1671例原发性高血压患者脉搏波传导速度与不同心血管危险因素关系的研究
|
摘要
目的：
1.了解原发性高血压(EH)患者动脉硬化的流行状况。
2.研究心血管危险因素与原发性高血压患者脉搏波传导速度的关系,探讨影响动脉弹性和僵硬度改变的主要因素。
方法：
从中南大学湘雅三医院及湘潭市中心医院健康管理中心2007年1月至2008年12月的体检人群中随机抽取EH患者1671例和非高血压患者3179例作为研究对象,均未经降血糖、降血脂、利尿、降压、抗尿酸药物治疗,所有对象均接受问卷调查和医学体检。应用日本欧姆龙／科林动脉硬化检测仪(BP203RPⅡ,VP-1000)测定肱-踝脉搏波传导速度(brachial-ankle PWV, baPWV),同时测量血压、身高、体重、腰围、空腹血糖(FBS)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、肌酐(Cr)、尿酸(UA)等指标,比较高血压患者和血压正常人群baPWV指标的差异,探讨合并吸烟、高脂血症、糖尿病、冠心病、肥胖等危险因素的EH患者的baPWV指标的变化情况,并分析EH患者PWV相关影响因素。应用SPSS16.0软件包进行统计分析。
结果：
1.高血压组baPWV值及异常率均显著高于血压正常组(1689.59±331.83比1311.42±171.20 cm／s,P=0.000；83.60%比24.24%,P=0.000)。
2.心血管危险因素与EH患者baPWV关系的研究中发现：高血压不同血压分级的baPWV值和异常率存在显著差异(P=0.000),3级高血压baPWV值及异常率(1984.70±425.60 cm／s,97.22%)明显高于2级高血压(1788.04±314.17 cm／s,93.54%),而2级高血压患者baPWV值及异常率则明显高于1级高血压(1590.32±274.49 cm／s,76.46%)；老年EH患者的baPWV值及异常率明显高于非老年高血压患者(1928.28±371.97比1572.80±234.19 cm／s,P=0.000；96.54%比77.27%,P=0.000)；但不同性别组的baPWV值及异常率无明显差异(1694.33±333.93比1678.91±327.11cm／s,P=0.381；84.28%比82.21%,P=0.283)。
3.合并糖尿病(1835.15±409.04比1656.83±302.50cm／s,P=0.000；90.88%比81.96%,P=0.000),冠心病(1985.38±395.35比1665.88±313.87cm／s,P=0.000；92.97%比82.83%,P=0.002),高脂血症(1711.76±342.30比1616.03±282.62cm／s,p=0.000；85.51%比77.26%,P=0.000),肥胖(1718.02±345.75比1630.86±292.71cm／s,p=0.000；86.00%比78.72%,P=0.000),吸烟(1723.81±355.38比1664.79±312.76cm／s,P=0.000；87.03%比81.17%,p=0.002)等危险因素的高血压患者其baPWV值和异常率均高于对照组。Logistic多元回归分析表明：年龄、血压、腰围、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、FBS、Cr、吸烟史、糖尿病史、冠心病史与PWV相关,且年龄(r=0.598,P=0.000；OR=8.204，P=0.000)、收缩压(r=0.566,P=0.000；OR=7.401，P=0.000)与baPWV关系最为密切；TC(r=0.268,P=0.000；OR=2.170,P=0.000)、FBS(r=0.228,P=0.000；OR=2.306,P=0.000)、冠心病史(r=0.257,P=0.000；OR=2.742,P=0.002)、糖尿病史(r=0.208,P=0.000；OR=2.192,P=0.000)与PWV关系亦较为密切。
结论：
1.高血压患者的动脉僵硬度较健康人明显增高,PWV可作为高血压患者动脉硬化改变的检测指标之一
2.年龄、血压、高血脂、高血糖,血肌酐升高,糖尿病史、冠心病史、吸烟史为高血压患者发生PWV异常的独立危险因素,且年龄、血压是影响PWV的主要危险因素。
Objective:
1. To investigate the distribution of arterial pathological changes in essential patients with hypertension.
2. To study the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with essential Hypertension and research the main factors which change arterial elasticity and stiffness.
Methods:
To select a cohort of 1671 patients with essential hypertension and 3179 non-hypertensive subjects who took an annual physical examination in the Third Xiangya Hospital and Xiangtan Hospital Health Care Center between Jan.2007 and Oct.2008 in random. All the research objects without any medication were documented on standardised case report forms, including brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure (BP), height, weight, Waist circumference(WC), fasting blood sugar(FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UA) and so on. Their characteristics and the related factors of PWV were analyzed. We applied SPSS 16.0 for Windows to analyze the datas.
Results:
1. The patients with essential hypertension had significantly higher baPWV values(1689.59±331.83 cm/s vs 1311.42±171.20 cm/s, P=0.000) than the non-hypertensive subjects. The prevalence of the hypertensive patients with abnormal PWV values was significantly higher than that of the non-hypertensive subjects (83.60% vs 24.24%, P=0.000).
2. Mean value and abnormal rate of baPWV in the different Classification of high blood pressure were significant differences (P=0.000), that is,Ⅲdegreehy hypertension (1984.70±425.60 cm/s,97.22%) was evidently higher thanⅡdegreehy hypertension (1788.04±314.17 cm/s, 93.54%), as the same as,Ⅱdegreehy hypertension was obviously higher than I degreehy hypertension(1590.32±274.49 cm/s,76.46%). Compared with the patients without complications, there were higher baPWV value and abnormal rate in the patients who combined with cardiovascular disease risk factors, that is, the agedness is higher than non-elderly (1928.28±371.97 vs 1572.80±234.19 cm/s, P=0.000.96.54% vs 77.27%,P=0.000), however, there was no difference between male and female(1694.33±333.93 vs 1678.91±327.11cm/s, P=0.381.84.28% vs 82.21%, P=0.283).
3. Compared with the patients without those factors, there were higher baPWV value and abnormal rate in the patients with complications or cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes (1835.15±409.04 vs 1656.83±302.50cm/s,P=0.000.90.88% vs 81.96%, P=0.000), coronary heart disease(1985.38±395.35 vs 1665.88±313.87cm/s, P=0.000.92.97% vs 82.83%,P=0.002), hyperlipoidemia (1711.76±342.30 vs 1616.03±282.62cm/s,p=0.000.85.51% vs 77.26%, P=0.000), and obesity or abdomen obesity (1718.02±345.75 vs 1630.86±292.71 cm/s,p=0.000.86.00% vs 78.72%, P=0.000), as well as the smoking patients (1723.81±355.38 vs 1664.79±312.76cm/s, P=0.000.87.03% vs 81.17%, p=0.002). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that Age, blood pressure, Waist circumference, TC, FBS, HDL-C, LDL-C, Cr, history of diabetes, coronary heart disease and smoking were independently associated with abnormal PWV, and age (r=0.598, P=0.000. OR=8.204,P=0.000), systolic blood pressure (r=0.566,P=0.000. OR=7.401, P=0.000) were most closely related to PWV, and TC (r=0.268,P=0.000. OR=2.170,P=0.000), FBS (r=0.228, P=0.000. OR=2.306, P=0.000), coronary heart disease (r=0.257, P=0.000. OR=2.742, P=0.002), history of diabetes (r=0.208,P=0.000. OR=2.192,P=0.000) were also more closely related to PWV
Conclusions:
1. Arterial stiffness of hypertensive patients was significantly higher compared with that of healthy people, and PWV can be used as the indicator of atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension.
2. Age, blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycaemia, high serum creatinine, diabetes, coronary heart disease and smoking were as independent risk factors for abnormal PWV of the hypertensive patients, and Age, systolic blood pressure were the most major risk factors of baPWVV values.
1.了解原发性高血压(EH)患者动脉硬化的流行状况。
2.研究心血管危险因素与原发性高血压患者脉搏波传导速度的关系,探讨影响动脉弹性和僵硬度改变的主要因素。
方法：
从中南大学湘雅三医院及湘潭市中心医院健康管理中心2007年1月至2008年12月的体检人群中随机抽取EH患者1671例和非高血压患者3179例作为研究对象,均未经降血糖、降血脂、利尿、降压、抗尿酸药物治疗,所有对象均接受问卷调查和医学体检。应用日本欧姆龙／科林动脉硬化检测仪(BP203RPⅡ,VP-1000)测定肱-踝脉搏波传导速度(brachial-ankle PWV, baPWV),同时测量血压、身高、体重、腰围、空腹血糖(FBS)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、肌酐(Cr)、尿酸(UA)等指标,比较高血压患者和血压正常人群baPWV指标的差异,探讨合并吸烟、高脂血症、糖尿病、冠心病、肥胖等危险因素的EH患者的baPWV指标的变化情况,并分析EH患者PWV相关影响因素。应用SPSS16.0软件包进行统计分析。
结果：
1.高血压组baPWV值及异常率均显著高于血压正常组(1689.59±331.83比1311.42±171.20 cm／s,P=0.000；83.60%比24.24%,P=0.000)。
2.心血管危险因素与EH患者baPWV关系的研究中发现：高血压不同血压分级的baPWV值和异常率存在显著差异(P=0.000),3级高血压baPWV值及异常率(1984.70±425.60 cm／s,97.22%)明显高于2级高血压(1788.04±314.17 cm／s,93.54%),而2级高血压患者baPWV值及异常率则明显高于1级高血压(1590.32±274.49 cm／s,76.46%)；老年EH患者的baPWV值及异常率明显高于非老年高血压患者(1928.28±371.97比1572.80±234.19 cm／s,P=0.000；96.54%比77.27%,P=0.000)；但不同性别组的baPWV值及异常率无明显差异(1694.33±333.93比1678.91±327.11cm／s,P=0.381；84.28%比82.21%,P=0.283)。
3.合并糖尿病(1835.15±409.04比1656.83±302.50cm／s,P=0.000；90.88%比81.96%,P=0.000),冠心病(1985.38±395.35比1665.88±313.87cm／s,P=0.000；92.97%比82.83%,P=0.002),高脂血症(1711.76±342.30比1616.03±282.62cm／s,p=0.000；85.51%比77.26%,P=0.000),肥胖(1718.02±345.75比1630.86±292.71cm／s,p=0.000；86.00%比78.72%,P=0.000),吸烟(1723.81±355.38比1664.79±312.76cm／s,P=0.000；87.03%比81.17%,p=0.002)等危险因素的高血压患者其baPWV值和异常率均高于对照组。Logistic多元回归分析表明：年龄、血压、腰围、TC、HDL-C、LDL-C、FBS、Cr、吸烟史、糖尿病史、冠心病史与PWV相关,且年龄(r=0.598,P=0.000；OR=8.204，P=0.000)、收缩压(r=0.566,P=0.000；OR=7.401，P=0.000)与baPWV关系最为密切；TC(r=0.268,P=0.000；OR=2.170,P=0.000)、FBS(r=0.228,P=0.000；OR=2.306,P=0.000)、冠心病史(r=0.257,P=0.000；OR=2.742,P=0.002)、糖尿病史(r=0.208,P=0.000；OR=2.192,P=0.000)与PWV关系亦较为密切。
结论：
1.高血压患者的动脉僵硬度较健康人明显增高,PWV可作为高血压患者动脉硬化改变的检测指标之一
2.年龄、血压、高血脂、高血糖,血肌酐升高,糖尿病史、冠心病史、吸烟史为高血压患者发生PWV异常的独立危险因素,且年龄、血压是影响PWV的主要危险因素。
Objective:
1. To investigate the distribution of arterial pathological changes in essential patients with hypertension.
2. To study the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with essential Hypertension and research the main factors which change arterial elasticity and stiffness.
Methods:
To select a cohort of 1671 patients with essential hypertension and 3179 non-hypertensive subjects who took an annual physical examination in the Third Xiangya Hospital and Xiangtan Hospital Health Care Center between Jan.2007 and Oct.2008 in random. All the research objects without any medication were documented on standardised case report forms, including brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), blood pressure (BP), height, weight, Waist circumference(WC), fasting blood sugar(FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatinine (Cr), uric acid (UA) and so on. Their characteristics and the related factors of PWV were analyzed. We applied SPSS 16.0 for Windows to analyze the datas.
Results:
1. The patients with essential hypertension had significantly higher baPWV values(1689.59±331.83 cm/s vs 1311.42±171.20 cm/s, P=0.000) than the non-hypertensive subjects. The prevalence of the hypertensive patients with abnormal PWV values was significantly higher than that of the non-hypertensive subjects (83.60% vs 24.24%, P=0.000).
2. Mean value and abnormal rate of baPWV in the different Classification of high blood pressure were significant differences (P=0.000), that is,Ⅲdegreehy hypertension (1984.70±425.60 cm/s,97.22%) was evidently higher thanⅡdegreehy hypertension (1788.04±314.17 cm/s, 93.54%), as the same as,Ⅱdegreehy hypertension was obviously higher than I degreehy hypertension(1590.32±274.49 cm/s,76.46%). Compared with the patients without complications, there were higher baPWV value and abnormal rate in the patients who combined with cardiovascular disease risk factors, that is, the agedness is higher than non-elderly (1928.28±371.97 vs 1572.80±234.19 cm/s, P=0.000.96.54% vs 77.27%,P=0.000), however, there was no difference between male and female(1694.33±333.93 vs 1678.91±327.11cm/s, P=0.381.84.28% vs 82.21%, P=0.283).
3. Compared with the patients without those factors, there were higher baPWV value and abnormal rate in the patients with complications or cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes (1835.15±409.04 vs 1656.83±302.50cm/s,P=0.000.90.88% vs 81.96%, P=0.000), coronary heart disease(1985.38±395.35 vs 1665.88±313.87cm/s, P=0.000.92.97% vs 82.83%,P=0.002), hyperlipoidemia (1711.76±342.30 vs 1616.03±282.62cm/s,p=0.000.85.51% vs 77.26%, P=0.000), and obesity or abdomen obesity (1718.02±345.75 vs 1630.86±292.71 cm/s,p=0.000.86.00% vs 78.72%, P=0.000), as well as the smoking patients (1723.81±355.38 vs 1664.79±312.76cm/s, P=0.000.87.03% vs 81.17%, p=0.002). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that Age, blood pressure, Waist circumference, TC, FBS, HDL-C, LDL-C, Cr, history of diabetes, coronary heart disease and smoking were independently associated with abnormal PWV, and age (r=0.598, P=0.000. OR=8.204,P=0.000), systolic blood pressure (r=0.566,P=0.000. OR=7.401, P=0.000) were most closely related to PWV, and TC (r=0.268,P=0.000. OR=2.170,P=0.000), FBS (r=0.228, P=0.000. OR=2.306, P=0.000), coronary heart disease (r=0.257, P=0.000. OR=2.742, P=0.002), history of diabetes (r=0.208,P=0.000. OR=2.192,P=0.000) were also more closely related to PWV
Conclusions:
1. Arterial stiffness of hypertensive patients was significantly higher compared with that of healthy people, and PWV can be used as the indicator of atherosclerosis in patients with hypertension.
2. Age, blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycaemia, high serum creatinine, diabetes, coronary heart disease and smoking were as independent risk factors for abnormal PWV of the hypertensive patients, and Age, systolic blood pressure were the most major risk factors of baPWVV values.
引文
[1]孔灵芝,胡盛寿.中国心血管病报告.2006，北京,中国大百科全书出版社,2008：4
[2]王宏宇.心血管学.人民军医出版社,2006：1～6
[3]Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation,2010,121(4):505～511
[4]Oliver JJ, Webb DJ. Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol,2003,23(4):554～566
[5]Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, et al. Pulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in impaired fasting glucose:the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Diabetes Care, 2003,26(2):437～440
[6]Sutton-Tyrrell K, Najjar SS, Boudreau RM, et al. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation,2005,111(25):3384-3390
[7]Nakamura U, Iwase M, Nohara S, et al. Usefulness of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement:correlation with abdominal aortic calcification. Hypertens Res,2003,26(2):163～167
[8]Inoue N, Maeda R, Kawakami H, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men. Circ J.2009 73 (3): 549～553
[9]van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al.Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis:the Rotterdam Study. Stroke,2001,32(2):454-460
[10]Sugawara J, Hayashi K, Yokoi T, et al. rachial-ankle pulse wave velocity:an index of central arterial stiffness? J Hum Hypertens.2005 19(5):401～406
[11]Laurent S, Katsahian S, Fassot C, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of fatal stroke in essential hypertension. Stroke,2003,34(5):1203～1206
[12]张丽,黄晶,李祥嫒,等.高血压治疗前后PWV的相关性研究.重庆医科大学学报,2008,33(2)：207～209
[13]李洁芳,袁洪,黄志军,等.高血压合并肥胖患者脉搏波传导速度的变化及其相关影响因素分析.中国动脉硬化杂志,2009,17(5)：385～388
[14]Naidu MU, Reddy BM, Yashmaina S, et al. Validity and reproducibility of arterial pulse wave velocity measurement using new device with oscillometric technique:a pilot study. Biomed Eng Online,2005,4:49
[15]谭静,华琦,闻静,等.高血压患者脉搏波速度与心血管疾病危险因素.中华高血压杂志,2007,15(10)：807～811
[16]吴志婷,刘秋玲,陈军喜.血管动脉硬化危险因子多因素回归分析.中国临床实用医学,2007,1(12)：41～43
[17]Nam JS, Park JS, Cho MH, et al. The association between pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome and adiponectin in patients with impaired fasting glucose: cardiovascular risks and adiponectin in IFG. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(2):145～151
[18]Gosse P, Roche F, Dauphinot V, et al. Components of arterial stiffness in a population of 65-year-old subjects:PROOF study. J Hypertens,2008,26(6):1138～1146
[19]中国高血压防治指南修订委员会.中国高血压防治指南(2005年修订版).北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,26-27
[20]郑保义.世界卫生组织关于吸烟行为调查的基本原则.中国健康教育,1992,8(5)：2-6
[21]孙玉芹,程雪雁、李翠萍,等.老年人保健与护理.天津,天津科学技术出版社,2008：2～3
[22]中国成人血脂异常防治指南制定联合委员会.中国成人血脂异常防治指南.中国中华高血压病杂志,2007,35(5)：390～409
[23]Ichihara A, Yamashita N, Takemitsu T, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index and ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of arterial fibrosis in kidney failure treated by hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis.2008,52(5):947-955
[24]Brevetti G, Piscione F, Silvestro A, et al. Increased inflammatory status and higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with concomitant coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost,2003,89(6):1058～1063
[25]Boutouyrie P, Tropeano Al, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients:a longitudinal study. Hypertension,2002,39(1):10～15
[26]Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Hughes EA, et al. Measurement of stiffness index by digital volume pulse analysis technique:clinical utility in cardiovascular disease risk stratification. Am J Hypertens,2008,21(8):866～872
[27]Shokawa T, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, et al. Pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality:findings from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima study. Circ J. 2005,69(3):259～264
[28]钟冕,黄洁明,林世伟,等.臂踝脉搏波传导速度与高血压患者的相关性研究.中国现代医生,2009,32：3233～3237
[29]郑建清,周亦卿,林金秀,等.伴代谢综合征的高血压病患者动脉功能的变化.中国动脉硬化杂志,2009,4：315～317
[30]Wang X, Xie J, Zhang LJ, et al. Reference values of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity for Northern Chinese. Chin Med J (Engl).2009,122(18):2103～2106
[31]Xu L, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in the non-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVD. Diabetes Metab Res Rev.2010,26(2) 133～139
[32]Li B, Gao H, Li X, et al. Correlation between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly patients with arteriosclerosis. Hypertens Res.2006,29(5):309～314
[33]Tomiyama H, Yamashina A, Arai T, et al. Influences of age and gender on results of noninvasive brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity measurement-a survey of 12517 subjects. Atherosclerosis,2003,166(2):303～309
[34]Kimoto E, Shoji T, Shinohara K, et al. Preferential stiffening of central over peripheral arteries in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes.2003,52(2):448～452
[35]Vermeersch SJ, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, et al. Age and gender related patterns in carotid-femoral PWV and carotid and femoral stiffness in a large healthy, middle-aged population. J Hypertens.2008,26(7):1411～1419
[36]Filipovsky J, Ticha M, Cifkova R, et al. Large artery stiffness and pulse wave reflection:results of a population-based study. Blood Press.2005;14(1):45～52
[37]Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Cigarette smoking, ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens.1995 13(10): 1209～1215
[38]赵兴,姚成立.长期吸烟对原发性高血压患者动脉僵硬度的影响.宁夏医学杂志,2009,4(4)：319～320
[39]Rehill N, Beck CR, Yeo KR, et al. The effect of chronic tobacco smoking on arterial stiffness. Br J Clin Pharmacol.2006,61(6):767～773
[40]Rincon J, Krook A, Galuska D, et al. Altered skeletal muscle glucose transport and blood lipid levels in habitual cigarette smokers. Clin Physiol.1999,19(2):135～142
[41]Kumeda Y, Inaba M, Shoji S, et al. Significant correlation of glycated albumin, but not glycated haemoglobin, with arterial stiffening in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2008,69(4):556～561
[42]Ogawa O, Hayashi C, Nakaniwa T, et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.2005,68(2):162～166
[43]Nakanishi N,Shiraishi T,Wada M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population:the Minoh study.Hypertens Res,2005,28(2):125～131
[44]Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, et al. Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res.2002,25(3):359～364
[45]Imanishi R, Seto S, Toda G, et al. High brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the presence of coronary artery disease in men. Hypertens Res, 2004,27(2):71～78
[46]Sakuragi S, Iwasaki J, Tokunaga N, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiology,2005, 103(2):107～112
[47]Tanaka Y, Daida H, Imai Y,et al. Morning home blood pressure may be a significant marker of nephropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes:ADVANCED-J study 1. Hypertens Res.2009,32(9):770～774
[1]Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, et al. Pulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in impaired fasting glucose:the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Diabetes Care, 2003,26(2):437～440
[2]Sutton-Tyrrell K, Najjar SS, Boudreau RM, et al. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation,2005,111 (25):3384～3390
[3]姚树勇,路方红,孙晓静,等.高血压前期患者动脉硬度的变化.中国现代医师,2008,46(7)：36～37
[4]Van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis:the Rotterdam study. Stroke,2001,32(2):454～460
[5]Sugawara J, Hayashi K, Yokoi T, et al. rachial-ankle pulse wave velocity:an index of central arterial stiffness? J Hum Hypertens.2005,19(5):401～406
[6]Cortez-Cooper MY, Supak JA, Tanaka H. A new device for automatic measurements of arterial stiffness and ankle-brachial index. Am J Cardiol,2003,91(12): 1519～1522
[7]Munakata M, Ito N, Nunokawa T, et al. Utility of automated brachial ankle pulse wave velocity measurements in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens,2003,16(8): 653～657
[8]Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, et al. validity, reproducibility and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens res,2002,25(3):359～364
[9]Li B, Gao H, Li X, et al. Correlation between brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly patients with arteriosclerosis. Hypertens Res,2006,29(5):309～314
[10]Tomiyama H, Yamashina A, Arai T, et al. Influences of age and gender on results of noninvasive brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity measurement-a survey of 12517 subjects. Atherosclerosis,2003,166(2):303～309
[11]Kimoto E, Shoji T, Shinohara K, et al. Preferential stiffening of central over peripheral arteries in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes.2003,52(2):448～452
[12]Vermeersch, SJ; Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, et al. Age and gender related patterns in carotid-femoral PWV and carotid and femoral stiffness in a large healthy, middle-aged population. J Hypertens,2008,26(7):1411～1419
[13]Filipovsky J, Ticha M, Cifkova R, et al. Large artery stiffness and pulse wave reflection:results of a population-based study. Blood Press.2005;14(1):45-52
[14]赵兴,姚成立.长期吸烟对原发性高血压患者动脉僵硬度的影响.宁夏医学杂志,2009,4(4)：319～320
[15]Rehill N, Beck CR, Yeo KR, et al. The effect of chronic tobacco smoking on arterial stiffness. Br J Clin Pharmacol.200661(6):767～773
[16]来超,刘莉,谢兆宏,等.脉搏波传导速度与脑血管病的相关性.山东大学学报(医学版),2009,47(8)：97～99
[17]Motobe K, Tomiyama H, Koji Y, et al. Cut-off value of the ankle-brachial pressure index at which the accuracy of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement is diminished. Circ J,2005,69(1):55～60
[18]Aso k, Miyata M, Kubo T, et al. Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity is useful for evaluation of complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Hypertens Res,2003,26(10): 807～813
[19]Ichihara A, Yamashita N, Takemitsu T, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index and ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of arterial fibrosis in kidney failure treated by hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis.2008,52(5):947～955
[20]Inoue N, Maeda R, Kawakami H, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men. Circ J.2009 73(3):549～553
[21]Fujiwara Y, Chaves PH, Takahashi R, et al. Arterial pulse wave velocity as a marker of poor cognitive function in an elderly community-dwelling population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2005,60(5):607～612
[22]Nakamura U, Iwase M, Nohara S, et al. Usefulness of brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity measurement:correlation with abdominal aortic calcification. Hypertens Res,2003,26(2):163～167
[23]Yokoyama H, Shoji T, Kimoto E, et al. Pulse wave velocity in lower|limb arteries among diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2003,10(4):253～258
[24]Brevetti G, Piscione F, Silvestro A, et al. Increased inflammatory status and higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with concomitant coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost,2003,89(6):1058～1063
[25]Shokawa T, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, et al. Pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality:findings from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima study. Circ J.2005,69(3):259～264
[26]钟冕,,黄洁明,林世伟,等.臂踝脉搏波传导速度与高血压患者的相关性研究.中国现代医生,2009,32：32～33,37
[27]王宏宇,张维忠,龚兰生,等.高血压合并动脉粥样硬化与大动脉缓冲功能关系的研究.中华心血管病杂志,2001,29(4)：206～209
[28]Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Hughes EA, et, al. Measurement of stiffness index by digital valume pulse analysis technique clinical utility in cardiovascular disease risk stratification[J]. Am J Hypertension,2008,21(8):866～872
[29]Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients:a longitudinal study. Hypertension,2002,39(1):10～15
[30]Asmar R, Topouchian J, Pannier B, et al. Pulse wave velocity as endpoint in large-scale intervention trial. The Complior study. Scientific, Quality Control, Coordination and Investigation Committees of the Complior Study. J Hypertens,2001, 19(4):813～818
[31]Asmar RG, London GM, O'Rourke ME, et al. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril indapamide combination in hypertensive patient:a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension,2001, 38(4):922～926
[32]Van Bortel LM, Struijker-Boudier HA, Safar ME. Pulse pressure, arterial stiffness, and drug treatment of hypertension. Hypertension,2001,38(4):914～921
[33]Seo SK, Cho S, Kim HY, et al. Bone mineral density, arterial stiffness, and coronary atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause,2009 (16)10:937～943
[34]Imanishi R, Seto S, Toda G, et al. High brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the presence of coronary artery disease in men. Hypertens Res, 2004,27(2):71～78
[35]Sakuragi S,Iwasaki J,Tokunaga N,et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiology, 2005,103(2):107～112
[36]Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation.,2010,121(4):505～511
[37]Kumeda Y, Inaba M, Shoji S, et al. Significant correlation of glycated albumin, but not glycated haemoglobin, with arterial stiffening in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2008,69(4):556～561
[38]Ogawa O, Hayashi C, Nakaniwa T, et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.,2005,68(2):162～166
[39]Xu L, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in the non-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVD. Diabetes Metab Res Rev.2010, 26(2):133～139
[40]Satoh N, Ogawa Y,Usui T, et al. Antiatherogenic Effect of Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Irrespective of the Responsiveness to Its Antidiabetic Effect. Diabetes care,2003,26(9):2493～2499
[41]闫振成,牟华明,祝之明.代谢综合征病因探索与临床实践.北京：人民军医出版社,2005,238～247
[42]Nam JS, Park JS, Cho MH, et al. The association between pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome and adiponectin in patients with impaired fasting glucose: Cardiovascular risks and adiponectin in IFG. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(2): 145～151
[43]刘芳,王淑霞,杨锐英.代谢综合征脉搏波的传导速度改变及影响因素分析,宁夏医学杂志2009,31(3)：206～208
[44]Nakanishi N, Shiraishi T, Wada M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population:the Minoh study.Hypertens Res,2005, 28(2):125～131
[45]Nakano H, Okazaki K, Ajiro Y, et al. Clinical usefulness of measuring pulse wave velocity in predicting cerebrovascular disease:evaluation from a cross-Sectional and longitudinal follow-up study. J Nippon Med Sch,2001,68(6):490～497
[46]Nakano T, Ohkuma H, Suzuki S. Assessment of vascular injury in patients withstroke by measurement of pulse wave velocity. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2004, 13(2):74～80
[47]黄小芳,黄慧芳,袁晓虹,等.臂踝脉搏波传导速度与脑出血、脑梗死的相关研究.浙江医学,2006,28(4)：255～257
[2]王宏宇.心血管学.人民军医出版社,2006：1～6
[3]Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation,2010,121(4):505～511
[4]Oliver JJ, Webb DJ. Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness and risk of atherosclerotic events. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol,2003,23(4):554～566
[5]Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, et al. Pulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in impaired fasting glucose:the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Diabetes Care, 2003,26(2):437～440
[6]Sutton-Tyrrell K, Najjar SS, Boudreau RM, et al. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation,2005,111(25):3384-3390
[7]Nakamura U, Iwase M, Nohara S, et al. Usefulness of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement:correlation with abdominal aortic calcification. Hypertens Res,2003,26(2):163～167
[8]Inoue N, Maeda R, Kawakami H, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men. Circ J.2009 73 (3): 549～553
[9]van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al.Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis:the Rotterdam Study. Stroke,2001,32(2):454-460
[10]Sugawara J, Hayashi K, Yokoi T, et al. rachial-ankle pulse wave velocity:an index of central arterial stiffness? J Hum Hypertens.2005 19(5):401～406
[11]Laurent S, Katsahian S, Fassot C, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of fatal stroke in essential hypertension. Stroke,2003,34(5):1203～1206
[12]张丽,黄晶,李祥嫒,等.高血压治疗前后PWV的相关性研究.重庆医科大学学报,2008,33(2)：207～209
[13]李洁芳,袁洪,黄志军,等.高血压合并肥胖患者脉搏波传导速度的变化及其相关影响因素分析.中国动脉硬化杂志,2009,17(5)：385～388
[14]Naidu MU, Reddy BM, Yashmaina S, et al. Validity and reproducibility of arterial pulse wave velocity measurement using new device with oscillometric technique:a pilot study. Biomed Eng Online,2005,4:49
[15]谭静,华琦,闻静,等.高血压患者脉搏波速度与心血管疾病危险因素.中华高血压杂志,2007,15(10)：807～811
[16]吴志婷,刘秋玲,陈军喜.血管动脉硬化危险因子多因素回归分析.中国临床实用医学,2007,1(12)：41～43
[17]Nam JS, Park JS, Cho MH, et al. The association between pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome and adiponectin in patients with impaired fasting glucose: cardiovascular risks and adiponectin in IFG. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(2):145～151
[18]Gosse P, Roche F, Dauphinot V, et al. Components of arterial stiffness in a population of 65-year-old subjects:PROOF study. J Hypertens,2008,26(6):1138～1146
[19]中国高血压防治指南修订委员会.中国高血压防治指南(2005年修订版).北京：人民卫生出版社,2006,26-27
[20]郑保义.世界卫生组织关于吸烟行为调查的基本原则.中国健康教育,1992,8(5)：2-6
[21]孙玉芹,程雪雁、李翠萍,等.老年人保健与护理.天津,天津科学技术出版社,2008：2～3
[22]中国成人血脂异常防治指南制定联合委员会.中国成人血脂异常防治指南.中国中华高血压病杂志,2007,35(5)：390～409
[23]Ichihara A, Yamashita N, Takemitsu T, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index and ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of arterial fibrosis in kidney failure treated by hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis.2008,52(5):947-955
[24]Brevetti G, Piscione F, Silvestro A, et al. Increased inflammatory status and higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with concomitant coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost,2003,89(6):1058～1063
[25]Boutouyrie P, Tropeano Al, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients:a longitudinal study. Hypertension,2002,39(1):10～15
[26]Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Hughes EA, et al. Measurement of stiffness index by digital volume pulse analysis technique:clinical utility in cardiovascular disease risk stratification. Am J Hypertens,2008,21(8):866～872
[27]Shokawa T, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, et al. Pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality:findings from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima study. Circ J. 2005,69(3):259～264
[28]钟冕,黄洁明,林世伟,等.臂踝脉搏波传导速度与高血压患者的相关性研究.中国现代医生,2009,32：3233～3237
[29]郑建清,周亦卿,林金秀,等.伴代谢综合征的高血压病患者动脉功能的变化.中国动脉硬化杂志,2009,4：315～317
[30]Wang X, Xie J, Zhang LJ, et al. Reference values of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity for Northern Chinese. Chin Med J (Engl).2009,122(18):2103～2106
[31]Xu L, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in the non-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVD. Diabetes Metab Res Rev.2010,26(2) 133～139
[32]Li B, Gao H, Li X, et al. Correlation between brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly patients with arteriosclerosis. Hypertens Res.2006,29(5):309～314
[33]Tomiyama H, Yamashina A, Arai T, et al. Influences of age and gender on results of noninvasive brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity measurement-a survey of 12517 subjects. Atherosclerosis,2003,166(2):303～309
[34]Kimoto E, Shoji T, Shinohara K, et al. Preferential stiffening of central over peripheral arteries in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes.2003,52(2):448～452
[35]Vermeersch SJ, Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, et al. Age and gender related patterns in carotid-femoral PWV and carotid and femoral stiffness in a large healthy, middle-aged population. J Hypertens.2008,26(7):1411～1419
[36]Filipovsky J, Ticha M, Cifkova R, et al. Large artery stiffness and pulse wave reflection:results of a population-based study. Blood Press.2005;14(1):45～52
[37]Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Cigarette smoking, ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens.1995 13(10): 1209～1215
[38]赵兴,姚成立.长期吸烟对原发性高血压患者动脉僵硬度的影响.宁夏医学杂志,2009,4(4)：319～320
[39]Rehill N, Beck CR, Yeo KR, et al. The effect of chronic tobacco smoking on arterial stiffness. Br J Clin Pharmacol.2006,61(6):767～773
[40]Rincon J, Krook A, Galuska D, et al. Altered skeletal muscle glucose transport and blood lipid levels in habitual cigarette smokers. Clin Physiol.1999,19(2):135～142
[41]Kumeda Y, Inaba M, Shoji S, et al. Significant correlation of glycated albumin, but not glycated haemoglobin, with arterial stiffening in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2008,69(4):556～561
[42]Ogawa O, Hayashi C, Nakaniwa T, et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.2005,68(2):162～166
[43]Nakanishi N,Shiraishi T,Wada M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population:the Minoh study.Hypertens Res,2005,28(2):125～131
[44]Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, et al. Validity, reproducibility, and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens Res.2002,25(3):359～364
[45]Imanishi R, Seto S, Toda G, et al. High brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the presence of coronary artery disease in men. Hypertens Res, 2004,27(2):71～78
[46]Sakuragi S, Iwasaki J, Tokunaga N, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiology,2005, 103(2):107～112
[47]Tanaka Y, Daida H, Imai Y,et al. Morning home blood pressure may be a significant marker of nephropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes:ADVANCED-J study 1. Hypertens Res.2009,32(9):770～774
[1]Ohnishi H, Saitoh S, Takagi S, et al. Pulse wave velocity as an indicator of atherosclerosis in impaired fasting glucose:the Tanno and Sobetsu study. Diabetes Care, 2003,26(2):437～440
[2]Sutton-Tyrrell K, Najjar SS, Boudreau RM, et al. Elevated aortic pulse wave velocity, a marker of arterial stiffness, predicts cardiovascular events in well-functioning older adults. Circulation,2005,111 (25):3384～3390
[3]姚树勇,路方红,孙晓静,等.高血压前期患者动脉硬度的变化.中国现代医师,2008,46(7)：36～37
[4]Van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis:the Rotterdam study. Stroke,2001,32(2):454～460
[5]Sugawara J, Hayashi K, Yokoi T, et al. rachial-ankle pulse wave velocity:an index of central arterial stiffness? J Hum Hypertens.2005,19(5):401～406
[6]Cortez-Cooper MY, Supak JA, Tanaka H. A new device for automatic measurements of arterial stiffness and ankle-brachial index. Am J Cardiol,2003,91(12): 1519～1522
[7]Munakata M, Ito N, Nunokawa T, et al. Utility of automated brachial ankle pulse wave velocity measurements in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens,2003,16(8): 653～657
[8]Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Takeda K, et al. validity, reproducibility and clinical significance of noninvasive brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement. Hypertens res,2002,25(3):359～364
[9]Li B, Gao H, Li X, et al. Correlation between brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity and arterial compliance and cardiovascular risk factors in elderly patients with arteriosclerosis. Hypertens Res,2006,29(5):309～314
[10]Tomiyama H, Yamashina A, Arai T, et al. Influences of age and gender on results of noninvasive brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity measurement-a survey of 12517 subjects. Atherosclerosis,2003,166(2):303～309
[11]Kimoto E, Shoji T, Shinohara K, et al. Preferential stiffening of central over peripheral arteries in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes.2003,52(2):448～452
[12]Vermeersch, SJ; Rietzschel ER, De Buyzere ML, et al. Age and gender related patterns in carotid-femoral PWV and carotid and femoral stiffness in a large healthy, middle-aged population. J Hypertens,2008,26(7):1411～1419
[13]Filipovsky J, Ticha M, Cifkova R, et al. Large artery stiffness and pulse wave reflection:results of a population-based study. Blood Press.2005;14(1):45-52
[14]赵兴,姚成立.长期吸烟对原发性高血压患者动脉僵硬度的影响.宁夏医学杂志,2009,4(4)：319～320
[15]Rehill N, Beck CR, Yeo KR, et al. The effect of chronic tobacco smoking on arterial stiffness. Br J Clin Pharmacol.200661(6):767～773
[16]来超,刘莉,谢兆宏,等.脉搏波传导速度与脑血管病的相关性.山东大学学报(医学版),2009,47(8)：97～99
[17]Motobe K, Tomiyama H, Koji Y, et al. Cut-off value of the ankle-brachial pressure index at which the accuracy of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity measurement is diminished. Circ J,2005,69(1):55～60
[18]Aso k, Miyata M, Kubo T, et al. Brachial ankle pulse wave velocity is useful for evaluation of complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Hypertens Res,2003,26(10): 807～813
[19]Ichihara A, Yamashita N, Takemitsu T, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index and ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of arterial fibrosis in kidney failure treated by hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis.2008,52(5):947～955
[20]Inoue N, Maeda R, Kawakami H, et al. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men. Circ J.2009 73(3):549～553
[21]Fujiwara Y, Chaves PH, Takahashi R, et al. Arterial pulse wave velocity as a marker of poor cognitive function in an elderly community-dwelling population. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,2005,60(5):607～612
[22]Nakamura U, Iwase M, Nohara S, et al. Usefulness of brachial|ankle pulse wave velocity measurement:correlation with abdominal aortic calcification. Hypertens Res,2003,26(2):163～167
[23]Yokoyama H, Shoji T, Kimoto E, et al. Pulse wave velocity in lower|limb arteries among diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Atheroscler Thromb, 2003,10(4):253～258
[24]Brevetti G, Piscione F, Silvestro A, et al. Increased inflammatory status and higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in patients with concomitant coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost,2003,89(6):1058～1063
[25]Shokawa T, Imazu M, Yamamoto H, et al. Pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality:findings from the Hawaii-Los Angeles-Hiroshima study. Circ J.2005,69(3):259～264
[26]钟冕,,黄洁明,林世伟,等.臂踝脉搏波传导速度与高血压患者的相关性研究.中国现代医生,2009,32：32～33,37
[27]王宏宇,张维忠,龚兰生,等.高血压合并动脉粥样硬化与大动脉缓冲功能关系的研究.中华心血管病杂志,2001,29(4)：206～209
[28]Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Hughes EA, et, al. Measurement of stiffness index by digital valume pulse analysis technique clinical utility in cardiovascular disease risk stratification[J]. Am J Hypertension,2008,21(8):866～872
[29]Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients:a longitudinal study. Hypertension,2002,39(1):10～15
[30]Asmar R, Topouchian J, Pannier B, et al. Pulse wave velocity as endpoint in large-scale intervention trial. The Complior study. Scientific, Quality Control, Coordination and Investigation Committees of the Complior Study. J Hypertens,2001, 19(4):813～818
[31]Asmar RG, London GM, O'Rourke ME, et al. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril indapamide combination in hypertensive patient:a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension,2001, 38(4):922～926
[32]Van Bortel LM, Struijker-Boudier HA, Safar ME. Pulse pressure, arterial stiffness, and drug treatment of hypertension. Hypertension,2001,38(4):914～921
[33]Seo SK, Cho S, Kim HY, et al. Bone mineral density, arterial stiffness, and coronary atherosclerosis in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause,2009 (16)10:937～943
[34]Imanishi R, Seto S, Toda G, et al. High brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is an independent predictor of the presence of coronary artery disease in men. Hypertens Res, 2004,27(2):71～78
[35]Sakuragi S,Iwasaki J,Tokunaga N,et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease. Cardiology, 2005,103(2):107～112
[36]Mitchell GF, Hwang SJ, Vasan RS, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events:the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation.,2010,121(4):505～511
[37]Kumeda Y, Inaba M, Shoji S, et al. Significant correlation of glycated albumin, but not glycated haemoglobin, with arterial stiffening in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).2008,69(4):556～561
[38]Ogawa O, Hayashi C, Nakaniwa T, et al. Arterial stiffness is associated with diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.,2005,68(2):162～166
[39]Xu L, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in the non-diabetic and newly diagnosed diabetic Chinese: Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-CVD. Diabetes Metab Res Rev.2010, 26(2):133～139
[40]Satoh N, Ogawa Y,Usui T, et al. Antiatherogenic Effect of Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Irrespective of the Responsiveness to Its Antidiabetic Effect. Diabetes care,2003,26(9):2493～2499
[41]闫振成,牟华明,祝之明.代谢综合征病因探索与临床实践.北京：人民军医出版社,2005,238～247
[42]Nam JS, Park JS, Cho MH, et al. The association between pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome and adiponectin in patients with impaired fasting glucose: Cardiovascular risks and adiponectin in IFG. Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2009,84(2): 145～151
[43]刘芳,王淑霞,杨锐英.代谢综合征脉搏波的传导速度改变及影响因素分析,宁夏医学杂志2009,31(3)：206～208
[44]Nakanishi N, Shiraishi T, Wada M. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and metabolic syndrome in a Japanese population:the Minoh study.Hypertens Res,2005, 28(2):125～131
[45]Nakano H, Okazaki K, Ajiro Y, et al. Clinical usefulness of measuring pulse wave velocity in predicting cerebrovascular disease:evaluation from a cross-Sectional and longitudinal follow-up study. J Nippon Med Sch,2001,68(6):490～497
[46]Nakano T, Ohkuma H, Suzuki S. Assessment of vascular injury in patients withstroke by measurement of pulse wave velocity. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2004, 13(2):74～80
[47]黄小芳,黄慧芳,袁晓虹,等.臂踝脉搏波传导速度与脑出血、脑梗死的相关研究.浙江医学,2006,28(4)：255～257