基于认知控制和冲突监控
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摘要
研究拟通过对认知控制的冲突监控理论探讨方向知觉决策的认知神经机制。以往的研究显示,决策与认知控制密切相关,通过对认知控制的研究有助于解决复杂的决策问题。但是认知控制同样是复杂的,利用冲突监控假说研究认知控制,是探索认知控制的有效途径。以往对冲突监控的研究还存在许多问题,刺激冲突与反应冲突无法分开；以往的研究都存在记忆原则失误会干扰冲突加工；以往的研究多利用功能成像(fMRI)缺乏精确的时间定位分析。本研究采用内源性箭头刺激作为刺激冲突,排除了记忆原则的干扰,利用时间分辨率高的ERPs技术分析知觉决策加工机制。
实验一：采用折线单箭头作为刺激,利用经典的知觉决策实验范式,结果显示：折线单箭头对左右位置反应P1振幅在Fz和Cz点表现为随着比值的增加,振幅增大,提示P1效应符合刺激加强或唤起假说。在到达最大振幅01点时,P1振幅没有差异,预示着P1代表在早阶段中知觉策略的转移和更快的全面信息加工,预示易化加工效应；对上下位置反应,P1振幅在01点达到最大,同时P1振幅随着不同比例折线单箭头的比值增大而减小,与折线单箭头对左右方向反应的结果相反。提示P1效应符合基线假说；N1表现为随着不同比例折线单箭头比值的增加,振幅增大；表现出N1的区分加工效应；同时表现出P1与N1功能分离,P1表现为抑制加工,而N1表现为区分加工。N2与P300振幅没有差异,提示折线单箭头不同比例的认知控制加工没有差异。
实验二：采用折线双箭头作为刺激材料,采用实验一知觉决策实验范式,研究结果显示折线双箭头对左右方向反应P1振幅在Fz和Cz点表现为随着比值的增加,振幅增大,提示P1效应符合刺激加强或唤起假说。在到达最大振幅01点时,P1振幅没有差异,预示着P1代表在早阶段中知觉策略的转移和更快的全面信息加工,预示易化加工效应；对上下位置反应,P1振幅在Pz点差异显著,随着不同比例折线单箭头的比值增大而减小的趋势,与折线双箭头对左右方向反应的结果相反,提示P1效应符合基线假说；在01点达到最大,除5：5折线双箭头其他比例折现双箭头P1振幅没有差异。5：5折线双箭头振幅最小,且与折线双箭头振幅没有差异,提示可能5：5折线双箭头对上下位置反应易化为对左右位置反应。Nl表现为随着不同比例折线单箭头比值的增加,振幅增大；表现出N1的区分加工效应；同时表现出P1与N1功能分离,P1表现为抑制加工,而N1表现为区分加工。折线双箭头诱发N2在Fz点振幅最大,提示由于研究中仅有刺激冲突,无反应冲突,因而N2效应表示的是对反应冲突的觉察,而不是反应抑制。折线双箭头诱发P300,指向左右位置反应,P300振幅无显著差异,而指向上下位置,P300振幅存在差异,显示5：5折线双箭头振幅最小,提示由于5：5折线双箭头在决策加工初期易化为左右方向,因而在P300阶段增加认知控制从而能完成对上下位置的反应。
实验三：协方向知觉决策研究,采用折线双箭头作为刺激材料,反应位置改为左上/右下或右上/左下对角线方向,从而引入协方向加工,同时引入反应冲突。将刺激分为五大类,六种刺激水平分别为低相关低拟合组(LL)、低相关高拟合组(LH)、高相关高拟合(HH)、高相关低拟合(HL)和自由反应组FHH和FLL。结果显示：P1的振幅出现了差异,将六种刺激水平分成了三类,高相关组与自有反应FLL,自由反应组FHH和低相关组；提示在知觉决策加工的早期阶段,视知觉就将信息进行了初步的整合,提示P1的振幅不是感觉激活的成分,而是刺激分类的证据；同时不同P1振幅高低与刺激线索本身信息特征——即线索的提示性大小有关,P1效应符合抑制性时机假说。六种刺激水平诱发N1振幅比较差异不显著。与N1有限能力的辨别加工有关。N2在Fz点诱发的振幅最大,但在Cz和Pz点也存在显著差异,Fz点自由反应折线双箭头诱发的N2振幅低于其他水平刺激的振幅,推测自由反应组需要特别的注意和自我控制；P300在Pz点差异显著,且将刺激分为3类,低相关低拟合组(LL)与高相关低拟合组(HL)的振幅最大,低相关高拟合组(LH)与自由反应组(FHH)振幅最小,高相关高拟合组(HH)与自由反应(FLL)组居中,提示P300与内源性不同的刺激分类有关,同时提示P300与反应冲突无关,而与协方向加工有关。
This study is about direction-perceptual decision making of congnitive and neural mechanism based on conflict monitoring theory of cognitive control.Previous studies suggested that there is very closely relationship between decision making and cognitive control. It is very helpful to understand complicated decision making by studing the cognitive control.However, the cognitive control is complicated. Now many researches focused on the conflict monitoring hypothesis to explore cognitive control.Maybe it is a very effective method.There are still many problems on the conflict monitoring in previous researches.The main problems:stimulus conflict and response conflict cannot be separated; principles of memory errors could interfere with the conflict processing; using functional imaging (fMRI) the lack of accurate time analysis.This study adopts the endogenous arrow stimuli as stimulus conflict, eliminate the disturbance of memory principle, using high time resolution of ERPs technology to analyze the cognitive and neural mechanism of perceptual decision making process.
Experiment1:using the broken line single arrow as stimulus in the experimental paradigm, perceptual decision making results show:different ratios of broken line single arrow evoked amplitude of P1at Fz and Cz,as the ratio increases, amplitude increases, suggesting that P1effect with the reinforcing stimulus or arousal hypothesis. At the maximum amplitude of the O1electrode, no differences in P1amplitude, indicates that the transfer of P1on behalf of consciousness in the early stages of strategy and faster overall information processing, indicating facilitation effect; acted to the vertical direction, P1amplitude reached the maximum at O1, and the amplitude of P1decreased with different ratio of single cases of line the arrow increases, and broken arrow on the results about the direction of the opposite reaction. P1effect with the baseline hypothesis; N1showed increased with different proportion of broken arrow, ratio of amplitude increase; show differentiated processing effect of N1; at the same time showed that PI isolated to N1function, P1showed inhibitory processing, and the performance of the N1to distinguish between processing. No differences between N2and P300amplitudes, suggested line single arrow different proportions of the cognitive control process no exist.
Experiment2:the broken line double arrow as stimuli, experiment using a perceptual decision making paradigm, research results show:when asked subjects to make decision with herizonal direction, the broken line double arrow evoked P1amplitude at Fz and Cz showed that the ratio of broken line increase, theP1amplitude increase, suggesting that P1effect explain with reinforcing stimulus or arousal hypothesis. At the maximum amplitude of the01point, no differences in P1amplitude, indicates that the transfer of P1on behalf of consciousness in the early stages of strategy and faster overall information processing, indicating facilitation effect; for the location, P1amplitude differences in Pz significantly, with increasing ratio of different proportion of line single arrow head decreases the trend line, results and the double arrow on about the direction of the opposite reaction, suggesting that P1effect with the baseline hypothesis; reach the maximum at01, in addition to the5:5line double arrow other ratio of discounted P1amplitude did not differ between the double arrow.5:5broken line double arrow minimum amplitude, and there is no difference and broken arrow amplitude, suggesting that it may be5:5line double arrow on the position response facilitation for the position of reaction. N1showed increased with different proportion of broken arrow, ratio of amplitude increase; show differentiated processing effect of N1; at the same time showed P1isolation and N1function, P1showed inhibitory processing, and the performance of the N1to distinguish between processing. The double arrow line induced by N2in Fz point of maximum amplitude, the study only stimulus conflict, no response conflict, so the N2effect on the reaction of conflict that is perceived, rather than inhibiting reaction. The double arrow line evoked P300, pointing to the position of reaction, no significant differences in P300amplitude, and pointing to the upper and lower positions, there were significant differences in P300amplitude,5:5line double arrow minimum amplitude, the5:5line double arrow facilitation for left and right direction in the decision-making process at the early stage, and in the P300phase increase cognitive control can be completed on position reaction.
Experiment3:coherence of perceptual decision direction, the broken line double arrow as stimuli, response location to the left/right or right/left diagonal directions, thus introducing coherence direction of processing and response conflict. The stimulus is divided into five categories, six kinds of stimulation levels were low relation low fitting group (LL), low relation high fitting group (LH), high relation high fitting (HH), high relation low fitting (HL) and free responses of group FHH and FLL-The results showed:P1amplitude differences emerged, six kinds of stimulation level devided into the three type:high related group and free response FLL, free response group FHH and low relation group; in the early stages of perceptual decision making process, visual perception will be conducted the preliminary integration, suggesting that P1amplitude is not activated by the sensory,but is the evidence of classification; at the same time, different P1amplitude of stimulus cue itself-namely information with what strong feature hint cue, P1effect with inhibitory timing hypothesis. Six levels of stimulation evoked N1amplitude is the difference was not significant.The amplitude of N1represents the discrimination ability of processing the relevant. The amplitude of N2at Fz induced the largest, but also exist significant differences in Cz and Pz, N2amplitude Fz free response line double arrow induced lower amplitude levels of stimulation, speculated that the free response group requires special attention and self control; P300differences at Pz has significantly different, and divided stimulate into3group, low relation low fitting group (LL) and high relative low fitting group (HL) of the maximum amplitude,low relation high fitting group (LH) and free response group (FHH) minimum amplitude, high relation high fitting group (HH) and free response (FLL) group between them, classification of P300is related to endogenous cue different, at the same time, suggesting that P300is not represent response conflict, but is related to coherence direction processing.
实验一：采用折线单箭头作为刺激,利用经典的知觉决策实验范式,结果显示：折线单箭头对左右位置反应P1振幅在Fz和Cz点表现为随着比值的增加,振幅增大,提示P1效应符合刺激加强或唤起假说。在到达最大振幅01点时,P1振幅没有差异,预示着P1代表在早阶段中知觉策略的转移和更快的全面信息加工,预示易化加工效应；对上下位置反应,P1振幅在01点达到最大,同时P1振幅随着不同比例折线单箭头的比值增大而减小,与折线单箭头对左右方向反应的结果相反。提示P1效应符合基线假说；N1表现为随着不同比例折线单箭头比值的增加,振幅增大；表现出N1的区分加工效应；同时表现出P1与N1功能分离,P1表现为抑制加工,而N1表现为区分加工。N2与P300振幅没有差异,提示折线单箭头不同比例的认知控制加工没有差异。
实验二：采用折线双箭头作为刺激材料,采用实验一知觉决策实验范式,研究结果显示折线双箭头对左右方向反应P1振幅在Fz和Cz点表现为随着比值的增加,振幅增大,提示P1效应符合刺激加强或唤起假说。在到达最大振幅01点时,P1振幅没有差异,预示着P1代表在早阶段中知觉策略的转移和更快的全面信息加工,预示易化加工效应；对上下位置反应,P1振幅在Pz点差异显著,随着不同比例折线单箭头的比值增大而减小的趋势,与折线双箭头对左右方向反应的结果相反,提示P1效应符合基线假说；在01点达到最大,除5：5折线双箭头其他比例折现双箭头P1振幅没有差异。5：5折线双箭头振幅最小,且与折线双箭头振幅没有差异,提示可能5：5折线双箭头对上下位置反应易化为对左右位置反应。Nl表现为随着不同比例折线单箭头比值的增加,振幅增大；表现出N1的区分加工效应；同时表现出P1与N1功能分离,P1表现为抑制加工,而N1表现为区分加工。折线双箭头诱发N2在Fz点振幅最大,提示由于研究中仅有刺激冲突,无反应冲突,因而N2效应表示的是对反应冲突的觉察,而不是反应抑制。折线双箭头诱发P300,指向左右位置反应,P300振幅无显著差异,而指向上下位置,P300振幅存在差异,显示5：5折线双箭头振幅最小,提示由于5：5折线双箭头在决策加工初期易化为左右方向,因而在P300阶段增加认知控制从而能完成对上下位置的反应。
实验三：协方向知觉决策研究,采用折线双箭头作为刺激材料,反应位置改为左上/右下或右上/左下对角线方向,从而引入协方向加工,同时引入反应冲突。将刺激分为五大类,六种刺激水平分别为低相关低拟合组(LL)、低相关高拟合组(LH)、高相关高拟合(HH)、高相关低拟合(HL)和自由反应组FHH和FLL。结果显示：P1的振幅出现了差异,将六种刺激水平分成了三类,高相关组与自有反应FLL,自由反应组FHH和低相关组；提示在知觉决策加工的早期阶段,视知觉就将信息进行了初步的整合,提示P1的振幅不是感觉激活的成分,而是刺激分类的证据；同时不同P1振幅高低与刺激线索本身信息特征——即线索的提示性大小有关,P1效应符合抑制性时机假说。六种刺激水平诱发N1振幅比较差异不显著。与N1有限能力的辨别加工有关。N2在Fz点诱发的振幅最大,但在Cz和Pz点也存在显著差异,Fz点自由反应折线双箭头诱发的N2振幅低于其他水平刺激的振幅,推测自由反应组需要特别的注意和自我控制；P300在Pz点差异显著,且将刺激分为3类,低相关低拟合组(LL)与高相关低拟合组(HL)的振幅最大,低相关高拟合组(LH)与自由反应组(FHH)振幅最小,高相关高拟合组(HH)与自由反应(FLL)组居中,提示P300与内源性不同的刺激分类有关,同时提示P300与反应冲突无关,而与协方向加工有关。
This study is about direction-perceptual decision making of congnitive and neural mechanism based on conflict monitoring theory of cognitive control.Previous studies suggested that there is very closely relationship between decision making and cognitive control. It is very helpful to understand complicated decision making by studing the cognitive control.However, the cognitive control is complicated. Now many researches focused on the conflict monitoring hypothesis to explore cognitive control.Maybe it is a very effective method.There are still many problems on the conflict monitoring in previous researches.The main problems:stimulus conflict and response conflict cannot be separated; principles of memory errors could interfere with the conflict processing; using functional imaging (fMRI) the lack of accurate time analysis.This study adopts the endogenous arrow stimuli as stimulus conflict, eliminate the disturbance of memory principle, using high time resolution of ERPs technology to analyze the cognitive and neural mechanism of perceptual decision making process.
Experiment1:using the broken line single arrow as stimulus in the experimental paradigm, perceptual decision making results show:different ratios of broken line single arrow evoked amplitude of P1at Fz and Cz,as the ratio increases, amplitude increases, suggesting that P1effect with the reinforcing stimulus or arousal hypothesis. At the maximum amplitude of the O1electrode, no differences in P1amplitude, indicates that the transfer of P1on behalf of consciousness in the early stages of strategy and faster overall information processing, indicating facilitation effect; acted to the vertical direction, P1amplitude reached the maximum at O1, and the amplitude of P1decreased with different ratio of single cases of line the arrow increases, and broken arrow on the results about the direction of the opposite reaction. P1effect with the baseline hypothesis; N1showed increased with different proportion of broken arrow, ratio of amplitude increase; show differentiated processing effect of N1; at the same time showed that PI isolated to N1function, P1showed inhibitory processing, and the performance of the N1to distinguish between processing. No differences between N2and P300amplitudes, suggested line single arrow different proportions of the cognitive control process no exist.
Experiment2:the broken line double arrow as stimuli, experiment using a perceptual decision making paradigm, research results show:when asked subjects to make decision with herizonal direction, the broken line double arrow evoked P1amplitude at Fz and Cz showed that the ratio of broken line increase, theP1amplitude increase, suggesting that P1effect explain with reinforcing stimulus or arousal hypothesis. At the maximum amplitude of the01point, no differences in P1amplitude, indicates that the transfer of P1on behalf of consciousness in the early stages of strategy and faster overall information processing, indicating facilitation effect; for the location, P1amplitude differences in Pz significantly, with increasing ratio of different proportion of line single arrow head decreases the trend line, results and the double arrow on about the direction of the opposite reaction, suggesting that P1effect with the baseline hypothesis; reach the maximum at01, in addition to the5:5line double arrow other ratio of discounted P1amplitude did not differ between the double arrow.5:5broken line double arrow minimum amplitude, and there is no difference and broken arrow amplitude, suggesting that it may be5:5line double arrow on the position response facilitation for the position of reaction. N1showed increased with different proportion of broken arrow, ratio of amplitude increase; show differentiated processing effect of N1; at the same time showed P1isolation and N1function, P1showed inhibitory processing, and the performance of the N1to distinguish between processing. The double arrow line induced by N2in Fz point of maximum amplitude, the study only stimulus conflict, no response conflict, so the N2effect on the reaction of conflict that is perceived, rather than inhibiting reaction. The double arrow line evoked P300, pointing to the position of reaction, no significant differences in P300amplitude, and pointing to the upper and lower positions, there were significant differences in P300amplitude,5:5line double arrow minimum amplitude, the5:5line double arrow facilitation for left and right direction in the decision-making process at the early stage, and in the P300phase increase cognitive control can be completed on position reaction.
Experiment3:coherence of perceptual decision direction, the broken line double arrow as stimuli, response location to the left/right or right/left diagonal directions, thus introducing coherence direction of processing and response conflict. The stimulus is divided into five categories, six kinds of stimulation levels were low relation low fitting group (LL), low relation high fitting group (LH), high relation high fitting (HH), high relation low fitting (HL) and free responses of group FHH and FLL-The results showed:P1amplitude differences emerged, six kinds of stimulation level devided into the three type:high related group and free response FLL, free response group FHH and low relation group; in the early stages of perceptual decision making process, visual perception will be conducted the preliminary integration, suggesting that P1amplitude is not activated by the sensory,but is the evidence of classification; at the same time, different P1amplitude of stimulus cue itself-namely information with what strong feature hint cue, P1effect with inhibitory timing hypothesis. Six levels of stimulation evoked N1amplitude is the difference was not significant.The amplitude of N1represents the discrimination ability of processing the relevant. The amplitude of N2at Fz induced the largest, but also exist significant differences in Cz and Pz, N2amplitude Fz free response line double arrow induced lower amplitude levels of stimulation, speculated that the free response group requires special attention and self control; P300differences at Pz has significantly different, and divided stimulate into3group, low relation low fitting group (LL) and high relative low fitting group (HL) of the maximum amplitude,low relation high fitting group (LH) and free response group (FHH) minimum amplitude, high relation high fitting group (HH) and free response (FLL) group between them, classification of P300is related to endogenous cue different, at the same time, suggesting that P300is not represent response conflict, but is related to coherence direction processing.
引文
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