野生藏原羚种群特征及其适应对策
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摘要
藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)属于哺乳纲,偶蹄目,原羚属,是青藏高原特有的有蹄类动物,目前是被列入为我国二级野生保护名录。历史上藏原羚曾广泛分布在整个青藏高原及其扩展部分,由于气候环境、人为等多种因素的影响,野生藏原羚的数量急剧下降,其分布区也逐渐萎缩,野生种群已到濒危的境地。如果对野生藏原羚生态学知识的了解不够充分,在保护和管理野生种群时就会遇到无法克服的障碍。对野生藏原羚种群长期存在于高强度人为活动的压力之下的适应对策的研究,是制定保护规划的关键。这有利于恢复野生藏原羚种群数量,使之免遭灭顶之灾。
本研究在1996年8月、1999年夏季(6～8月)、2003年7～10月和2004年3～4月,利用双筒望远镜、GPS、数码摄像机、数码照相机等,在石渠县境内采用样带法、定点观察法、样方法等方法,对野生藏原羚的种群分布、集群特征、取食行为和栖息地现状进行了定量化研究。得出如下结论:
1、通过对石渠县野生藏原羚的野外研究发现,石渠县野生藏原羚种群密度为0.117头/km~2,主要分布在石渠县西北部至东部,分布区为典型的高山草原草甸地带,可能受当地牧民的放牧生活影响大。调查发现,危害种群的因素主要是栖息地退化和丧失、人为捕杀和雪灾等。分析四川省现存有藏原羚分布的5个县的草地面积,其平均百分比为70%,且草地沙化平均百分比为10%,因此,藏原羚实际分布的区域估计仅为60%左右。以此为依据,我们推算,整个青藏高原野生藏原羚种群的数量可能不到10万头。
2、调查研究表明,藏原羚的空间分布格局,表现为水平分布比较均匀,垂直分布主要在海拔4200～4700m的范围内,但是藏原羚表现为成群型分布的特点,最经常的集群形式是2～9头为一群,这可能是藏原羚的最优集群规模。这种小规模集群形式,能在防御天敌时,采取隐蔽、奔跑和逃避的策略,这是中小
Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) belongs to Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Procapra. It is an ungulate owned only by Tibet Plateau. Now it is the second-class protected wild animal in China. Historically Tibetan gazelles widely distributed in the total Tibet Plateau and its extended area. Their population size and distribution area are dramatically declining so that they have already been in severe danger, because of the changing of climate and human influence. The conservation and management of wild population encountered great obstacle, because of the lacking on Tibetan gazelle's biological information. The key to establish the conservative program is to know their adaptive strategy under such a serious human pressure. This is benefit to the recovery of their wild population, and keeps their head above water.In August of 1996, June-August of 1999, July-October of 2003 and March-Spring of 2004, making use of binocular, GPS, DV and DC etc., we study population distribution, group characteristics, feeding behaviors and habitat status of Tibetan gazelles with sampling belt, fixing observation and sampling methods in the quantified manner. The results of these works are as below:A field survey conducted in Shiqu County shows that the density of wild Tibetan gazelles population is 0.117 individuals/km~2. Tibetan gazelles mainly distribute in the northwest and northeast of Shiqu County and are probably influenced by the nomadic live of local people, which distribution is typically alp grassland meadow belt. The main factors threatening the wild population are degradation and loss of habitat, poach and snow disaster. By analyzing the meadow proportion of 5 counties where Tibetan gazelles exist, we find that the average meadow proportion is 70%, and the average desert meadow proportion is 10%, therefore, the really distribution proportion of Tibetan gazelles is only about 60%. If so, the population number of Tibetan gazelles
may be less than one hundred thousand individuals in the total Tibet Plateau.Space distribution pattern of Tibetan gazelles shows that the level distribution is relatively even, and plumb distribution mainly is between 4 200 and 4 700 m elevation, but the aggregated characterize their distribution pattern. The most regular group form is 2 to 9 individuals/group, which may be the optimal group size. The small group form is a common adaptive means of middle-small animals so that they adopt the strategy of concealment, running and evasion while defending natural enemies. The grouping behaviors of Tibetan gazelles don't belong to temporary group, but stable and regular one. It is arise from that Tibetan gazelles adapt environment, and is in favor of population diffusion.Tibetan gazelles have 3 group types, namely male-only group, female-only group and mother-offspring group, except mating season. However, spring has not mother-offspring group, possibly because yearling individuals have already hived off to join in their respective group, or have migrated towards winter pasture with domestic animals. Group sizes of all group types are not different for Tibetan gazelles in the same season because of the same climate condition, but there are differences between seasons. Fluctuation of female-only group size causes this difference, which makes the mean group size in summer smaller. Therefore, the birth of female may be one of the reasons for the group difference of all group types for Tibetan gazelles.Feeding site of Tibetan gazelle has many rule characteristics. In summer, they are usually located in meadow slope, <20° slope degree, <500 m to water resource , farther away human harassment (for example, more than 2 000 m far away highway), and better concealment. But Tibetan gazelles are not farther away domestic animals (500 — 1 000 m), maybe because of coo-defending natural enemies, a kind of anti-predation strategy. The richest food season is in autumn, Tibetan gazelles enlarge the feeding range in slope direction (from suuny slope to Half gloomy and half sunny slope) and distance from water resource (from <5
本研究在1996年8月、1999年夏季(6～8月)、2003年7～10月和2004年3～4月,利用双筒望远镜、GPS、数码摄像机、数码照相机等,在石渠县境内采用样带法、定点观察法、样方法等方法,对野生藏原羚的种群分布、集群特征、取食行为和栖息地现状进行了定量化研究。得出如下结论:
1、通过对石渠县野生藏原羚的野外研究发现,石渠县野生藏原羚种群密度为0.117头/km~2,主要分布在石渠县西北部至东部,分布区为典型的高山草原草甸地带,可能受当地牧民的放牧生活影响大。调查发现,危害种群的因素主要是栖息地退化和丧失、人为捕杀和雪灾等。分析四川省现存有藏原羚分布的5个县的草地面积,其平均百分比为70%,且草地沙化平均百分比为10%,因此,藏原羚实际分布的区域估计仅为60%左右。以此为依据,我们推算,整个青藏高原野生藏原羚种群的数量可能不到10万头。
2、调查研究表明,藏原羚的空间分布格局,表现为水平分布比较均匀,垂直分布主要在海拔4200～4700m的范围内,但是藏原羚表现为成群型分布的特点,最经常的集群形式是2～9头为一群,这可能是藏原羚的最优集群规模。这种小规模集群形式,能在防御天敌时,采取隐蔽、奔跑和逃避的策略,这是中小
Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) belongs to Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Procapra. It is an ungulate owned only by Tibet Plateau. Now it is the second-class protected wild animal in China. Historically Tibetan gazelles widely distributed in the total Tibet Plateau and its extended area. Their population size and distribution area are dramatically declining so that they have already been in severe danger, because of the changing of climate and human influence. The conservation and management of wild population encountered great obstacle, because of the lacking on Tibetan gazelle's biological information. The key to establish the conservative program is to know their adaptive strategy under such a serious human pressure. This is benefit to the recovery of their wild population, and keeps their head above water.In August of 1996, June-August of 1999, July-October of 2003 and March-Spring of 2004, making use of binocular, GPS, DV and DC etc., we study population distribution, group characteristics, feeding behaviors and habitat status of Tibetan gazelles with sampling belt, fixing observation and sampling methods in the quantified manner. The results of these works are as below:A field survey conducted in Shiqu County shows that the density of wild Tibetan gazelles population is 0.117 individuals/km~2. Tibetan gazelles mainly distribute in the northwest and northeast of Shiqu County and are probably influenced by the nomadic live of local people, which distribution is typically alp grassland meadow belt. The main factors threatening the wild population are degradation and loss of habitat, poach and snow disaster. By analyzing the meadow proportion of 5 counties where Tibetan gazelles exist, we find that the average meadow proportion is 70%, and the average desert meadow proportion is 10%, therefore, the really distribution proportion of Tibetan gazelles is only about 60%. If so, the population number of Tibetan gazelles
may be less than one hundred thousand individuals in the total Tibet Plateau.Space distribution pattern of Tibetan gazelles shows that the level distribution is relatively even, and plumb distribution mainly is between 4 200 and 4 700 m elevation, but the aggregated characterize their distribution pattern. The most regular group form is 2 to 9 individuals/group, which may be the optimal group size. The small group form is a common adaptive means of middle-small animals so that they adopt the strategy of concealment, running and evasion while defending natural enemies. The grouping behaviors of Tibetan gazelles don't belong to temporary group, but stable and regular one. It is arise from that Tibetan gazelles adapt environment, and is in favor of population diffusion.Tibetan gazelles have 3 group types, namely male-only group, female-only group and mother-offspring group, except mating season. However, spring has not mother-offspring group, possibly because yearling individuals have already hived off to join in their respective group, or have migrated towards winter pasture with domestic animals. Group sizes of all group types are not different for Tibetan gazelles in the same season because of the same climate condition, but there are differences between seasons. Fluctuation of female-only group size causes this difference, which makes the mean group size in summer smaller. Therefore, the birth of female may be one of the reasons for the group difference of all group types for Tibetan gazelles.Feeding site of Tibetan gazelle has many rule characteristics. In summer, they are usually located in meadow slope, <20° slope degree, <500 m to water resource , farther away human harassment (for example, more than 2 000 m far away highway), and better concealment. But Tibetan gazelles are not farther away domestic animals (500 — 1 000 m), maybe because of coo-defending natural enemies, a kind of anti-predation strategy. The richest food season is in autumn, Tibetan gazelles enlarge the feeding range in slope direction (from suuny slope to Half gloomy and half sunny slope) and distance from water resource (from <5
引文
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