factors. To widen the use of solar energy and increase the utilization of solar energy, the solar energy tracking and driving system is designed in this paper. The system can guarantee that the device of utilizing solar energy is vertical to sun streams, and it has simple structure, low cost and high tracking precision. The system can be used in many kinds of solar installations such as solar cooker and solar water heater, and it has high practical value.
The basic working principle ,characteristics and some questions in the application of typical condenser are analysed. Motion law of solar-terrestrial is studied.Both sensors tracking and timing tracking mode are used.Sensors tracking mode is used in sunny days and timing tracking mode is taked in cloudy days.The two tracking mode can be switched automatically. The system are more stable, at the same time, In improving solar energy utilization ratio.
In the paper, the designed solar tracking and drive control system are mainly composed of three major components: sensors, controllers and mechanical tracking platform.The sensor is mainly composed of four-quadrant photocell in the dark-tube and other four photocell outside the dark-tube which could achieve large-scale tracking the sun. C8051F020 is used as the core in the controller. Hardware circuit design and production are accomplished. The system hardware circuits are composed of clock circuit, analog input circuit, the motor drive circuit, power circuit and so on.
Vertical shaft condenser tracking platform based on the Horizontal coordinate system takes azimuth and pitching mode,and takes worm-drive.To Overcome the uneven torque when tracking platform moving at the direction of altitude angle,the Spring Balancer is installed on the platform,which composed of washer, compression spring, pull rod and outer cylinder.
The software design is finished, including system initialization, clock read and write, tracking Control, motor Drive module and so on. Through the experimental test, Sensor has a stable performance and its output has not saturated,in the sunlight,which can meet the needs of the Sun tracking.
引文
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[14]罗运俊何梓年王长贵.太阳能利用技术[M].化学工业出版社,2005.
[15]郑小年,黄巧燕.太阳跟踪方法及应用[[J].能源技术,2003,24(4):149-151.
[16]余海.太阳能利用综述及提高其利用率的途径[J].新能源研究与利用,2004,7(3):34-37.
[17]陈维,李戬洪.太阳能利用中的跟踪控制方式的研究[J].新能源工艺,2003,3:18-21.
[18]于贺军,吕文华.全自动太阳跟踪器软件的设计和研究[J].气象水文海洋仪器,2001, 2:7-11.
[19]孙茵茵,鲍剑斌,王凡.太阳自动跟踪器的研究[J].机械设计与制造,2005,7:157-159.
[20] Bakos, George C. Design and construction of a two-axis Sun tracking system for parabolic trough collector (PTC) efficiency improvement[J]. Renewable Energy,2006,31(15): 2411-2421.
[21] P. Roth, A. Georgiev, H. Boudinov . Cheap two axis sun following device[J]. Energy Conversion and Management. 2005,46: 1179–1192.
[22] Konar A, Mandal A K. Microprocessor based automatic sun tracker[J]. IEE Proc Part A Phys Sci Meas Instrum Manage Educ Revf, 1991,138(4):237-241.
[23] Bofeng Lee. The progress and prospect of middle/high temperature evacuated tubular solar collector[J]. Renewable Energy,2001,24:539-554.
[24]江斌,张咏雪.实用太阳灶[M].国防工业出版社,1987.
[25]贾英洲,黄建周,王育琳,杨凤田,聚光太阳灶设计制造原理[M],能源出版社,1983.
[26]刘灵芝,李戬洪.复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)光学分析研究.能源技术[J],2006,27(2):52-59.
[27] Yong Kim, GuiYoung Han , Taebeom Seo. An evaluation on thermal performance of CPC solar collector[C]. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2008,35: 446–457.
[28]葛新石,叶宏,复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)特性[J]太阳能,2001,4:20-21.
[29]张纯良,张振鹏,魏志明.太阳能火箭发动机聚光器设计方法[J].航空动力学报,2004,19(4):557~561.
[30]陈杰,李湘宁,叶宏伟.菲涅耳透镜的通光分析及设计方法探讨[J].光学仪器,2006, 28(1):34-38.
[31]赵建根,高永全.五像限法太阳自动跟踪仪[J].应用光学,2001,22(1):30-32.
[32]窦伟,许洪华,李晶.跟踪式光伏发电系统研究[J].太阳能学报,2007,28(2):169-173.
[33]陈维,沈辉,舒碧芬.光伏系统跟踪效果分析[J].中国科学技术大报,2006,36(4):355-359.
[34]李翔.基于硅光电池的光电自动跟踪系统的实现[J].湘潭师范学院学报(自然科学版),2006,28(4):51-54.
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